فهرست مطالب سمیه صادقی

derstanding the physical-spatial structure of cities from the perspective of their development is one of the important influencing factors in the success rate of urban planners and practitioners and can contribute significantly to the improvement of urban environments. In this regard, the present study was carried out to investigate the spatial-physical structure changes in the Tabriz metropolis. The research method is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with a practical purpose and analytical-exploratory nature. To analyze information Heldren's model and Moran and Kernel's technique in ArcGIS software were used. The findings of the research based on Heldren's model indicate that from 1956 to 1986, 71% of the physical growth of the city was related to population growth and 29% to horizontal growth. From 1986 to 2006, the population and horizontal growth of the city was almost equal (48 and 52 percent), and from 2006 to 2021, the extensive population growth caused the vertical growth and the formation of the compact city of Tabriz. Also, Tabriz metropolis is located in a single-core state (city center), and due to the changes, that have taken place and the increase of administrative, therapeutic, and recreational functions in the eastern regions and industries in the western regions, it has the ability to become a multi-core development model in its spatial structure. In other words, the changes in the spatial structure of the city in recent years have witnessed the decentralization of the city center. The results also indicate that the process of changes in the physical-spatial structure of the city has changed from fast to medium and back to fast, and in the meantime, the wide formation of spatial inequalities and imbalances in different dimensions is being witnessed.

Students can be adapted and active both in the field of learning and in personal and social life, with the development of self-efficacy. So, the present study investigated the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between spiritual experiences and students' self-efficacy.

The research was a descriptive-correlation study on 269 Farhangian University of Qazvin province undergraduate students in the academic year 2020-2021 who were selected by the available sampling method. They answered the questionnaires on the spiritual experiences of Underwood and Tarsi (2002), mindfulness of Chadwick et al. 2008) and self-efficacy answered by Scherer and Maddox (1982) through the Internet. Pearson's correlation test using SPSS version 24 software was used to analyze the data and AMOS software was used to check the research model.

The results showed the feeling of God's presence (P<0.01, β=0.185), connection with God (P<0.01, β=0.222), and a sense of responsibility towards others (P<0.01, β=0.381 have a positive and direct effect on mindfulness. The feeling of God's presence has a positive effect on self-efficacy both directly (P<0.01, β=0.159) and indirectly and with the mediation of mindfulness (P<0.05, β=0.085). Communication with God has a positive effect on self-efficacy both directly (P<0.01, β=0.137) and indirectly and with the mediation of mindfulness (P<0.01, β=0.102). The sense of responsibility towards others has a positive effect on self-efficacy both directly (P<0.05, β=0.135) and indirectly and with the mediation of mindfulness (P<0.01, β=0.175). Mindfulness has a direct and positive effect on self-efficacy (P<0.01, β=0.460).

Based on the results, students' self-efficacy can be increased by raising awareness and raising spiritual experiences to strengthen mindfulness. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to this important issue in the policies and planning of educational systems and to think of the necessary measures to improve and promote the self-efficacy of students.

One of the most important jurisprudential rules used in performing the rituals of the Hajj and the jurists have used these rules to deduce some of the religious rulings of the hajj is (Anyone who wants to cross the Meqat is obliged to enter Ihram). This rule is one of those jurisprudential rules that have been specially considered by jurists in the Imamiyeh and four religions of Sunni, but only in Shi'a jurisprudence as a separate rule. According to this rule, anyone who turns to Mecca when he reaches one of the occasions, Ihram is obligatory on him, and it is not permissible to cross the Meqat, but sometimes there are issues that delay the Ihram from the Meqat or Ihram before Meqat, etc. This article examines the aforementioned rule in the jurisprudential texts of Imamiyeh and Sunnis and after reviewing the documentation of the rule, explains its application along with its related issues in the rituals of the Hajj. And so the points of disagreement between the scholars of the five religions are also revealed.

The spatial organization of the city is the result of all human, natural and man-made forces, which have both objective and mental manifestations. Therefore, the way each city grows is influenced by many factors such as its natural limitations and facilities, the policies of planners and how land is used, and many other factors. In this regard, nowadays, knowledge of the spatial structure and shape of the city and the factors influencing their changes can be one of the important influencing factors in the success rate of urban planners and practitioners and can greatly help to improve urban environments. For this purpose, it is necessary to examine the pattern and physical-spatial structure of the city and the reasons that have governed its spatial expansion in different periods in order to prevent physical, social, environmental and economic problems and inadequacies in cities and control its expansion. Considering the importance of identifying the factors affecting the physical-spatial changes of cities, the present research was written with the aim of identifying the factors affecting the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis. The metropolis of Tabriz, as the largest city in the northwestern region of Iran, has witnessed extensive changes in its body and population from 1966 to 2016. If the population of the city has increased almost 6 times (from 289,996 people to 1,773,033 people) and the physical development of the city has increased about 16 times (from 1170 hectares to 19000 hectares). Along with this expansion in area and population, the body of the city has also undergone extensive changes, including the formation of various towers and skyscrapers in different areas of the city, as well as the settlement of more than 450 thousand people in informal settings (especially in the northern part of the city). Cited. On the other hand, with the increase in population, various issues such as increased traffic and air pollution have appeared, especially in the central part of the city, and we have witnessed the formation of new functional cores, especially service and economic ones, at different levels of the city. In this regard, it can be said that many functions that were often developed in the central areas of the city at different stages, have expanded to different levels with the prosperity of urban lands and the service sector. Therefore, identifying the influencing factors on the structural-spatial developments of the city can provide the foundations for the sustainable development of the city.

Considering that the present research seeks to identify the influencing factors on the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis, therefore, the research method is practical in terms of purpose and analytical-developmental in nature. For this purpose, first through documentary studies, indicators related to spatial-physical structure changes were extracted, and then, through questioning of the sample size, the influence of each of the indicators on spatial-physical structure changes of Tabriz metropolis was determined. Also, in order to analyze data and information, structural equation modeling method was used in AMOS software. It should be noted that the statistical population of the research included academic elites and city managers of Tabriz, and due to the unknown size of the statistical population, Cohen's formula was used at the 95% confidence level to determine the sample size.

The findings of the research show that the most important variables affecting the spatial-physical structure of Tabriz metropolis are technical-technological, economic, physical-environmental, managerial, and social-cultural, respectively, and their influence is 0.75, 0.71, 0.66, 0.58 and 0.52 based on the structural model. Also, among the sub-variables, the most influential on the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis are related to information and communication technology variables, the difference in the economic value of housing and urban land, the expansion of access (streets and passages), urban services and smart citizens, and the expansion of centers and cores. It has been a new business in the city.

In the metropolis of Tabriz, during different periods, especially after the land reforms, we have witnessed extensive changes in the spatial structure of the city. The expansion of the marginal areas, the formation of the new cities of Sahand and Shahriar, the creation of new commercial centers and residential areas, etc. are some of the developments in recent years. The changes made in some cases are evaluated positively and in some cases negatively. For example, the formation of new commercial and demographic cores (in line with the proper distribution of population and functions) is one of the positive points, and the wear and tear of some structures and infrastructures are considered negative points. It can also be said that in the metropolis of Tabriz, despite the changes in the physical-spatial structure based on influencing factors such as society, economy and the existing political and administrative system, spatial balance has not been formed and spatial inequality and polarization in the spatial structure of the city (new Tabriz in the east and old Tabriz in the center and west). For this purpose, the present research was written with the aim of identifying the influencing factors on the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis, so that by identifying these factors, preparations for development and proper planning can be made. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the most important factors affecting the spatial-physical structure of Tabriz metropolis are: technical-technological factors, economic factors, physical-environmental factors, managerial factors and socio-cultural factors. Also, in different dimensions, the impact of information and communication technology and the formation of smart urban services, the formation of commercial cores and their distribution in different levels of the city, increasing the accessibility and suitability of surrounding lands for construction, urban plans and laws, and the increase in population and intra-city relocations can be seen in the developments spatial-physical structure of the city pointed out. Therefore, by identifying the influencing factors on the spatial developments of Tabriz metropolis, plans and planning should be prepared with the approach of spatial justice in order to prevent the growth and expansion of the city and the destruction of all kinds of resources in addition to achieving spatial balance in access to all kinds of resources and facilities.

This study investigates the determinants factors of systemic risk in Iranian banks during 2013-2022. The contribution is on banks liquidity creation and their balance sheet structure. For this purpose, the systemic risk of banks has been estimated and ranked by marginal expected shortfall (MES) index, using dynamic multi-garch models. The results by using Panel GMM method indicate that an increase in the balance sheet liquidity creation causes the vulnerability of banks to increase. Also, the liquidity creation on the side of assets (holding non-cash assets) significantly increases the systemic risk for banks, while which on the side of debts (holding of demand deposits) reduces the banks systemic risk and their fragility. In addition, the findings indicate that the bigger the size, the more non-traditional activities (non-interest income) and the higher the ratio of non-performance loans, the higher systemic risk in banks. while the higher capital adequacy in banks, the lower the systemic risk.

Respiratory diseases affect patients' quality of life, but various, accessible and understandable education such as infographics, can play a major role in preventing these diseases, improving patients' quality of life, and reducing costs. The aim of this study was developing the informational packages for respiratory patients by infographic method.

Informational packages for respiratory patients were prepared by infographics using a qualitative method. The four stages of study included: 1) identifying common respiratory patients based on prevalence; 2) providing appropriate scientific contents; 3) developing the infographics; and 4) providing the final content, face validity of Infographics. Data analysis and evaluation was performed simultaneously with data collection and during the infographic design process. For the accuracy of the data, face, content and the structure of infographics, pulmonologists, medical library and information science specialists, technology and medical informatics specialists, and respiratory patients were examined.

According to the hospital's health information system and interviews with patients, six respiratory diseases or related symptoms were identified, including: shortness of breath, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, respiratory distress, asthma, and bronchitis and two types of visual and textual infographics were designed for each.

With professional cooperation between medical librarians and clinical specialists to prepare health informational packages, it is possible to increase the awareness of patients and save the time of the clinical team to provide information to patients.

Over recent decades, second language acquisition (SLA) researchers have considered attention an important cognitive process mediating second language (L2) learning. The concept of noticing as conscious attention to form has become especially important in the field. The present study explored whether two pedagogical interventions, namely textual input enhancement (TIE) and learners´ output production (LOP), in isolation and in combination, promoted learners’ noticing and learning of English relative clauses (RC). The study was conducted with a sample of 113 freshmen majoring in English language and literature. The participants were assigned to three experimental groups and the control group based on the treatments they received, +TIE+LOP, +TIE-LOP, -TIE+LOP, and -TIE-LOP. Before treatment, all the participants took a test of English RCs as the pretest. Then, the participants were required to read the reading texts including instances of RCs and take note. While the participants in the +TIE groups read the enhanced input, the participants in the -TIE groups received the unenhanced input. Also, the participants in the +LOP groups were required to carry out output tasks, but the participants in the -LOP groups answered comprehension questions. Consequently, the participants took part in think-aloud processes. Finally, the test of RCs was administered again as the posttest. The findings revealed that LOP positively affected the participants’ noticing and learning of RCs. However, TIE was only effective in promoting the participants’ noticing, but not learning, of RCs.

This paper examines the relationship between government debt and corporate capital structures (financing choices) for firms listed in Tehran stock market, during 1390-98. The results show that the there is a negative and significant relationship between government debt and corporate capital structure (financial leverage), although the estimated coefficient is relatively small. In other words, we can conclude that the financial crowding out effect is confirmed in Iranian companies. Also, the results show that corporate with larger size and more profitable are more likely to react to changes in government debt. In other words, if corporates have larger size and more profitability, then the financial crowding out effect is greater. Hence, the key conclusion is corporate managers should prioritize revenue diversification and profitability strategies in the reaction to government debt policies.

In order to establish the why of noticing, it is imperative to empirically explore the factors that potentially mediate noticing. This study aimed to explore two factors that are believed to affect noticing:  the complexity of target structures and learners’ second language (L2) proficiency level. English relative clauses (RCs) were selected as the target structures, and Accessibility Hierarchy Hypothesis (AHH) was taken as the measure of the complexity of the RCs. A sample of 113 freshmen English language majors were selected as the participants of the study. A test of English RCs was developed as the placement test, and Key English Test (KET) was used to classify the participants into three groups of High (N=38), Mid (N=37), and Low (N=38) L2 proficiency level. Note-taking was used as the measure of noticing. After administering the RC test and the proficiency test, the participants were given a number of authentic reading texts containing instances of RCs and were required to take notes during reading activity. The non-parametric Friedman’s test demonstrated that the complexity of RCs positively affected the participants’ noticing while the non-parametric ANCOVA indicated that the participants’ L2 proficiency level had no significant effect on noticing. The findings of this study can be helpful to both teachers and material developers in providing learners with optimal conditions for noticing linguistic forms, which in turn, could facilitate L2 learning.

Dhat al-Riqa is a part of Wadi al-Aqiq called by the Holy Prophet (S) the Miqat of the people from Nejd and Iraq. The Sunnis, by consensus, consider it as the place of entering ihram; however, Imamiyyah jurists provide three propositions: the famous jurists specify the permission of entering ihram from Dhat al-Riqa in an optional way. According to the interpretations of some jurists, entering ihram is obligatory before Daht al-Riqa in a non-taqiyyah case or an illness state; while a few contemporary jurists refer to the necessity of entering ihram from Dhat al-Riqa in the condition of taqiyyah. Examining the three propositions, this research revealed that the first one was accepted, the second one was put aside and a hidden meaning was considered, and the third one did not contradict the permission of entering ihram from Dhat al-Riqa in an optional way; that is, entering ihram is permissible from Dhat al-Riqa as an option while it is obligatory in the state of taqiyyah; though, taqiyyah has no justification in the present age.

Fusarium solani is one of the most important agents to cause cotton seedling damping-off. The best method to control this disease is the seed coating with chemical fungicides and biological compounds. In this research, the purpose was to replace biological compounds containing Bacillus subtilis with chemical pesticides. Biological commercial products (Super nitro plus, Biosubtil, and Companion) were evaluated in this study. The results showed that the purified B. subtilis isolates from Biosubtil, Companion, and the native isolate B96 had the most inhibition percentage of F. solani growth by 46.67%, 44.67%, and 41.67%, respectively in dual-culture test. Also, the purified B. subtilis isolates from Biosubtil and Super nitro plus showed the highest inhibition percentage of F. solani growth in volatil compounds test by 12.77 and 10.19 %, respectively. Among the investigated fungicides, Carboxin Thiram with 49.06% had the highest and Imazalil (Fungaflor 5%) with 9.91% had the least effect on mycelium growth inhibition of F. solani. In the greenhouse studies, Varamin cottonseed was treated with three different concentrations of each biological compound, suspension isolates B96 and Carboxin Thiram (75%WP), Triadimenol (7.5%DS), Iprodione-Carbendazim (52.5%WP), Imazalil, and then they planted in the contaminated soil with the pathogen. Biosubtil was the most effective treatment for the control of seeding damping-off in cotton and this compound was equivalent to Carboxin Thiram for disease control. The results showed that the possibility of replacing common chemical pesticides with some biological compounds for cottonseeds treatment.

Different views have been expressed by commentators about the occasion of the revelation of the initial verses of Surah Ma’arij. Citing a narration, some consider the occasion of revelation to be related to the appointment of Imam Ali (as) to the Imamate on the day of Ghadir, and others, considering the Meccan nature of Surah Al-Ma’arij, object to this idea and suggest some other occasions of revelation. The present paper aims to examine the views of commentators in this regard, analyzing their approach to the occasion of the revelation of these verses and its relationship with the Meccan or Medinan nature of the surah. The findings of the research show that the most acceptable narration about the occasion of the revelation of these verses is the narration that considers it related to the events of Ghadir. There are several justifications for the connection between this occasion of revelation and the Meccan nature of the surah: First, the common point of all the occasions of revelation is that these verses are related to verse 32 of Surah Anfal which is a Medinan surah. Second, it is possible that this occasion of revelation is one of the examples of the verse. This interpretation is obtained according to the meaning of the occasion of revelation and its difference with the cause of revelation, because in terms of definition, the occasions of revelation is not necessarily an event after which the verse was revealed. Third, the verse has been re-revealed and this has happened in cases where a verse or surah was revealed once in Mecca and the second time for another reason in Medina. There is also the possibility of recitation of these verses by the Prophet or Gabriel at the time of the occurrence of that event. Therefore, this occasion of revelation for Surah is the most correct occasion of revelation and does not contradict the Meccan nature of Surah.

After beginning of stock markets liberalization in mid-1980, integration of these markets into global markets is increasing. The countries are attempting to attract international investors to divide their portfolio risk, increase liquidity level and promote informational transparency and hence improve stock market efficiency. This study investigates the effects of financial liberalization on stock market informational efficiency in developing economies, during 2000-2016.

With regarding to informational efficiency level in economies with developing characteristics is time-varying because of benefit from their investor experiences and increase of informational access and quality. In order to, we applied a state space model with GARCH effects to determine the degree of informational efficiency during time for any selected countries. In continue, we use panel GMM model that allow measuring and assessing the impact of financial liberalization on the informational efficiency.

The results of state space model realized the weak efficiency hypothesis in selected countries. In other words, the past returns do not contribute much to anticipate future returns, but it affected by macroeconomic, external shocks and political events. Also, the results of GMM model indicate that financial liberalization significantly (of course tiny) improves the degree of informational efficiency. Likewise, we found that information variable (turnover) and macroeconomic variables (inflation rate and exchange rate volatilities) would strengthen significantly informational efficiency in developing countries.

This research contributes to improving informational efficiency in developing economies, this is necessary to implement financial liberalization process as well as improving macroeconomic circumstance and declining exchange rate volatilities.

The value of proteins in human health as the main source of amino acids has been proven. In addition to nutritional value, proteins also have biological functions that are expressed by bioactive peptides. Production methods of bioactive peptides affect their function. This article aims to investigate sources and production methods of bioactive peptides effective on human health. 

For gathering information in this review, English articles between 1988 and 2018 containing one of the keywords "bioactive peptides, enzymatic hydrolysis, anti-cancer and anti-hypertensive agents" were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and the Islamic World Science Citation Database (ISC). Among 643 papers found, 28 articles related to the subject were selected. 

The articles show that utilizing the enzymatic hydrolysis method for therapeutic applications causes them to be more stable in comparison with fermentation and solvent extraction methods and is safer than the other two methods. Also, the positive health effects of these compounds include reducing the risk of chronic diseases, increasing immune function, reducing cholesterol, antimicrobial activity, as well as antioxidant, anti-clotting, antihypertensive, and anticancer properties.

In recent years, the role of bioactive peptides as therapeutic compounds has been highlighted. Bioactive peptides can play an effective role in human health. Therefore, investment and planning in this area can affect the future health of the country.

This paper examines the impact of internal bank governance on bank liquidity creation in Iran during 2010-2017. We analyze whether banks with larger size and liquidity levels creates higher levels of liquidity. The results using panel GMM method show that corporate governance has a positive effect on liquidity creation; of course, it is not significant. Also, this effect is not affecting by bank size level, but a bank with higher liquidity levels have a higher elasticity to the governance change. Moreover, banks with higher financial stability have higher liquidity creation. Furthermore, the equity ratio index harms liquidity creation, which means “the fragility hypothesis” is confirmed within Iranian banks.

Background and purpose:

One of the most common problems in postmenopausal women is sexual interest/arousal disorder in sexual relations which affect their quality of life. Considering the history of pollen of palm trees on treatment of infertility and increasing sexual desire, this study conducted to investigate the impact of date palm pollen capsules on female sexual interest/arousal disorder in menopausal woman.

Methods and Materials:

The present triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 menopausal women aged 40-65 years who referred to the health centers in Mashhad. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. Date palm pollen and placebo capsules prescribed for 35 days. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) instrument was used to assess sexual desire and sexual arousal. At baseline and after treatment, the sexual performance scores of these two domains reviews and data analysis was performed by SPSS (version 16) using the independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.

After intervention, there was a significant difference in the mean of score changes for sexual desire (p=0/021) and sexual arousal (p=0/002) between two groups.

As the findings indicated, the administration of date palm pollen could improve sexual interest/arousal disorder in the postmenopausal women.

Considering the significant impact of bronchiectasis on the quality of life, and lack of adequate study on the etiology of this disease, this study aimed to determine the frequency distribution and risk factors for bronchiectasis in patients referred to Alzahra hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, during the years 2017 and 2018.

In a descriptive-analytic study, 63 patients with bronchiectasis who had been admitted to Alzahra hospital during 2017-2018 were studied. Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics, clinical manifestations, and complaints, as well as risk factors were determined. Findings: 34 patients (54%) were men and 29 (46%) were women. The mean age of the patients was 36.08 ± 15.3 years (range: 12-87 years). The most common primary complaint was cough associated with sputum with an incidence of 19 patients (30.2%). The history of severe respiratory infection was the most common reported risk factor for bronchiectasis in studied patients.

Our findings indicate that bronchiectasis is more common in the active age group of 20-39 years, and the prevalence of certain potential risk factors, including the history of severe respiratory infection, is higher in this group. Therefore, considering that the etiology of bronchiectasis is idiopathic in a significant percentage of patients, more studies are needed to determine the risk factors for the disease