فهرست مطالب سمیه سادات موسوی

According to the principles and concepts of economic geography, the limitation rule is one of the most important and significant rules in economic geography, thus, sometimes the physical environment provides restrictions on the habitat of living organisms and sometimes provides a favorable environment for various human activities, such as breeding, raising animals and producing of the various goods and crops. These restrictions include natural and man-made crises such as floods, earthquakes, fires, droughts, hurricanes, infectious diseases, war, sanctions, and so on. Throughout the history of human societies, diseases have affected the individual and social life of human beings in various ways. The economic dimension of human life is no exception to this effect, and when it comes to a Pandemic, the scale of the crisis will be enormous and even on a global scale. Today, the world is witnessing an unprecedented expansion of the COVID 19 pandemic, which its expansion and impact have been unprecedented in the history of the world. Due to the increase in the rate of human movement in recent years, the spread rate and consequently its Prevalence power is doubled. The disease first started in a dense urban area. With the movement of the urban population to rural areas, the disease is also transmitted to less density of rural areas. In terms of the speed of transmission of the disease from one person to another, dense urban centers are the most suitable place for the rapid spread of the disease; Therefore, cities became the focus of the disease; Moreover, although it is often said that in this global pandemic we are all in the same boat and the danger threatens everyone, the fact is that we are not all in the same situation on this boat; In other words, some are in a safe place and others are in the vulnerable and damaged part of the boat, some have rescue equipment and others are useless of these facilities and equipment to varying degrees. Therefore, unbalanced pandemic spread can be seen in cities as well. In urban slums, the disease takes more victims and, as a result, denser places become hotspots of the disease. However, villages are more vulnerable to this pandemic than cities in several ways. Therefore, this article tries to answer the following questions: 1. How do human phenomena; Like the COVID19 pandemic, affect the rural economy? 2. What strategies have the world's rural economies taken to address this challenge? This research is going to investigate the impact of the corona pandemic on the rural economy, this applied research, based on the descriptive method. All rural areas in the world are our research population and two Countries one from developed countries –Canada- and another from the developing world – India- have been chosen as the research sample. To fully understand the subject and gain the necessary theoretical insight, the Document based or library method is used with a focus on tools such as books and publications, the Internet, and articles. The collected data were described and analyzed based on available documents. The results indicate that the costs imposed by the corona epidemic on the production system, as well as the reduction in production and supply domestically and externally. This effect even can be exaggerated in rural areas because mostly they are the focal point for producing the food and they are the start point of the supply chain. So this situation could lead to higher inflation and lower economic growth in these areas. Indeed, the Pandemic by interruption of the supply chain, demand, and liquidity, can cause a deep impact on enterprises and on the supply of labor, consumption of goods and services. Especially by it reduce the income of consumers and producers of agricultural products, and consequently, it is causing a negative impact on tourism and its related revenues such as handicrafts and services The Results The finding and results of this study show that the COVID19 pandemic affects all components of the rural economy including production, distribution, and consumption; also it affects agriculture, services, industry as well as the labor force. Because COVID19, mainly targets the respiratory system and usually farmers are among the high-risk population they are highly vulnerable and the lack of health facilities makes the rural condition even worse. It was assumed that because of the human need for food, the outbreak of pandemic will not affect the agricultural sector and its productions, but due to the closure of restaurants and most of the food caterings this sector also hit badly and because the agricultural products are perishable and cannot be stored for a long term, the agriculture sector and its labor force also affected negatively. In general, the weakness of and lack of access to health centers and facilities in rural areas, more poverty of rural people, demographic characteristics, and the reliance on the livelihood economy and small businesses that can make it more vulnerable in terms of its size are among the reasons that make the rural area as a critical area in facing with this Pandemic. Therefore, guaranteeing the purchase of products, allocating support package, tax exemptions, adjusting energy rates, facilitating the bank's regulations, allocating low-interest loans to farmers, deferring tax payments, is among the kinds of support that governments can provide for their rural population. Providing the market also is the most important facilities that they are needed, because without a market for their production they cannot survive. In fact, the COVID19 has an impact on the supply chain, demand and cash exchange, on enterprises and on the supply of labor, consumption of goods and services, and especially by reducing the income of consumers and producers of agricultural products in the short and long term on the economy. Thus, it seems that although the COVID19 Pandemic may disappear from the world in the not-so-definite future, its economic effects may last for many years or even decades.

What is very important in determining the development goal of countries is the study of rural management and its performance in rural planning from the bottom up. Dehyari, as the main organization of rural management, has an important and effective role in achieving sustainable rural development. This development largely depends on the satisfaction of its members. Therefore, no development can take shape without the participation, satisfaction and social trust of the villagers. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate and analyze the satisfaction of villagers with the performance of rural areas, in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and in terms of practical purpose. Data were collected in two methods field and library. Its statistical population consists of three cities of Azna, Khorramabad and Kuhdasht of Lorestan province. 344 villages were selected based on three indicators: spatial distribution at the city level, Dehyari degree and Dehyari establishment history. Villagers' satisfaction with the performance of villages in the three areas of basic and functional functions, motivational function and service quality (reliability, responsibility, physical dimension, management style and empathy), studied and using Kano model, evaluation of service quality gap and Spss software was analyzed. The results show that the highest satisfaction of the residents of the study area is: reliability, responsibility, physical dimension, management style, motivational function, basic and functional function and its lowest satisfaction, respectively. is the sympathy of the villagers.

The nominal similarity and semantic closeness between some houses of conduct, such as dhikr and tadhakkor, has caused the exact nature of these houses to remain in a haze of ambiguity. In some mystical works, these names are used interchangeably to refer to a house, and in others, they are distinguished from each other and each is introduced as an independent home. In this study, considering the widespread use of the words dhikr and tadhakkor in mystical and non-mystical fields, we intend to examine the different meanings of these two words and compare them with each other. The aim is to determine whether the difference between dhikr and tadhakkor in mysticism is only a difference in interpretation, and both speak of a single truth, or whether we are dealing with two independent positions. For this purpose, comparative analysis method was used. Observing mystical works showed that these two houses, while sharing the concept of "remembrance", are fundamentally different from each other and have an independent place in mystical conduct. The house of tadhakkor is related to the first stage of conduct (Beginnings) and leads the Passenger to the remembrance of God through the remembrance of worship, but the house of remembrance is related to the fifth stage of conduct (principles) and immediately engages the Passenger's heart in the constant remembrance of God.

At the same time as the structural changes in the field of tourism in the country and in particular the prevalence of tourism in rural areas around the cities, the construction of second homes has grown dramatically and like other tourism patterns, it has had a number of effects on the areas they are deployed. One of the most important ways to assess the effects of human activities in the environment, environmental impact assessment or EIA is to identify the effects of operational programs and projects on environmental factors at various stages and to propose solutions to reduce these effects. To collect the data based on the ICOLD model format, instead of using the questionnaire, through an interview with 15 local officials and trustees the inhabitants of the 5 villages of Ahar, Egole; baghgole, emameh bala, and Emameh paeein and designing a checklist, the environmental impacts of tourism in the second home were measured and quantitated. The results of the research showed that the tourism of the second homes in the studied village has a negative effect on the economic, social, biological and physical aspects. Matching the results of this study with previous studies revealed that in the environmental dimension, all researches were consistent with the results of the present study. In the economic and social dimensions, the difference in the relative environment of the problem in different environments and geographical locations has been different in some cases, and in some cases the opposite..

The aim of this empirical research is to analyze the factors influencing women's decision- making regarding adopting the entrepreneurship. In another word it evaluates the main factors which are effecting on extension of innovation adoption finalizing the adoption of entrepreneurship between rural women. The research concentrated on research in villages such as of Kan district that have considerable amount of entrepreneurs. The data has been collected by questionnaire on the base of Likert model and the documentary method as well, interviews . All entrepreneurs' women in the research area have been chosen, so no random selection is used. The statistical population of the research is the entrepreneurs family who growing and selling plants and flowers and living in 4 villages of the souleghan district.The research statistical population is 2,713 people, which include 667 households in the study area. All recipients of entrepreneurship and innovation that living in the 4 villages of Kan- souleghan are included in the sample population of the research ,that they are about 82 men and their wives.The data has been collected through the field work and library- base .they have been collected by questionnaires, interviews, books and various methods. The results shows that the family and social factors and personality of respondents have a greatest impact on the decision-making process of women in accepting an entrepreneurship, as well as their speed to make a decision. Finally, in the next step economic factors play a considerable role in this process and to their acceptance of an innovation.

Introduction The study is on the entrepreneurship as a factor effecting on rural development in Iran.Generally Rural development is seen as process by which community increase and maximize its control and use of the material resources with which led to change in quality of their life. Changing people standard of living, particularly upwardly, is often considered an indication of a government success in reaching rural development, particularly in traditionally rigid structures.
Many rural families need to diversify their sources of income and employment in view of increasingly smaller parcels of land, low agricultural productivity, volatile weather conditions and soil erosion. Entrepreneurship promoting strategies to diversify rural economic activities, including the development of non-farm economic activities and facilitating the transition of informal activities into the formal growth sector is a very important tool to developing the rural communities in Iran. Local communities often show different reactions to the extent and speed of adoption of an innovation. These reactions depend on the characteristics of innovation and the people who accept these innovations. Basically, these factors affect the rate of diffusion and acceptance of entrepreneurship between target populations.
Theoretical frameworkRecognition of the facilitator factors and constraints for adopting of the innovation has an important role in accelerating the process of development in the society, thus, this study intends to use this aspect to study the diffusion of entrepreneurship in rural communities.
Methodology The aim of the empirical research is to evaluate the main factors which are effecting on extension of innovation adoption and finally to apply a certain entrepreneurship in a rural area. So the research method which has been conducted in Kan-Souleghan rural district which ia located in North –West of Tehran is Descriptive and analytic on the base of applied method.
The research mainly concentrated on research in villages such as Ksharolya, Ksharsofla, souleghan, Kan that have considerable amount of entrepreneurs. The data has been collected by questionnaire on the base of Likert model and the documentary method as well, interviews with sample population also has been used to complete the questionnaire data. All entrepreneurships in the research area have been chosen, so no random selection is used.
The research statistical population is 2,713 people, which include 667 households in the study area. All recipients of entrepreneurship and innovation that living in the 4 villages of Kan- souleghan are included in the sample population of the research ,that they are about 102 households.
The data which has been collected were analyzed by SPSS software, using multiple stepwise regressions and combined model.
Result and Innovation is the base of entrepreneurship that can led to changes in the society, but it must have properties that are accepted. But it must have some features that make it attractive for people to accept the new activity. However, people also need to have some characteristic to accept a new phenomenon.
Entrepreneurship in the rural area is mainly based on local knowledge and living conditions of the villagers and their livelihood, As it became clear gardening in the area was started about 50 years ago, and it developed over time. In this study, two categories of factors along with admission's elements have been investigated, which are: Characteristics of entrepreneurship and characteristic of entrepreneurs. To determine the contribution of each factors in accepting entrepreneurship by rural people, regression analysis was used and to analyze the characteristics of entrepreneurship stepwise regression method, is used. Among all the characteristics of entrepreneurship, attractiveness and simplicity have the greatest impact on admission, and other characteristics of entrepreneurship such as compatibility with the experience and needs of entrepreneurs, start-up costs for market sales and profitability and availability, have secondary importance.
In relation to the characteristics of an entrepreneur, entrepreneur's motivation has more effect than other elements on the adoption of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial characteristics that affect the amount and rate of its acceptance by local people are: Easiness and Attractiveness of innovation, its compatibility with local people's experience and the level of skills which are needed for entrepreneurs, Cost of application, Profitability (economy) and well selling in market. Also the entrepreneurial characteristics that effect on rate innovation's acceptance by entrepreneur are: Achievement Motivation, Confidence and self-esteem and the spirit of modernism. In general, there is a systematic relation between the characteristics of local people so each character has led to the emergence of the next character and finally it caused the acceptance of an innovation.
Finally, based on the findings of this research and the opinions of the acceptor it has been found that when an entrepreneur is very attractive and simple. in the other word, does not have complicated methods and technologies, and be compatible, with the knowledge, skills and experience of the acceptors with a low cost for its commissioning, and as a result it is economically o profitable, So that it will be acceptance by the local community quickly Because profits can be achieved with minimal cost and it can provide a good market. But these characteristics alone are not effective at speeds of acceptance of innovation. But also the characteristics of the accept or determine the acceptance speed. Based on the research findings in people who have high achievement motivation, morale of modernism also was high So it is suggested for discovering and creating of an entrepreneurship and innovations in the rural community, Seminar sessions and participatory approach method should be used to explore the problems and potentials of the local community. Also the entrepreneurship should be adjusted with natural and human nature of the countryside, rural as a result of their creativity.
activities, facilities and local knowledge. So under such conditions the speed and entrepreneurial acceptance will be increased.

Geographical diffusion theory deals with description and explanation of quality and expansion of a phenomenon in a spatial extent and temporal span. It tries to explore the reasons and factors involved in diffusing and expanding the events and phenomena from a region to the others. It also tries to examine the role of such diffusions in physical development of rural areas. On the other side, there is a concept named entrepreneurship which is closely related to some other concepts such as: innovation, risk, creating or renewing socio-economic structure, self-sufficiency and independency. As entrepreneurship can be interpreted as an innovation, it interacts with diffusion theory and might be examined by the mentioned theory. The purpose of the present study is to understand the processes by which an entrepreneurship-distribution occurs based on the Hägerstrand’s diffusion model. The study area includes a rural district (Dehestan) named Souleghan in northwest of Tehran province. Based on its aim, the present study is an applicable research and based on its nature, it is a descriptive-analytical one. Statistical sample includes 82 rural households in Souleghan who were recognized as entrepreneurs in field of plant and flower growing. Data collection was based on both methods of documentary and field study. Applied techniques to collect the data comprise; interview, field observation, and a questionnaire based on Likert range. Findings of the present study indicate that the current diffusion of entrepreneurship in souleghan rural district is in accordance with the second stage of diffusion wave's profile. It also is matching with the intermediate step in the direction of S-curve of Hägerstrand’s diffusion theory. The results show that some characteristics of the mentioned enterprenuership (such as; simplicity, attractiveness, profitability, and economic features) are compatible with the experiences and financial needs of rural people. So, it can be considered as an effective factore to accept an innovation and diffusing it by innovators. It has also had spectacular effects on the physical improvement of houses, pathways and public spaces of villages in the study area.

Introduction Sustainable human development is possible only in case of justice being kept between the two genders. Even, it will remain incapable without the participation of women. Rural entrepreneurship, as a new approach in the development theories of empowering and capacity building of human sources, especially women in rural district, plays a crucial role to achieve sustainable development. This article will analyze conditions of entrepreneurship acceptance and its development between men and women to restore the status of women in economic activities and create an atmosphere of justice-oriented development. In fact, as a new strategy in the development of rural areas regarding to its high capacity of employment generation, entrepreneurship can create productive and permanent job chances for villagers and temporary employment for the seasonal unemployed ones. Rural women constitute a large segment of the rural population. So, if they get pushed to the entrepreneurship as well as the improvement of their spirit of entrepreneurship, job creation, and social participation, rural development will be achieved faster as a subset of sustainable development of the country. Therefore, it is meant to examine factors affecting the inequitable acceptance and development of entrepreneurship between the two genders based on gender analysis. This study is to examine influencing factors and barriers ahead of the development of entrepreneurship between rural men and women by evaluating the process of acceptance and development of entrepreneurship between genders. In this article, we are trying to find answers to the questions that; "What causes the inequality between genders in the process of entrepreneurship development?" and "What affects the pattern of entrepreneurship development between men and women?"
Methodology The present study is an applied one which has done using descriptive method. Data collection was conducted by library and field methods. Data collection tools include interviews, observations and questionnaires set by Likert scale. The study population consists of men and women of 82 families as the adopters of entrepreneurship in Sooleghan village. The district contains 11 villages. Four out of this number named by Keshar-Elya including 76 adopted families as the center of entrepreneurship acceptance and development, Keshar-Sofla: 3 adopters, Sooleghan: 2 adopters, and Kan: 1 adopter, are studied here. The village is located in the North West of Tehran within the municipal zones of 5 and 22 which is 7 KMs. far from it. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software using non-parametric and parametric tests.
Discussion and conclusion Studying the process of entrepreneurship acceptance and distribution between rural men and women led to the two questions. First, "What causes the disparity between the genders in the process of entrepreneurship development?" Second, "What affects the pattern of entrepreneurship development between men and women?" In this study, we have studied the process and pattern of entrepreneurship development. According to the questions, it was identified that geographical conditions, environmental factors, and family status are different for men and women that can lead to the inequalities of the entrepreneurship acceptance and distribution among them. Results indicate that there is a significant difference up to 99% among role, legal and judicial, and institutional factors of men and women. Such differences can be the results of other various factors, all of them together can cause faster and more complete acceptance and distribution of entrepreneurship among men and women. Results from the gender- based analysis suggest that the social role of women in the villages is mostly confined to their home and its immediate environment. This happens because of the prevalence of patriarchal culture, beliefs, traditions and social attitudes towards women and their role in the rural environment. Gender-based discrimination of these kind have a significant impact on the direction and speed of entrepreneurship acceptance and its distribution. This means that the entrepreneurship has always been stronger among men than women. Also, women's entrepreneurship has been less during the process of acceptance. Even, in case of their presence, women's group has been counted among the Late Accept groups of the entrepreneurship. Family oriented constraints of women and their dependence on men, especially their financial dependence, some cultural and geographical factors and environmental conditions can all be counted as some other barriers in terms of entrepreneurship acceptance and its distribution against women. This study reveals that women are highly affected by their husband in their position in the labor market, home and family. In this way, the acceptance of women entrepreneurs is subject to their husband being an entrepreneur.

One of the most important requirements of different countries to achieve development is use of transportation methods for movement of goods and services in less time and with greater safety. Construction and exploitation of roads in countries including Iran can cause many problems if they do not pay enough attention to environmental issues. The results of these issues will affect sustainable development. Construction of Tehran - North Freeway is one of the ongoing projects that can have various environmental impacts on Kan Souleghan District. Questions which are raised in this study are on the base of two main areas as follow: What are the impacts of Tehran - North Highway construction on the Kan – souloghan rural area? To reduce the negative effects of the Tehran-North highway on the villages، which strategies can be used to reform and rehabilitate the highway projects? This study is going to explore the effects of road construction on the environment from different aspects. It emphasizes on the natural environment of rural areas، such as Kan-Souleghan district. In this paper، the domination of economic benefits in this area beside other natural environment aspects in rural areas is also going to be discussed. This research has been conducted on the basis of survey approach with applied method. The data has been collected from local community and the expert teams are involving in the road construction. We also got the advantages of using documents addition to field works. Meanwhile observation was a main tool for assessment of the environmental erosion. Understanding a diversity of standpoints often exist with regard to the effects of development projects، an effort was made to capture input from a broad range of places and groups. The groups are villagers of varied ages and both genders، and with different occupations، concerning attitudes towards highway construction. In addition، many informal interviews and discussions were held with the residents concerning their feelings about women participation and their status in family and society. In addition، on-site observations were conducted about the people attitudes towards highway development project. The research has been analyzed on Iranian matrix method، using (Leopold changed model by Makhdoom، 1997). This study conducted many steps as follow: 1. The project was split into components (small and micro-environmental action). It means that the activities may affect the environment in the planning and construction of the highway was determined. 2. Secondly، the relationship between environmental factors and small activities in positive and negative effects were evaluated. The numbers between -5 to +5 Matrix were used to quantify the matrix، which is a combination of a I. Cold and Leopold method. 3. Following the assessment، to determine the effectiveness of the activities and outcomes، number of rows and columns that shows a negative or positive effect، is evaluated separately. Then، the sum of these values is calculated for each row and column counted separately. 4- In the final stage، it will be discovered that whether highway construction activity in general has a positive or negative impact on the rural area، and how these activities should be compatible with the rural environment. As research findings showed، more effects and consequences of the construction of Tehran- North Freeway has negative effects on the environment and also on rural natural resources. For this reason، the final evaluation showed that Project of Tehran- North Freeway is executable only with reforms to improve the construction process and create improvement plans and operational guidelines for the adoption process. In fact، it should be mentioned that construction of Tehran- North Freeway not only has potentially the negative effects but it can facilitate the economic and social development of rural communities. It is therefore essential to reduce the negative effects primarily and secondly to use this potential to benefit rural economic and social development. Thus، in order to improve the benefits of the project and reduce the negative effects of it، the guidelines and recommendations are raised from this research as following: The most important step in the construction of highway is to train the construction team that do the activities such as operating in the field of drilling and other construction efforts. One of the ways of the highway construction process is to improve the method of construction during or before the construction by legislation about protection of rural environment and natural resources. As it is mentioned above، despite the negative effects of highway، it can have the positive effects both on the economy and culture of the villages، as well. To achieve this goal requires greater participation of rural people in the process of the construction of the highway. In general، to achieve these goals three types of actions in this area is required: protective measures (water and soil); the restoration and rehabilitation (effective use، increase in the knowledge and skills of human resources); the measures to increase efficiency (development of natural resources). The results of the research shows that although this project has useful effects in reduction of depreciation of vehicles، saving in time drivers، increase in the national income and reduction of traffic، reduction of fuel consumption، and reduction of accidents causes more safety rather than other roads، it has destructive effects upon the biological، geographical، physical environment and tourism condition of Souleghan District. The results of the model also indicate that this project could be performed by reformation and sanitation. Thus، it has the ability to run different options for reforming and improving the project conditions.

Human beings are social by their very nature, and they need social trainings in order to have appropriate communicaons and relaons with other people. A social training, like other sorts of training, demands its parcular principles and aims such that failure to sasfy them would lead to troubles. There are a variety of methods for the sasfacon of these principles, but they would succeed only if they have fewer errors and more resolute consequences. Methods prescribed by Imams (a) can meet such demands. In this paper, we will examine Imam al-Sadiq (a)’s methods for social training: the reinforcement of the insight, the reinforcement of the atude, and the reinforcement of the acon, together with praccal techniques in a coherent, simple and feasible manner.

Colour in textile industry and dying wastewater is considered as one of the most important environmental pollutants. The aim of this study is determining the efficiency of removal of reactive Red 198 and Blue 19 by activated carbon that is extracted from the leaves of Mesquite. This research is an experimental –laboratory study in which the effect of variables in the efficiency of color removal from synthetic wastewater was studied. The parameters examined were the pH، reaction time، adsorbent dose and initial concentration of dye. Also، adsorption behaviour of dyes was evaluated by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The results show that the color removal efficiency decreased with increase in pH، but increased with the increase in adsorbent dose، contact time and initial dye concentration. After 40 minutes، the reaction reached equilibrium and then clearly dropped. Color removal efficiency of reactive Red 198 in dye concentration of 60mg/l reached about 85. 81% and for reactive Blue 19 in dye concentration 240 mg/l reached 97. 43%. Langmuir adsorption model and Freundlich model were respectively the best models that the adsorption process followed for Reactive Red 198 and Reactive Blue 19. The efficiency of the prepared adsorbent in the removal of dyes from aqueous environment showed that it can be considered as an effective and inexpensive adsorbent in colored wastewater treatment processes.

Higher education is one of women's most important social activities towards which the inclination is increasing. Since this stage often coincides with women's marital life and beginning of their responsibilities as wives and mothers, families encounter many problems when there is a lack of coordination between women's domestic affairs and academic activities. Many of these problems can be overcome by recognizing the moral ought tos and ought not tos of women's education due to the significant status of morality and its direct influence on the different aspects of life.The present paper tries to investigate women's education from a moral perspective and, explaining its principles and values, it provides solutions for the contradiction between women's domestic affairs and academic activities. To this end, the author theoretically analyzes the data and, referring to two basic principles in the women's life, i.e. her being a wife and her being a mother he proposes six practical solutions in the form of moral values of education. An applied approach is used in this research.

Somayye Sadat Musavi Abstract Considering the fact that self-love is an innate desire in all human beings and various and even opposing views have been suggested about it, the present study attempts to inspect this issue through ethical perspective using a comparative and analytic approach. In this study, two major ethical theories, that is, deontological and Islamic virtue ethics have been closely studied and compared. It is concluded in the essay that there is a contradiction between the definition of self-love offered by deontological theory and its other bases and principles, while based on Islamic ethics self-love having specific boundaries is a tool enabling the mankind to reach the ultimate human goal which is closeness to God.

This article contains a comperative analysis of new achivments in the social psycology about philanthropy with the movlavies thought about the philanthropy. Our final conclusion is that movlavies though has elements of genuine knowledge about philanthropy and its impact on social life that new scientific knowledge of social psycology conciders it important.