سمانه اسکندری

This study aimed to investigate social and cultural factors affecting students’ attitudes toward violence against women. This study was conducted using a survey method among 400 male students of public universities in Mazandaran province who were selected based on stratified probabilistic sampling method and using theories of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning. The results revealed that the majority of participants (72/5%) had a negative, more than 26% of them had a medium, and more than 1% of them had a positive attitude toward violence against women. Also, the results of multiple regression analysis show that the independent variables of perceived norm qualities of significant others, traditional attitudes towards women, perceived reaction qualities of significant others, perceived rewards, and traditional marital role expectations, respectively have the greatest impact on the dependent variable. In general, the results confirm the propositions of the theories of liberal feminism and social learning and they show that the issue of violence against women and the attitudes toward it, is not inevitable, rather it is created under the influence of the structure and ideology that governs society and the social ties of the individual with those around him and the rewards and punishments he receives during his actions.

Fire in the forests of Iran has destructed a large part of these valuable ecosystems in the recent years. Regarding to that Iran is one of the low-forest cover countries in the world, investigation of fire consequences in the forests of Iran and recognition of opposition methods to fire in these forests is essential to present a solution to decrease these fires. Fire in the forests of Iran has had an important effect in destruction of unique flora and fauna, decrease of biodiversity and decrease of qualitative value of industrial plant species in addition to the economic damages and environmental pollutions. Furthermore, the recent fires in the forests of Iran have also increased the greenhouse gas emissions which it has an important role in the warming of these ecosystems and increasing of subsequent fires occurrence in these forests. This pre-background along with human-caused intentional and non-intentional fires in these ecosystems, has increased the continuous fires occurrence in the forests of Iran. Thus, development and designing of the effective opposition methods to these fires as preventing and operating methods is essential. Many different methods of fire occurrence and spread modeling have been developed using RS and GIS technologies which it seems that these methods have the effective role in predicting and preventing of these forests.

The issue of justice has long been one of the main concerns of human thought and its nature and mode of realization are essential and fundamental questions of history. Like many philosophical, political, and social questions, the discussion of justice can be tracked in ancient Greece (Plato and Aristotle). Aristotle's view of justice is influenced by his general theory of the hierarchical nature of the world. In his view, since creatures differ in terms of ability and merit, therefore, justice means to treat each person as they deserve it (Tinder, 1995: 54).
Justice in social life has two special effects: the implementation of justice and the sense of justice. The implementation of justice is the same as what is sometimes given in the definition of justice at the legislative level, that is, the construction, structure and system of judicial system. In this case, it is not only about the law of justice or the issuance of a just sentence, but rather the general perception and belief that the executive and the judiciary in the courts have adhered to.
The present study, considering the importance of the sense of justice in different areas of social life, as well as the important role of mass media in shaping beliefs, ideas and patterns of thinking and collective action in contemporary societies, investigates the relationship between media consumption with the feeling of justice among students of Mazandaran University. Students are considered to be the most important human capital of any country. The historic record of nations had made it clear that any country with interest in human capital achieves high levels of welfare with speed and quality. On the contrary, countries that have suffered stagnation due to their structural weakness or any other reason in developing their thoughts have not performed well in this area (Kalantari, 1993: 55). Accordingly, the questions that this article attempts to answer is: how media consumption can influence audience's feeling of justice? Is the relationship between the amount of media consumption and the feeling of justice differs with different types of media (newspaper, satellite / Internet TV)?
Material & A survey method has been used to investigate the relationship between media consumption and feeling of justice among students of Mazandaran University. For this purpose, using the available literature, an appropriate questionnaire was first developed and then data was collected. After questionnaires were filled out, the data were analyzed using SPSS. The population of this study consists of undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students of Mazandaran University in the first semester of the academic year 1391-92. The number of students enrolled in the campus of Mazandaran University was 9819 at that time. To determine the sample size, Cochran formula was used with 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval. Based on this, using the Cochran formula, a sample of 370 was nominated, but more than 450 questionnaires were distributed in order to be sure that we could at least have 400 acceptable questionnaires to work on. Sampling was random and proportional in terms of the study major and gender. We divided the students into 10 classes according to their major .
Discussion of Results & Out of a total of 400 individuals, 66.3% (265) were female and 33.7% (135) were male. The highest number of respondents (48%) was in the age group of 17-17 years and the lowest number of respondents (1%) were in the age group of 29 years and more. In terms of marital status, single respondents were much more, with 91.7% of them never married, while 7.7% were married and 0.6% had divorced or their spouse had died. Also, the number of undergraduate students was 85.5%, while 13% and 1.5% of the students were in postgraduate studies. Finally, regarding the socio-economic status of the family, more than half of the students (52.5%) belonged to lower class families, while the number of students belonging to families with middle and high socio-economic status were 40.3% and 7.2% respectively.The result show that there is a significant relationship between watching national TV and feeling of justice (P = 0/176, Sig = 0/001) and also the feeling of justice distribution (P = .137, Sig = 0/008). This is a positive relationship which means watching national TV increases the feeling of justice and justice distribution. In contrast, there is a meaningful but negative relationship between watching international TV (satellite) and feeling of justice (P = -0.143, Sig = 0/006) and distributive justice (P = .151 / 0, Sig = 0/004). Also, the relationship between Internet use and feeling of justice is not significant (P = 0.127, Sig = 0.127). Also, the relationship between reading newspaper and feeling of justice is not significant (P = 0.122, P = 0.824).
The results of this study show that the overall feeling of justice in 48.2% of students is low. Meanwhile, the average overall feeling of justice (35.40 out of 100) was also relatively low. These findings are consistent with the results of Ghasemi and others (2010), Hazard Jirobi and Austin Fashan (2009) and Seddiq Sarvestani and Dhaghkele (2008). These results reflect the critical condition of the country in terms of the feeling of justice that is one of the essential components of social stability. The great feeling of injustice may also challenge the legitimacy of the system and increase social misery and unrest, social deviations and reduce the sense of social security (Ahmadi et al., 1393; Delna and Ghanbari, 2006; Rafi Pour, 1998). ). So in addition to the effect of media consumption on the feeling of justice directly, this variable can also affect the feeling of justice through feeling of security; the media consumption variable in a structural model has a direct and significant effect on the sense of justice (Khwaja Nouri And Kaveh, 1392). The results of this study also show that there is an inverse relation between the age of respondents and their sense of justice. These findings are consistent with previous research such as Sediq Sarvestani and Dhaghkele (2008).

In order to improve the performance of distribution networks when adding photovoltaic units to this network, optimal location and size for these units should be considered in order to maximize the efficiency. Placement of distributed resource resources is carried out with different goals. In this study, the location and optimal size of photovoltaic units are determined to improve the voltage profile and reduce the losses of distribution network and micro-network. Naval coastal bases will act as a grid, adding scattered sources of production, such as microturbines, wind turbines and photovoltaic units. In the study, three algorithms for genetic algorithm optimization, particle swarm and colonial competition were used on the IEEE 6 bus distribution network. All algorithms and scheduling are done in MATLAB software environment

In this survey, leaf epidermal preparations and transverse sections of leaf 17 species of genus Allium were studied using light microscope. Several features of leaf anatomy transverse section outline and epidermal preparations, prominent midrib or not, presence or absence sclerenchyma cells, mesophyll features, vascular bundles characteristics, binding vascular bundles, cell shape, pore size, density stomatal, anticlinal walls, etc. are discussed here. Several anatomical characters in this study confirm the infrageneric classification of Allium. Regarding the anatomical features mentioned above, A.elburzens and A.ubipetrense, have different features than the other species in the section Acanthoprason. Allium convallarioides belongs to the section Codonoprasum which has similar features to species of Allium. and A.lamondiae has different features from other species of section Avulsea.

Mesoporous MCM-41 silicas anchored with sulfonic acid (–SO3H) groups (denoted MSN-SA) via postsynthesis modification are very effective for the Beckman rearrangement. A simple and convenient procedure for conversion of a variety oximes to their corresponding amides and lactams has been developed. The reaction was carried out in the presence of MSN-SA as the catalyst. The best results for conversion of oximes to amides and lactams were obtained in the presence of MSN-SA and solvent free condition at 110 ºC. Excellent yields were obtained from oximes with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. The system also worked well with polynuclear aromatic, heterocyclic and aliphatic oximes.

The institution of science like other institutions involves social values, social norms, and social roles. The normative structure of science causes occurrence or identifying scientific deviations. This paper plans to study the norms of science and explain the deviation from them. This is a library and documentary research. The present study shows that the four norms including universalism, communality, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism that function together comprise the ethos in scientific fields. Moreover, this study shows that different perspectives make mention of the engagement of deranged individuals in scientific activities, the failure of personal and social controls, a disconnection between scientific community’s goals and the legitimate means to achieve them, and the industrialization of science by industry and academic laboratories, as the most important factors that cause deviancy from the norms of science.

To compare the effect of liquid and solid forms of P-fertilizers on plant available P, an experiment was conducted on two calcareous soils. A granule or the same amount of suspension was added to soil samples. Also in another treatment, H2SO4 was added to suspension to evaluate its effect on increasing soil available P. Soil available P was determined after 14, 36 and 165 days. After 14 days and in soil sample 1, acids suspension fertilizer caused about 30 percent more available P than granule treatment but the effectiveness of suspension was the same as granule. In soil sample 2 and after 14 days, there was no difference between fertilizers. After 36 days, granule fertilizer caused about 120 and 40% more available P in soil samples 1 and 2 respectively. After 165 days available P in soil samples 1 and 2 were about 450% and 130% higher compare to suspension. Also Results indicatedthe shape of the fertilizer had no effect on the soil available Fe and Zn. It is concluded that if plant could be able to absorb P from soil in a short period of time after fertilizer application, granule P fertilizer can replace by the same amount of suspension. If not, more suspension fertilizer is needed.

In pistachio-cultured soils of Iran, particularly Rafsanjan, due to high pH and salinity, uptake and solubility of micronutrients is a serious problem and consequently, pistachio trees incline to micronutrient deficiency. Therefore, consideration of strategies such as soil or foliar application of micronutrients including Cu and Zn is essential to reduction or compensation of the elements deficiencies in pistachio plants. For this, a factorial experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications to study the effects of soil Cu and salinity application on macronutrient total uptake of pistachio seedlings in agriculture college greenhouse of vali-e-Asr university of Rafsanjan in May 2008. Treatments consisted of five salinity levels (0, 800, 1600, 2400 and 3200 mg NaCl kg soil-1), four Cu levels (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg Cu kg soil-1) and two pistachio cultivars (Badami Zarand and Ghazvini). Results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased P, K, Ca and Mg total shoot and root uptake (P

The present research seeks to study the impact of media consumption (local and satellite televisions) on the social trust. The population of the study is all of the enrolled students of Mazandaran University which 400 students through proportionate stratified sampling method have been selected as sample of the study. The required data has been gathered by self administered questionnaire and data were analyzed via SPSS software. Research findings indicate that while there is no significant relationship between watching local TV and social trust, watching satellite TV is related to social trust, negatively. Moreover, some variables such as the participation in voluntary associations, reciprocity norms, positive attitude toward law administration, and justice feeling all were positively related to social trust. In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis indicate that after the variable of justice feeling which has the most significant impact on the social trust, the variable of reciprocity norms is placed in the next ranking.

Trust has transformed as a consequence of modernity. In pre-modernity, trust predominantly involved face-to-face communication between two wellacquainted individuals. In modernity, people trust abstract expert systems (e.g., economic, legal, political and scientific systems). In this paper, we try to investigate some of the issues of social trust in science. At first, we give a definition of trust in science, then, we investigate history and types of trust in science, theories of trust in science, and factors affecting public trust in science. In fact, the aim of this research is to investigate the historical process, theories, and factors affecting social trust in science. This is a library and documentary research. This study shows that in the classical period of ‘academic science’ we observed high levels of trust. But relatively lower levels of trust, or at least a downward tendency, can be discerned in the present period of ‘post-academic science’. Also, this paper argues that the visibility of negative events, tend to reinforce distrust, media use, familiarity, and interpersonal communication are the most important psychological and social factors affecting public trust in science.

To study the effects of soil Cu and salinity levels on uptake of micronutrients by shoots and roots of pistachio seedlings, a factorial experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran, in May 2008. Treatments consisted of five salinity levels (0, 800, 1600, 2400 and 3200 mg NaCl per kg soil), four Cu levels (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg Cu per kg soil) and two pistachio cultivars (Badami Zarand and Ghazvini). Results showed that salinity stress significantly (P<0.05) decreased the uptake of micronutrients including Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn by shoots and roots. Application of 5 mg Cu per kg soil significantly increased the uptake of Cu, Fe and Mn by shoots, but had no significant effect on Zn uptake by shoots. Application of 2.5 mg Cu per kg soil significantly increased uptake of Cu, Fe and Mn by roots, while had no significant effect on Zn uptake by roots. In conclusion, the uptake of micronutrients in Badami Zarand cultivar was significantly higher than Ghazvini cultivar. Since trees suffer from deficiency of micronutrients in pistachio orchards, using Badami Zarand cultivar is recommended as pistachio rootstock.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil copper (Cu) and salinity on growth and chemical composition of two pistachio cultivars. A factorial experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four Cu levels (0، 2. 5، 5، and 7. 5 mg Kg-1soil as CuSO4. 2H2O)، five salinity levels (0، 800، 1600، 2400، and 3200 mg NaCl Kg-1 soil) and two pistachio cultivars (Badami-e-Zarand and Ghazvini). Results showed that salinity significantly decreased growth parameters. Application of 3200 mg NaCl Kg-1 soil decreased shoot and root dry weights، leaf area and stem height by 67، 72، 45 and 76 % respectively. Application of 7. 5 mg Cu Kg-1 soil increased shoot dry weight and leaf area by 24 and 26% respectively. Morever، there was no significant difference between growth parameters of two pistachio cultivars، except for leaf area index. Salinity stress significantly decreased shoot and root P، k and Cu total uptake، and increased that of Na and Cl. Application of 5 mg Cu Kg-1 soil significantly increased shoot Cu uptake. Since total uptake of all elements for Badami cultivar was significantly higher than the Ghazvini، it could be concluded that the latter cultivar is probably more resistant to the saline conditions.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil copper (Cu) and salinity application on photosynthesis parameters, enzyme activity and anatomical structure of two pistachio cultivars. A factorial greenhouse experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four Cu levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg Kg-1soil as CuSO4.2H2O), five salinity levels (0, 800, 1600, 2400, and 3200 mg NaCl Kg-1 soil) and two pistachio cultivars (Badami-e-Zarand and Ghazvini). Results showed that application of 3200 mg NaCl Kg-1 soil, decreased transpiration rate and stomatal conductance by 69 and 16% respectively, whereas had no significant effect on photosynthesis rate. Also application of 5 mg Cu Kg-1 soil, caused maximum photosynthesis rate. Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of Badami-e-Zarand was significantly higher than Ghazvini, but reverse trend was seen for photosynthesis rate. The highest salinity level (3200 mg NaCl Kg-1 soil), significantly increased SOD activity. Furthermore, all Cu levels increased SOD activity. As salinity increased, thickness of parenchyma layer and phloem rings, and number of resin channels of stem and root decreased and increased pulp thickness. Application of Cu in saline conditions, decreased thickness of xylem vessels and increased that of phloem rings and number of resin channels in stem.