فهرست مطالب سمیه عبدالهی

Health behaviors, includes physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, responsibility, interpersonal relationships, and stress management. Since there is no specific tool for measuring the health behaviors of Iranian pregnant women, this study was conducted for the first time in the Iranian population in order to psychoanalyze the Persian scale of prenatal health behaviors scale.

This cross-sectional psychometric study was performed on 200 pregnant women in Babol and Amol pregnancy clinics by available sampling method. During the pregnancy care visit, women with a gestational age of 14 weeks or more completed demographic questionnaires and pregnancy health behaviors with a score range of 0-48. Scale psychometrics were performed using Cronbach s alpha and internal consistency obtained from retesting, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and with Amos software.

The mean health-promoting behaviors of pregnant women were 24.8±5.5 and destructive health behaviors were 23.7±14.2. The results of factor analysis showed that this scale in Iranian pregnant women has four domains of behavioral habits / destructive health nutrition, behavioral habits / health promoting nutrition, physical health promoting activities, destructive physical health habits with explained variance of 65.13%. Intra-cluster correlation index in all four areas of the questionnaire and also the total score of the test was above 0.9, which confirms the repeatability of this test.

According to the results of this study, the Persian scale of pregnancy health behaviors has a validity and reliability to assess the health and destructive behaviors of pregnant women in Iranian society and can be used in clinical and research situations.

In this study, Simulated Annealing algorithm is applied on Rayleigh wave group velocities to image the density variations and shear and compressional wave velocities structure of the crust and upper-mantle of Makran subduction zone. Based on previous studies, surface wave dispersion measurements are primarily sensitive to seismic shear wave velocities. However, it has been proved that the sensitivity to compressional wave velocity is significantly smaller than the sensitivity to shear wave velocity. Also the sensitivity function for the density is smaller than the one for the shear wave velocity. Therefore, shear wave velocity variations are mainly the model parameters in surface wave dispersion analysis. Simulated Annealing is a probabilistic technique for finding the global optimum of a given function. It is especially useful to approximate global optimization in a large search space. The Simulated Annealing method like the Monte-Carlo method, samples the whole model space and can avoid getting stuck in local minima.To evaluate calculation efficiency and effectiveness of Simulated Annealing algorithm, two noise-free and two noisy (10% of white Gaussian noise) synthetic data sets are firstly inverted. Then, a real data from Makran region is inverted to examine the applicability and robustness of the proposed approach on real surface wave data.
In next step, gravity data inversion was applied with a priori information based on surface wave analysis results to obtain Moho depth variations and crustal density structure. The reason for using gravity data set is that surface waves group velocity is sensitive to average velocity variations and has a good lateral sensitivity, whereas gravity anomaly is sensitive to depth variations of discontinuities and has a good vertical resolution.
Our results show that the Moho depth across the Makran subduction zone increases from the Oman seafloor and Makran forearc setting to the volcanic arc. Generally, the crust in the western Makran is thicker than the eastern part and the maximum crustal thickness in the Makran region reaches 46 to 48 km below the Taftan-Bazman volcanos. The Moho map clearly depicts the western edge of the Makran subduction zone, where the Minab fault (representing the eastern edge of the Hormuz Straits) marks the boundary between the thick continental crust of the Arabian plate and the thin oceanic crust of the Oman Sea. Our results show clearly that the high-velocity slab of the Arabian plate subducts northwards beneath the low-velocity overriding lithosphere of Lut block in the western Makran and Helmand block in the eastern Makran.

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a combination of one bioreactor system and one membrane system. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) have been widely used in wastewater treatment that requires high effluent quality, due to their important advantages over traditional technologies. In this research, the microorganisms with the ability to withstand in an environment with high salinity and oil were isolated from heavy crude oil in the south of Iran and biodegradation of oil pollutants studied. The adapted bacteria were cultivated later in the feed tank of a submerged hollow fiber MBR and biodegradation of oil polluted industrial wastewater with COD concentration of (700-3000mg/l) and MLSS concentration (4200–14000mg/l) have been studied.The obtained results suggested that the existing membrane bioreactor have high performance in crude oil contaminated wastewater treatment, considering its microorganisms, environmental conditions (pH=6.7-8), temperature (28-30°C), high salinity (close to sea’s level) and removal efficiency (80-93%).

Statement of Problem: Tooth size discrepancies (Bolton ratio) affect the best possible esthetic and functional results at the end of treatment. The extraction decision is the most critical decision when planning treatment, and the premolars are the most common teeth in this decision. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different patterns of premolar extraction on tooth size discrepancy at the end of orthodontic treatments. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 study models of the patients (145 females and 55 males) who were selected through available selective sampling method. The greatest mesiodistal width of all teeth were measured except for the second and third molars. The measuring was done by a digital caliper with 0.01mm accuracy. According to calculated Bolton overall ratios, the patients’ casts were divided into three groups: NB (Normal Bolton), DB (Decreased Bolton), and IB (Increased Bolton). This classification was based on the overall Bolton normal values plus or minus one standard deviation. The Bolton overall ratios of each group were measured before and after hypothetical extractions of different four premolars. The data was analyzed using one way ANOVA, and the paired t-test was used for comparing the ratios between males and females. The results showed that there was no significant difference between males and females in Bolton overall ratios. Significant differences were found between overall ratios for different combinations of premolar extraction before and after extractions. The Bolton overall ratios showed to be smaller after premolar extractions in each group. After premolar extractions, some patients in the NB and IB groups were transferred to the DB, and NB group respectively. According to the results of this study four premolars extraction causes a decrease in Bolton overall ratio and in some patients, increased overall ratios could be corrected to normal values after removal of second mandibular premolars.