سهیلا شهبازی

The present study aimed to predict the competitive anxiety of male karatekas in West Azerbaijan province through self-esteem and self-efficacy. This research was descriptive and correlational, and was done through field study. The research population consisted of 4500 male karatakas, practicing karate in West Azerbaijan in 2015, of which 380 athletes were selected as samples using Morgan table. The Self-Efficacy (Sherer,1982), Self-Esteem (Cooper Smith, 1967), and Competitive Anxiety questionnaires (Martens, 1990) were used for data collection. To analyze the data of the study, descriptive and inferential statistics (mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and stepwise regression) were used. The results showed that there is a significant and negative relationship between competitive anxiety on the one hand and self-esteem and self-efficacy on the other (P<0.001). In addition, Stepwise regression analysis showed that self-esteem and self-efficacy explain 23.6% of the total variance of competitive anxiety. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended to coaches to reduce anxiety in karatakas and ensure that athletes have reached the necessary level of self-efficacy and self-esteem.

Research has shown that mental energy is an important factor in many domains, including athletic performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Sports Mental Energy Questionnaire. The research method was applied and tool development. The study population includedall male and female athletes in Urmia city in different sports; From this population, based on Morgan sample size determination table, 283 athletes were selected by available sampling method. The athletic mental energy questionnaire Lu et al (2018) was used as a research tool. The questionnaire was presented to the athletes after translation into Persian and approval by three experts and then analyzed. To evaluate the construct validity and determine the factor structure of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used and the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the six-factor model, the three-factor of the affective components (vigor, tireless, and calm) of AME and and the two-factor of the cognitive components (confidence and concentration) of AME) as well as motivation has a acceptable goodness of fit with the data in the sample of athletes. Cronbach's alpha results above 0.70 for all factors also indicate the appropriate reliability of the Athletic Mental Energy Questionnaire. The findings suggest that this measurement tool with good validity and reliability can be used to assess the athletic mental energy in Iranian athletes

The present study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the mental training questionnaire in sport. The research method is applied and development tools which the method of data collection was field research. For this purpose, 242 athletes of various sports have completed the questionnaire of Behnke et al (2017). Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to determine the structural validity, and the internal consistency and concurrent reliability of the questionnaire were assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that the three-factor structure of mental skills (fundamental, performance and interpersonal skills) and the two-factor structure of mental techniques (mental imagery and self-talk) have a good fit. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was more than 0.7 for the whole questionnaire and five components, which shows the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Thus, can be used from mental training questionnaire in sport for evaluating mental training in Iranian athletes.

Background & Purpose: DCD is one of the obvious inadequacies of motor skills in children in primary school age. This study aims to examine the effect of sensory-motor integration activities on cognitive variables such as attention and working memory in children with Developmental Coordination Disorders (DCD). Hence 20 children with DCD (ages 8-1) who were referred to a rehabilitation center in Kermanshah city were selected as available samples and then randomly divided into two groups as experimental and control group. Then the Continuous Performance test and the Wechsler´s working memory test were completed as
Pre-test. The experimental group practiced for 8 weeks, three 120-minute sessions per week which were included activities such as (swinging, trampoline jumping, spinning around themselves, spinning around the coach, etc). Data were analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Leven test, Box test and analyze of covariance. The Results shows, in working memory variable, the effect was significant on both practicing (p=0.001) and group (p=0.001). In attention variable, although the effect was significant in practicing (p=0.002), it was not significant in group (p=0.056). This pattern of findings suggests the sensory-motor integration activities could promote Attention and Working memory in children with DCD.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sensory-motor integration on Balance and Reaction time in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder( DCD). Motor developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a statement that the American Psychiatric Association was described for children who have difficulty in implementing some of the skills and competencies necessary to deal with the needs of the motor suffering their everyday lives, proposed locomotors.
This study was a semi-experimental study. Twenty patients (mean age, 8.5years old) were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control groups from the DCD children rehabilitation center in Kermanshah. Continuous performance test, test improved stork and test walk heel to toe were used. After the pretest, the experimental group had a protocol for 8 weeks, three sessions per week of 120 minutes exercise (Swinging, jumping on Trampoline, baby turn around, turn around and coach children). To investigate the differences between the groups and the effect of exercise, ANOVA with repeated measures design with 2 × 2 (two with double measurement) were used. Post hoc t-test and t-test was used to analyze differences within groups and between groups.
The results showed that the experimental group showed a significant improvement in reaction time, dynamic and static balance. There was a significant difference at post-test in experimental group due to the extent of the practice.
Improvement in balance is more likely due to the increased proprioception and stability. It is also likely to reduce the reaction time of integrated activities due to the pre-movement or speed up of the processing of perceptual or cognitive.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of perceptual – motor training on motor proficiency in children with hyperactivity disorder.
This study was semi-experimental. Fifty hyperactive children referred to Farabi hospital of Kermanshah. Thirty patients (mean age, 8.8 years old) were randomly selected and examined in the control group were evaluated. The tools of the research were the Conners parent questionnaire, Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency. Firstly, the per-test was held for all participants. Then, the experimental group did the perceptual- motor activities for 2 months (24 sessions) and after this period, the post test was administered to both groups. Paired t-test and t-test were used to compare the means (P In motor proficiency (total subtests: running speed and agility, balance, bilateral coordination, strength, upper body coordination, response speed, visual controls - motor skills and a high-speed trunk) was found.
It seems that perceptual – motor training improves motor skills in children.

The purpose of this study was to investigation of relationship between sport commitment، coaching behavior، motivational climate، and basic psychological needs among adolescent female athletes. The study population consisted of female athletes who regularly participated in various sports. For this purpose، 373 athletes selected as sampling group. Results indicated that mastery climate was significantly correlated with autonomy-supportive coaching behaviors and basic psychological need satisfaction. Autonomy supportive coaching behaviors were also significantly correlated with basic psychological needs satisfaction. Mastery climates were predicted by autonomy-supportive coaching. Psychological need satisfaction was predicted by Mastery climate. Sport commitment was predicted by psychological need satisfaction. These results supported from conceptual framework of Coatsworth and Conroy. Based on these results، coaches should foster basic need satisfaction through the use of autonomy- supportive coaching behaviors and mastery climates، in turn، leads to continued sport participation.