فهرست مطالب سمیه سادات هاشمی فشارکی

The recognition of the Shiite religion in the Safavid period led to the gradual spread of Shiite religious customs, especially the ceremonies related to the martyrdom and birth of the Imams (AS) and Shiite holidays. Religious mourning, especially the mourning of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (AS) and his companions, was most evident in these rituals and ceremonies. Although there are reports of this issue in the historical sources of the Safavid period, the travelogues of European tourists are considered as suitable examples for research due to their more attention and, of course, their shortcomings and mistakes. The diversity and differences, along with their obvious mistakes on this subject, along with the representation of purely vulgar opinions and even their combination with their personal opinions, have led to the review and critique of this ceremony, despite the reflection of this ceremony in their reports. These reports should be considered as the purpose of this study. Accordingly, the main question of the research is how the mourning ceremonies of Imam Hussein (AS) and Ashura are reflected in the travelogues of European tourists in Safavid Iran? The findings of the research, which have been done by library study method and based on the translated travelogues of these tourists and by descriptive-analytical method, show that they are an incomplete drawing without a correct understanding of the nature of Imam's uprising. Hussein (AS) and the philosophy of holding mourning ceremonies for Imam Hussein (AS) and Ashura.

Motazeleh is one of the eloquent sects appeared through the history of Islam at the beginning of 2nd century A.H. in Basra. Its founder was Vasel Ibn Ata. There are many differences between Motazeleh and Shiiism, most of them are about unity, justice, giving and doing promises, obeying good deeds and rejecting bad, the status between various situations, and some other issues. Methodology of Motazeleh is based on “extreme wisdom reasoning” and they believed in extravagant and very high wisdom extremism. If a dilemma or a question was against wisdom, Motazeleh would change it into something acceptable for themselves. Although Shiism harmonized itself somehow with some issues in Motazeleh, but because of deep-rooted differences in their thoughts, this harmonization usually took the shape of denial and rejections. This led to Shiite disciples to write rejection treaties on Motazeleh in order to keep cultural and intellectual principles of the Islamic society safe and secure. In this research we try to answer the question: how and what was the influence of these rejections and denial treaties on the development of Islamic sciences?