فهرست مطالب سمانه کوهستانی

With the emergence of new social media networks, the mechanisms of gaining fame have undergone massive transformations. Today, users have attained the opportunity to reach fame, which was not easily accessible before. In this regard, due to its easy-to-use capabilities and high popularity among users, Instagram has become a main platform for creating fame. Many Instagram users are inclined to become famous on this social network for various reasons, and this fame brings considerable consequences in the society, which enhances the importance of sociological analysis of the issue. By this way, the present paper tries to examine and analyze the causes and effects of fame on Instagram while reviewing the theories about economy, fame, and microcelebrity. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach and semi-structured in-depth interviews with 20 Instagram users. The findings obtained from the interviews were also extracted and analyzed with the thematic analysis technique and demonstrated 6 main themes and 12 sub-themes. Finally, based on the interviewees' responses, significant reasons for seeking fame on Instagram include monetizing and acquiring economic capital, a shortcut to success, and an opportunity to be seen and heard, which has led to important outcomes such as the standardization of taste, the consumerism of everyday life, and changing values and norms in the society.

New media such as Instagram have capabilities that allow people to become famous. Nowadays, Instagram users desire to be well-known in their favorite fields. However, not everyone has equal conditions to become famous, it is thus important to identify the mechanisms of microcelebrities -which is the subject of this article- in order to understand how they gain fame.Iranian Instagram-based microcelebrities practice in diverse genres such as lifestyle, fashion and beauty, food, education, health, travel, and so on. They create their own audiences, use particular mechanisms, generate and share content on their Instagram accounts, and influence their followers. Nevertheless, the impacts of microcelebrities are not restricted to Instagram, they also affect social relationships, lifestyle, body culture, education, and other aspects of everyday life in the real space of society.Considering these explanations, the aim of this paper is to present a typology of Iranian microcelebrities on Instagram, as well as scrutinize their mechanisms and represented themes in five genres including lifestyle, food, motivation, education, and beauty, and examine the consequences of their virtual practices. In the conceptual framework, some of the most important theories of celebrity studies were reviewed and discussed. These theories consider technological platforms and the democratic space of social media as a necessary but insufficient situation for becoming a microcelebrity. They also consider a set of micro and macro contexts to be involved in the creation of microcelebrities and their durability.This study focused on 236 Instagram posts and stories from 50 microcelebrities in various genres. The research method was netnography. In addition, the observational approach was adopted as part of this research. Samples were chosen by purposeful sampling. Moreover, the thematic analysis was used to analyses the data. Regarding the findings, 23 types of microcelebrities were recognized in popular genres and also 23 subthemes, 9 main themes, and 1 core theme were extracted from the fivefold genres. Life on screen, Instagram as a shop vitrine, interweaving of emotional bonds and profit, and unplanned activism, were the main represented themes among lifestyle bloggers. They relate the fame-driven, social, and economic capital with exhibitive intimacy.Food as a display was the central theme among food bloggers. By treating the follower as a customer and creating a media persona, they seek fame and income, and for realizing this goal, they attract followers with various tricks and strategies.Themes including the shortcut to success and individualism were represented by motivational bloggers. They promote neoliberal ideology in society by accentuating personal abilities regardless of the structural contexts with their one-dimensional attitude.Fast-foodization of education was extracted from educational bloggers. They provide simple and fast-yielding content for their followers by combining education, entertainment, and profit. They also cultivate the commoditization of education.And, Instagrammable beauty was a significant theme among beauty bloggers. They display the ideal body and reproduce standard body features.Last but not least, the core theme was McDonaldization of fame. According to observations microcelebrities mostly want to attract attention and gain symbolic capital by performing micro-celebrification mechanisms including exhibitive intimacy, authenticity, selective disclosure, self-branding, and life-streaming. These mechanisms are common and popular among microcelebrities whom they utilize to absorb followers and achieve fame.According to Gorge Ritzer’s McDonaldization theory (efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control), microcelebrities are prosumers, they consume content on social media and simultaneously they generate content independently by removing media intermediaries which signifies their efficiency. They also have a calculability characteristic with respect to their account visit reports. In other words, more followers bring them firm online status, validity, and further profit. In regard to predictability, the fame industry offers specific and similar practices that users should perform to become a microcelebrity. So, it is easy to replace one microcelebrity with another, since most of them look alike. For exerting the control feature, microcelebrities monitor and control the way content is posted on their Instagram accounts to promote their fame by increasing and maintaining their number of followers. In general, despite the different activities of microcelebrities, they mostly act the same, and the dominance of quantity over quality of fame is seen in their performance.Finally, the results of this research show that on Instagram, fame is available to users like fast food. In other words, Mcdonalized fame allows early access to fame regardless of gender, class, and other factors. As a result, people try to become famous and turn themselves into micro-celebrities by adopting similar and fast-yielding mechanisms.

Covid-19 pandemic has imposed restrictions which have had unintended consequences for women and have increased domestic violence against women due to the long-term quarantine. In this regard, the present study aimed to provide sociological insight into the consequences of covid-19 pandemic and the escalation of violence against women by qualitative method and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 women in Rasht city. Data were extracted using the thematic analysis technique. The results show that the covid-19 pandemic causes the aggravation of verbal disputes between couples, reproduction of stereotypes, the continuation of the cycle of domestic violence, intensified fear of disease and increased responsibilities of women. Furthermore, quarantine had intensified the despair and depression of women and led to the reproduction of the cycle of violence.

The Increase in the penetration rate of the Internet and the number of membership in social networks through mobile phones has been remarkable in recent years in Iran. The presence of women in social media and the impact of social media on their lives is important from the sociological point of view. This article, while reviewing the conceptual framework and some of the researches and theories related to women's bonding with communication technologies, has a special focus on Cyber-Feminism. The main question of the article is the impact of membership on social networks on the lives of employed and housewives. The authors conducted a deep interview with 15 housewives and employed women in the city of Rasht based on a qualitative method and a non-objective sampling with snowball technique. The findings of the study indicate that social networks increase the domain of social relationships and so facilitate their participation in various social, cultural, scientific and educational arena, which corresponds to the ideas of Cyber feminism. The authors believe that the issues such as the patriarchal system, lack of security in cyberspace, lack of adequate media literacy and media skills among women, challenge the empowerment and the active presence of women in cyberspace which is the claim of Cyber-feminism.

To determine the prevalence of various types of conjunctival lesions, at a tertiary ophthalmic center in Fars Province, South of Iran. Histopathologic slides and medical records of conjunctival lesions submitted to the pathology department of Khalili Hospital, Shiraz, Iran was reviewed from April, 2009 to July, 2013. The histopathologic diagnoses were categorized into benign, pre malignant, and malignant lesions. The prevalence of various types of conjunctival lesions was calculated. Histologic sections of 631 conjunctival lesions were reviewed. Benign lesions were most prevalent (81.8%), followed by premalignant (10.8%) and malignant (7.4%) lesions. Pterygia were the most common benign lesions (69.2%), intraepithelial dysplasia constituted most cases of premalignant lesions (94.1%), and squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent malignant lesion (93.6%). Benign lesions were the most common type of lesions in all age groups; however the prevalence of malignant lesions increased significantly with age (P< 0.001). Benign lesions were the most common conjunctival lesions with pterygia on top of the list, while intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma were the most common premalignant and malignant lesions, respectively. Conjunctival malignant lesions were more prevalent with older age.