سمیه فرید

Drug resistance is one of the most problems in controlling microbial infections which assumes to be ever-increasing problem all through the world. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases enzyme (ESBLS) can cause a resistance to antibiotics of gram negative bacteria. The main purpose of this study was to determine antibiotic sensitivity patterns and SHV-1 genes frequency in collected urinary samples from hospitalized patients in Ardebil. 400 isolated Enterobacteriaceae from urinary samples were recognized using an ordinary biochemical method. Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted by Kirby and Bauer. The combined disk method was also utilized as a confirmatory test. The results were compared to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) standards. Finally، ESBL positive isolates were investigated by PCR method regarding the SHV-1 gene. From the total of 400 urinary isolates Enterobacteriaseae resistance to Ampicilin، Nalidixicacid، Co-trimoxazole، Cefotaxime، Ceftazidime، Ceftriaxone، Ciprofloxacin Ceftizoxime، Cefixime، Gentamycin، Imipenem were 82. 5، 62. 3، 67، 36، 49. 5، 50. 3، 52، 36، 41، 24. 8 and 7. 7 percents، respectively. 150 isolates (37. 5%) were positive ESBL، and among all، 28 isolates (18. 7%) contained SHV-1 gene. According to obtained results from the study، regarding high percentage of resistance to antibiotics and high reduction of ESBLS in bacteria from who suffered from urinary infections، taking some logical steps for prevention seems to be essential.

Mass customization is one of the new topics of interest to management and marketing. Also, given that we are in the period of customer revolution (continuous improvement to mass customization), in this period due to the increasing demand of customers, manufacturers are required to produce their products with low cost, high quality and great variety of produce. However in recent years, quality improvement management systems are evolving rapidly so that now continuous quality improvement and total quality management enjoys a high status. This paper seeks to answer the question of how quality management affects the mass customization capability. And describes the concepts of mass customization and total quality management as well as the total quality management to identify various dimensions. Relationship between the mass customization and TQM was tested with LISREL software as well. Overall, the results of the research confirmed the relationship between total quality management dimensions and mass customization.