سهراب ایرانپور

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important initiator of cervical cancer and its mortality. Despite the significant effectiveness of the HPV vaccine in preventing this cancer, vaccination rates remain low in many communities. The present study was conducted with aim to review the challenges and barriers to vaccination based on the health belief model (HBM) in women of childbearing age.

In this review study, the reliable databases were searched by two independent researchers following PICO guidelines and using MESH keywords including: Papillomavirus Infections, Human papillomavirus, Papillomavirus Vaccines, Health Belief Model, Self-Care, Patient Participation, Health Education, needs assessment and women. The process of selecting articles was based on the PRISMA flowchart and quality assessment of articles was done using the NOS and CASP checklists.

After reviewing and evaluating the quality of 2258 articles, 13 articles with 6030 women entered the review. According to the results, challenges and barriers were in three major categories: individual, psychosocial, and organizational. The most significant individual barriers included inadequate or incorrect information about the virus and perceived invulnerability against its pathogenicity. The most significant psychosocial barriers included fear and shame among women and the taboo of Sexually transmitted diseases. Unavailability of HPV vaccine, ineffective communication with clients, and communication and care gaps were also the major organizational barriers.

According to the results of this study, strategic approaches including enhancing women's knowledge of HPV, providing sexual counseling services, and implementing routine and free HPV vaccination should prioritize in national sexual health policies and programs. Furthermore, health care providers should be trained to establish effective and continuous communication with clients.

 Frailty is characterized by an increased vulnerability to stressors. Frail older patients are at increased risk of Emergency Department (ED) visits, hospitalization, and disability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between frailty syndrome and polypharmacy in the elderly referred to the emergency department of Ardabil teaching hospitals.

 In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 505 elderly people referred to the hospital emergency department were selected by convenience sampling method. Frailty syndrome was measured using the five-item criteria of fried which include: 1) slow walking, 2) muscular weakness, 3) exhaustion, 4) low physical activity and 5) unintentional weight loss. Polypharmacy considered the use of 5 or more drugs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation and inferential analysis including analysis of variance, independent t-test, correlation, and multiple regression using spss 22 statistical software.

The mean age of participants was 70.91±‌7.49 and 255 (50.5%) were male, 318 (63%) were married and 271 (53.7%) were illiterate. the results of the study showed that 204 (40.4%) of the elderly who referred to the emergency department had frailty and 177 (35%) had pre frailty. In this population, we identified a 42.2% (n=98) of frail with polypharmacy, 37.1% (n= 86) of prefrail with polypharmacy. The correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between fertility and polypharmacy (p ˂0.001). Linear regression analysis showed the variables of age, education, living arrangement, hospitalization, and the number of medications used by the patient as predictors of frailty syndrome in the elderly referred to the emergency department.

Number of drugs used, age, education, living arrangement and number of hospitalizations were predictors of frailty syndrome in the elderly. Considering the living conditions of the elderly and the prevention of unnecessary hospitalizations can reduce polypharmacy and ultimately a preventive strategy to prevent and manage frailty. Of course, further research is needed to confirm the possible benefits of reducing polypharmacy in the development, reversion, or delay of frailty.

Frailty syndrome is one of the most common syndromes in old age that is associated with adverse health outcomes such as weakness, decreased performance and reduced quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between frailty syndrome and quality of life in the elderly referred to the emergency departments of Ardabil teaching hospitals in 2020.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 493 elderly people referred to the emergency department were selected by convenience sampling method. The SF12 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life and the Fried indices were used to assess the frailty syndrome. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance, chi-square and multiple regression) using SPSS-22 software.

The results showed that 209 (42.4%) elderly had average quality of life. 202 patients (41%) had frailty and 172 patients (34.9%) had pre frailty. The results of Chi-square test showed that there was a significant relationship between frailty and quality of life. Linear regression analysis showed the variables of age, marital status, fall, family composition and frailty syndrome as predictors of quality of life in the elderly referred to the emergency department.

Frailty is associated with decreased quality of life in the elderly. Early detection of the elderly at risk of frailty and appropriate intervention in this field can prevent the decline in quality of life in the elderly.

Frailty is a prevalent aging syndrome that causes adverse health outcomes in the elderly. Socioeconomic status and chronic illness may increase the risk of frailty syndrome. The aim of this study was to Prevalence of Frailty and Related Factors in the Elderly Referred to the Emergency Department of Ardabil Medical Education Centers in 2020.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 505 elderly people referred to the emergency department were selected by the available sampling method. frailty syndrome was assessed using the five criteria of Fried Which included: 1) unintentional weight loss, 2) exhaustion, 3) slow walking, 4) physical activity, and 5) weakness. Chronic diseases were assessed self-report. Polypharmacy considered the use of 5 or more drugs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, and inferential including analysis of variance, independent t-test, chi-square and linear regression using SPSS 22 statistical software.

The mean age of participants was 70/91±7/49. 255 (50.5%) were male, 318 (63%) were married and 271 (53.7%) were illiterate. 204 (40.4%) of the elderly who referred to the emergency department were frailty and 161 (78.9) elderly people with frailty had hypertension. The variables of age, education, family composition, heart disease, hypertension, hospitalization, and fall were predictors of frailty syndrome in the elderly referred to the emergency department.

By identification of frailty syndrome and appropriate intervention based on predictive factors such as age, education, family composition, heart disease, hypertension, hospitalization, polypharmacy and fall can reduce the adverse health outcome of frailty syndrome

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood and the first reason for children admitting to the emergency room. Mothers play an essential role in the recovery of a child with asthma and their high self-efficacy is associated with improving and controlling asthma symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the self-efficacy of mothers in caring of children with asthma referred to the subspecialty clinic and Ardabil educational-medical center of BuAli.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 266 mothers with 6-11 years children with asthma, who referred to BuAli Center and the subspecialty clinic of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. Samples were selected by available sampling method. Data collection tools were a two-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics and motherschr('39') self-efficacy questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 statistical software and descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and analytical (Chi-square and Pearson test) statistics.

The results showed that 51.9% (138) of mothers had good self-efficacy. Also, motherschr('39') self-efficacy had a statistically significant relationship with the level of education, occupation, source of maternal training, medical history and number of hospitalizations of the child (p<0.001).

The findings of the study showed that only about half of mothers with children with asthma have good self-efficacy. Therefore, it is necessary for decision makers of the countrychr('39')s health care system to take the necessary measures to strengthen and improve the self-efficacy of these mothers.

One of the important roles of education is to train civil workforces who are able to establish a creative relation with others. Learner and the educator’s interaction is a prerequisite factor for learning that facilitates the learning process. This study aimed to investigate the student's incivility from the views of students and faculties in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted during the second (spring) semester of the academic year of 2016. Through the consensus sampling, the inventory of Incivility in Higher Education (IHE) was sent to all faculty members whom 74 teachers returned. In addition, through stratified-random sampling, 540 students completed the same and equivalent instrument. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics of independent t-test and (One-way ANOVA) were used in SPSS (v.24).
The mean and standard deviation of the students and faculty members’ attitude score about students’ incivility behaviors were 2.97±0.35 and 3.05±0.61, respectively. Accordingly, the mean experience score of students and the faculty members were 2.50±0.35 and 3.08±0.48, respectively. The difference between students’ and faculty members’ attitude regarding students’ uncivil behaviors was statistically significant (p According to the findings of this study, students and faculty members experience a moderate rate of incivility from students. Therefore, interventions are necessary to improve the behaviors of the students through educational courses regarding professionalism, academic behaviors, ethics, communication skills and socialization.

Since the human diet is a combination of different foods and that this combination will affect the body differently from when these foods are received separately, the evaluation of dietary patterns is of great importance. The primary aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary patterns during pregnancy and postpartum depression. This population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 771 women who attended the Ardabil's health care network. This study was carried out in a period of 4 months. In this study, systematic random sampling was used. Dietary data was collected using the Willett-format Dish-based 106 items Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (DS-FFQ) which was designed and validated specifically for Iranian adults. Dietary patterns were identified through exploratory factor analysis based on 34 predefined food groups. In the present study, individuals who obtained a rating of 13 or higher were considered to be suffering from postpartum depression. Logistic regression was used to estimate OR and 95% CI for postpartum depression in each quartile of patterns. In the present study, three dietary patterns were identified: mixed dietary pattern, semi-healthy dietary pattern, and fruits and vegetables dietary pattern. The last one was significantly associated with a reduced risk of postpartum depression. The findings show that a diet of fruits and vegetables during pregnancy is associated with a reduction in the risk of PPD. Additional studies are recommended to confirm these finding.

In any research work the used tools to approach the designed project goals, should be evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to obtain validity and reliability of nutritional knowledge, illness perception and dietary adherence questionnaire. The questionnaire of student ratings of teaching was evaluated in a descriptive study. In thisstudy the views of 11 expert faculty members and 671 completed questionnaires by hypertensive patients were used. To investigate the reliability, three methods of split-half and internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha)and kuder richrdson were applied, and the validity was determined from two aspects of construct validity (factor analysis) and content validity. The Data were analyzed by SPSS-18 software. Spearman Brown coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, Guttman and Kuder richardson indicating satisfactory reliability of the questionnaire, and this questionnaire is desirable. All Questions are highly correlated with the total score and internal consistency inquiries indicate that the questionnaire had acceptable reliability. In factor analysis, all questionnaire items were acceptable in factor loadings and based on factor analysis, all of the questions was important and their validity are appropriate. The validity of the scale was approved by experts. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were appropriate for the measurement of targeted variables in hypertensive patients. Satisfactory reliability and validity of the questionnaire and the overall structure of the questions was approved.