فهرست مطالب سمیرا علی پور

Given the limited resources of health system, economic evaluations studies can provide appropriate evidences for resource allocation by clarifying the possible consequences of a decision. Present study aimed to evaluate the implemented approaches for economic evaluation studies of pharmacoeconomic in Iran.

This study was carried out using the critical review method. All studies related to economic evaluation studies of pharmacoeconomic in Iran, indexed in PubMed and SID databases and Google Scholar search engine, were searched by using appropriate keywords and search strategies until 2021. Further, published papers from Iranian researchers in the field of health economics and pharmacoeconomics and pharmaceutical administration were extracted with the scientometric system of the Health Ministry. Then, retrieved papers were screened by title, abstract, and the whole text. Finally, papers were evaluated by applying the Drummond quality assessment checklist, and finally appropriate ones were selected. Finally, 29 papers were selected and analyzed.

Out of total available papers (n=1324), 29 papers had inclusion criteria to evaluate. The selected papers were analyzed based on 10 parameters, including type of analysis, type of comparator, source of clinical effectiveness, time horizon, used model, perspective of the analysis, measured expected outcomes, discounting of costs and outcomes, sensitivity analysis, and subgroup analysis. Most studies have used cost utility analysis. Shortcomings were found in some aspects as follows: some studies did not mention the applied model, or the time horizon. Moreover, some studies had time horizon more than one year, while the cost and consequences were not discounted.

In recent years, economic evaluation studies in the field of pharmacoeconomic in Iran have been center attention in line with global trend. In order to make a decision regarding the allocation of resources based on the findings of economic evaluation studies, these studies should be conducted with the systematic and transparent approach. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a standard framework for implementing and reporting the results of economic evaluation studies in Iran.

Infertility causes major social, psychological and financial problems for infertile couples. Most infertility treatments are costly and increase the likelihood of facing catastrophic health expenditure. This study aimed to calculate the infertility treatment costs using medically assisted reproduction in Iran.

In this study, the bottom-up approach was used to estimate the cost of infertility treatment through Intrauterine insemination (IUI), In_vitro fertilization (IVF), and Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) method. Costs of each method was broken down into expenses for the lab tests, main intervention, supplementary services, medicine, and medical consumables. The required data were extracted from 411 patients’ records. Excel and STATA 15 software were used to describe and analyze data.

The costs of per cycle of infertility treatment in FET, IUI, IVF_ET and IVF_FET methods were 46,608,000, 60,852,000, 169,999,000 and 184,144,000 Rials, respectively. The estimated costs of per cycle of infertility in ICSI_ET and ICSI_FET methods were also 213,330,000 and 227,475,000 Rials. Overall, the main intervention, medical supplies and medicine were the main determinants of costs. (Costs based on purchasing power parity: FET, $ 1,569.1; IUI, $ 2,048.6; IVF-ET, $ 5,723.1; IVF-FET, $ 6,199.2; ICSI-ET, $ 7,181.8; and ICSI-FET, $ 7,658.)

Based on the results of this study, the costs of infertility treatment in Iran are significant. Therefore, to provide financial support for infertile couples, the government should be fully aware of the costs of treatments and consider the sustainability of financial resources.

Aging and the need for more health care in the elderly population have incurred large expenditures. Based on the importance of the aging population phenomenon and the increase in lifetime in recent decades, this study aimed to systematically review the studies on costs of elderly health care.

In this systematic review, the articles published in PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and Ovid Medline databases from 2000 to 2017 were derived using a systematic search strategy.

The results of the reviewed studies showed that by increasing the consumption of long-term care and home care, the costs would increase and by reducing the consumption of acute hospital care, such costs would decrease. Based on the results, the average cost of elderly health care in the reviewed studies was 48101 US dollars in 2015. Moreover, the highest average costs were for inpatient services (19003US dollars) and long-term care and home care (12583US dollars).  

Considering the high costs of hospitalization of the elderly, measures like establishment of day care centers and home care instead of hospitalization should be taken into consideration in the elderly health care programs to reduce the number of hospitalizations.

Economic growth in rich countries tends to slow down naturally, so the growth process will ultimately lead to convergence. The aim of this study is to investigate the convergence of per capita health expenditures and health outcomes in countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization. This is a descriptive-analytical Study that was done with the economic data of the countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization in 1995 -2014 and using EViews software version 10. Stochastic convergence using Panel Unit-Root test, and also the standard deviation of log per capita health expenditures and health outcomes have been used to evaluate sigma convergence, and beta convergence with estimating the panel data convergence model. Absolute and conditional stochastic convergence in per capita health expenditures were not approved in ECO countries. The coefficient of the absolute beta convergence of per capita health expenditure in ECO countries was 0.29. The conditional beta convergence coefficient was 0.30 in countries with high human development and that was 0.01 in countries with medium human development. The life expectancy Beta convergence coefficient was 0.28 in ECO-countries and 1.16 for the under-five mortality rate. There is no sigma convergence. Based on the results, the non - convergence of per capita health expenditure and health outcomes divergence show an increase in disparity and revealthat poorer countries have improved their health at a much slower rate than their wealthier member in ECO. Therefore, it is necessary that ECO policies be planned and implemented with the aim of reducing regional differences.

In order to study the effect of nickel and lead metals on germination characteristics and flax seedling growth, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates was conducted in Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Shahed University in 2016. The factors were heavy metals treatment including lead )control, 250, 500 and 750 μm), and nickel (200, 400 and 600 μm). The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of heavy metals on germination percentage, germination rate, root length, shoot length and seedlings length, seedling fresh and dry weight, viguor of seedling length index and relative water content was significant at one percent probability level. The highest germination percentage (98.66 percent) and germination rate (11.86 1.day) were related to control treatment. Also, using lead metal reduced germination characteristics and flax seedling growth compare to controls. But, the inhibitory effect of lead metal on germination characteristics and flax seedling growth was less compared to all of nickel concentrations. With increasing nickel concentrations the inhibitory effect were increased, therefore the lowest germination characteristics and flax seedling growth were observed in 600 μm nickel concentrations. In general, results showed that nickel and lead metals lead to reduce germination seed and growth of flax.

Three (or many) -level atoms interacting with two (or more) classical electromagnetic fields are often studied in the steady state and weak field probe approximation. This approximation is generally not suitable for quantized field، where all modes of electromagnetic fields contain a few photons or especially where the coupling mode is in vacuum. In this article، upper-coupling and lower-coupling، master equations of a three-level cascade atom، interacting with a couple of quantized electromagnetic field are exactly solved in the steady state and zero detuning coupling field. The atomic population of levels and its absorption and dispersion are investigated. A comparison between the exact and the corresponding weak field approximation methods is presented.