سمیه صادقیان

Cement production process produces million tons of by products such as dust, toxic gases and heavy metals associated with health (respiratory) risks and environmental pollution. The aim of the current paper is to assess the environmental impact of Zaveh Cement plant by using Iranian Leopold Matrix.
The current descriptive analytical study examined the current status of the region's environment; then reviewing the technical sources of the project was performed in order to identify the most important activities of operation and construction phases. Finally, Iranian matrix method was selected to assess the environmental impact of cement plant.
Based on the obtained results, the major negative environmental impacts on the physical part include soil pollution and erosion, air pollution, and noise pollution, respectively. The major negative biological impacts are the impacts on plant and animal species density, and the quality of the habitat, respectively. According to the results of the evaluation conducted using Iranian matrix method on Zaveh-Torbat cement plant, with the separation of construction and operation, there is no column with values less than -3.1, and the number of rows with values less than -3.1 constitutes less than 50 %.
According to the Iranian matrix, the project of Zaveh-Torbat cement plant is acceptable with the implementation of integrated environmental management strategies.

Malakoot" written by Bahram Sadeghi and "The Metamorphosis" written by Frantes Kafka, With an interval of half a century, Represent nihilism and existential point of view of their authors. although, These two works are similar together in some points in the meaning, they are different, Especially in the characterization.
The Character is one of the important elements of the story and Aristotle proposed and considered it, first. Theorists and critics of the story believe that the character, have immediate and deep connection with other elements of the story. According to this theory, methods of characterization in the story is selected according to the other elements of the story.
By comparing methods of characterization in the two story, were going to find an evidence for this theory in the eternal story and Prove that the difference in elements of the story, makes a difference in the characterization. For this purpose, we have studied various methods of characterization in each story and we have turned Frequency of each of these methods.

Love is one of the mystical approaches from the beginning of mystical writings and the time of the fusion of philosophy and mysticism, that in both terrestrial and celestial is reflected in mystical works. Some of the first and Independent books in this field that have affected the works after them arr "Savaneh" of Ahmad Ghazali and "Abhar Al Asheghein" of Roozbahan Baqli. Although these works were written around a theme and at the same time, are very distinct in the field of language. In this study, we check the highlighting and the quality of use of these books to know that any work utilized which format to express it's mystical concepts and how much it has been effective in transmission of the themes. The difference in meaning and message has caused one of them to incline toward Arrays of Language more than the other and Second have more attention to means.

Formalists considered that the function of literature was to "defamilarize" the ordinary and the everyday perception of surroundings. A literary text is derived from “defamiliarization” techniques at different levels of form, meaning and even literary genres. Constructivists extended this topic and proposed the literary role as one of the linguistic roles, which is formed by “defamiliarization” in language. Therefore, they expressed various kinds of “defamiliarization” and “foregrounding” in language. By studying the language used by Al-e Ahmad in his two books entitled “Modir-e Madreseh” (The School Principal) and “Panj Dastan” (Five Stories), we find examples for what are referred to as “foregrounding techniques”, we also come across with examples that “defamilarize” the language; although they are not developed by linguists. In addition to employing some common and pervasive syntactic deviation cases, Al-e Ahmad uses the colloquial language in a new beautiful form as the story language. By summarizing in many ways, he becomes author of “telegraphic prose” and extends the semantic area of words.

One of the main ideas of formalism which has drawn great attention is defamiliarization in literature. The mission of art is to defimaliarize the familiar concepts and provide a new perception through removing the veil of habit from eyes. In literature and as one of the manifestations of art، defamiliarization takes place at various levels including the language level. Linguists have explained and classified defamiliarization within the language as one of the formal elements of the text. Reflecting upon the language of Dolatabadi''s stories، we will find that how such a defamiliarization is important in shaping the desired form which may be suitable for the content of the story. This study is، on the other hand، a brief review of definitions and classifications provided as far for various ways of defamiliarization at the language level.

One of the language's functions is the literary function. It is the spot of joint of the linguistics and literature. In the literary function, the focus is on the message; so the language of this message distinct of the standard language. The linguists explain this Foregrounding in two ways: escape the standard language that is named Deviation and adding the some rules to it that is named Extra regularity, in three levels: meaning, form and formal realization. The Deviation near the speech to the poetry and the Extra regularity verse it. In this short text, we pay to the most obvious Foregrounding, Deviation, in the Az in Avesta book; because it shows the Akhavan's art. In addition to so many Deviations forward to the Extra regularity in the Akavan's poetry, meaning Deviation is rather than the other kinds of Deviation. This kind contains the Figurative language and meaning Rhetoric topics that increase the imagination. Especially the Simile and Metaphor, two forms of poetic images, have used greatly. Then the temporal Deviation, the use the archaic words, is seen plenty; so we see that the other kinds of Deviation is found rarely; because these reduce the word's glory. Instance is found in the Akhavan's poetry too, that is untitled or isnt dependent on the mentioned kinds exactly.