فهرست مطالب سوران شرفی

Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran's wide range of natural resources, which can play an important role in society's health, job creation, and non-oil exports if they are scientifically recognized, cultivated, developed, and exploited properly. Iran is considered one of the world's best regions in terms of climate, geographical location, and medicinal plant growth, and it has been a source of production and consumption of medicinal plants in the past. Lemon balm is generally used in traditional medicine to treat digestive problems, pain, and mental disorders. Drought stress is one of the most serious and widespread problems that limit plant productivity because it negatively affects plant physiology. The effects of drought stress depend on the duration, intensity and stage of growth and the genetic tolerance capacity of plants, which can reduce the growth of plants. It causes a change in morphological and physiological structures and the pattern of biomass distribution or even death.

To study the effect of foliar different growth stimulants on the growth characteristics and essential oil of balm at different levels of drought stress, an experiment was carried out in the crop year 2021. The experiment was a split plot based on randomized complete blocks with four replications, where different levels of irrigation include irrigation after 80, 60, and 40 percent of the field crop capacity (FC) in the main plots and foliar application of different growth stimulants including control, melatonin, amino acid, and folic acid were placed in sub-plots. In this research, total chlorophyll, dry matter yield, relative water content, phenoline content, soluble sugars, essential oil content, essential oil yield, total phenol, and flavonoid were measured. The data obtained from the experiment was analyzed using SAS.9.4 software. The obtaineds averages were statistically compared using Duncan's method (LSR) and at the five percent probability level.

The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of irrigation and foliar spraying on growth stimulants on all investigated traits were significant at the probability level of 1%. There was a significant difference between the interaction treatments in terms of chlorophyll content, proline content, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and flavonoid content at the probability level of one percent and in terms of relative leaf water content, dry matter yield, soluble sugars content and total phenol content at the probability level of five percent. The results showed the highest chlorophyll content (2.25 mg g-1 FW), relative leaf water content (88.12 percent), and dry matter yield (793.79 kg ha-1) was recorded in melatonin foliar application and irrigation of 80% of FC treatments. Also, the highest essential oil content (0.81%) and essential oil yield (6.46 kg ha-1) were observed in treating foliar application with melatonin under the irrigation treatment of 60% FC. This study allocated the highest total phenol content to melatonin foliar application at 40% of the FC conditions. In this study, 40% FC irrigation treatment increased the flavonoid content by 29.90% and 93.23%, respectively, compared to 60% and 80% FC. Furthermore, foliar application of melatonin, proline amino acid, and folic acid increased the flavonoid content compared to the control treatment by 17.64, 23.35 and 32.35%, respectively.

In this study, melatonin foliar application in all three irrigation conditions increased essential oil yield compared to the corresponding control. Under irrigation and foliar spraying of melatonin, the synthesis of secondary metabolites and essential oil has been accelerated and produced the maximum yield of essential oil. Therefore, foliar spraying of melatonin and mild water deficit stress can be recommended to achieve maximum economic yield in Lemon balm.

Medicinal plants are precious resources in Iran’s broad landscape of natural resources, which can play an essential role in health, employment, and non-petroleum export if recognized, cultivated, developed, and exploited scientifically and correctly. Given the limitation of water resources in Iran, the agricultural sector’s use of unconventional water resources has been proposed as a solution. One of these methods is to pass water through a magnetic field before irrigation to improve water productivity. The soil health management is crucial for ensuring ecological and agricultural productions and maintaining plant diversity. The negative impacts of chemical fertilizers forced the agrochemical companies to replace them with Nano-fertilizers in sustainable agricultural systems in order to achieve desirable crop productivity.

With the aim of investigating the effect of foliar application of different nano fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of peppermint under different irrigation conditions, an experimental experiment was carried out in an agricultural field in Miandoab city in West Azarbaijan province. The experiment was in the form of split plots based on randomized complete block design in three replications. The main plot was assigned to the irrigation cycle (every 5, 7 and 10 days) and the secondary plot was assigned to foliar spraying treatments (control (no foliar spraying) nano NPK, nano Fe, nano Zn and nano Mn). chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf weight, fresh yield, dry yield, proline content, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield was measured.

Based on the results of data variance analysis, all investigated traits were affected by irrigation, foliar application and the interaction of two treatments at the 1% probability level. The interaction of year with foliar application on dry and wet yield of fodder was significant at the probability level of 1%. The triple interaction of year × irrigation× foliar application and was significant only on proline content at the 1% probability level. The results of the mean comparison of irrigation with foliar application interaction treatments showed the Foliar application of nano Fe under irrigation conditions once every 5 days had the highest content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids (respectively with an average of 13.43, 3.61 and 4.12 mg g fresh weight-1), plant height (33.92 cm), leaf fresh weight (6.71 g), aerial fresh yield (13121 kg ha-1), aerial dry yield (4600.1 kg ha-1) and the lowest proline content (6.32 mmol g weight-1). Also, the highest percentage of essential oil (0.67%) was attributed to nano Fe foliar spraying under irrigation conditions of 7 days once. In this study, although the highest essential oil yield (24.74 kg ha-1) was assigned to the application of nano Zn under the irrigation once every 5 days’ condition but there was no significant difference between the mentioned treatment and Foliar application nano NPK and nano-Fe in the irrigation treatment of 7 days’ treatments.

It can be stated that the use of NPK and Fe in the form of nanoparticles under mild water stress conditions can improve the economic performance of the product and save water consumption. Also, foliar spraying of this fertilizer it was able to significantly increase the essential oil yield of in this plant under severe water stress conditions. Therefore, foliar spraying of nutritional elements in nano form can be a solution to improve the essential oil yield in peppermint plants under water stress conditions with different intensities.

Absorption of nutrients from the soil depends on soil moisture, fertilizer application, soil nutrients and other factors. Foliar application of nutrients under water stress is one of the ways to reduce the effect of stress on the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Today, in many countries, a variety of organic acids such as humus fertilizers are used to improve the quantity and quality of crops and orchards. These fertilizers can be used with irrigation, foliar application, hydroponic cultivation, soil application and seed inoculation. One of the objectives of this project was to identify new wheat cultivars tolerant to water stress condition and use micro elements to introduce suitable cultivars and the effect of these elements in increasing grain yield.

In order to study the effect of foliar application of nutrients on grain yield and grain quality of bread wheat cultivars in conditions of water stress, the field studies were carried out during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at the Agricultural Research Station of Miandoab, in West Azerbaijan province, Iran (46º 3´ E, 36º 58´ N, altitude 1142 m). The experiment was performed as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation treatments in the main plots were included stopping irrigation at flowering stage until maturity and full irrigation until seed maturity. Sub-plots were foliar application treatments with zinc, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and humic acid with four cultivars of wheat included Orum, Zare, Mihan and Heidari Each plot was planted in six rows with a length of four meters and a width of 1.2 meters at row intervals of 20 cm. Foliar application of micro elements was at the time of spike emergence and before flowering. Grain yield in the final harvest stage and removal of half a meter from the beginning and end of each plot was performed by a combine of grain experiments. After final sampling, 30 g of seeds per plot after digestion was used to measure micro elements in the grain using an atomic absorption. Combined analysis of variance of data from two years of study and drawing graphs was performed using MSTATC, SPSS and Excel software.

In this study, foliar application of zinc, increased 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper content in grin under normal irrigation by 9.30, 15.99, 18.30, 35.35, 102.10, 18.34, and 20.45 percent respectively under normal conditions and by 9.73, 4.36, 9.00, 41.81, 65.51, 43.24 and 29.78 percent respectively under drought conditions, Under normal irrigation conditions, foliar application of zinc in Mihan cultivar had the highest 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, manganese, zinc, and copper content in grain. Under drought stress conditions, the highest 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, manganese, and zinc content were allocated to foliar application of zinc in the Mihan cultivar. In this study, foliar application with zinc, potassium, phosphorus, and humic acid treatments in Mihan cultivar had equal grin yield and more than the control foliar application under normal irrigation conditions and was able to replace some of the water requirement of plant, Therefore, foliar application of these treatments along with selecting the appropriate cultivar can be a solution to improve the quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat in areas where the plant experiences periods of water deficit stress with different intensities.

Considering the favorable effect of foliar application of nutrients, especially zinc and humic acid on the quality and quantity of wheat grains, it is suggested that extension projects be carried out to transfer these results to farmers. Also, due to higher grain yield and high grain quality of Mihan cultivar, it is suggested that this cultivar gradually replace the previous cultivars.

The effect of foliar application of potassium, salicylic acid and gamma aminobutyric acid on morphophysiological traits and nutrient uptake of bread wheat genotypes under soil salinity stress was studied as a research conducted in agricultural research station in Miandoab, West Azerbaijan during the two cropping years 1396-97 and 1397-98. The experiment was performed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications under soil salinity (0 and 8 dS / m). Main plots included foliar application with growth stimulants: potassium, GABA, SA, control and subplots included seven genotypes ( Orum, Zare, Mihan, Heydari, MS-89-12, MS -89-13 and MS-91-14). The analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of salinity stress on grain yield and foliar application treatments on all studied traits were significant. Also, the simple effects of different genotypes on all measured traits were significant. The interactions of three factors of salinity, foliar application and genotype had a significant effect on all measured traits. Based on the results, comparison of the means showed that GABA foliar application under non-stress conditions with an average of 11366.7 kg / ha in Mihan cultivar produced the highest grain yield, while GABA foliar application under salinity stress conditions with the average of 1876.7 kg / ha produced the lowest grain yield in Orum cultivar. The overall results showed that most of the traits were reduced due to salinity stress. Foliar application of all the compounds in most traits caused an increase compared to the control conditions.

To study the effects of nitrogen levels on morphophysiological and antioxidants properties of calendula under deferent irrigation regimes a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Urmia Agricultural Station of Saat Lo for two cropping seasons 2016-17. Treatments were four levels of irrigation (irrigation after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days) assigned to main plots, and application of 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen to subplots. Results showed that the effects of irrigation intervals on all studied traits waer significant. There were significant differences among nitrogen levels on all traits except proline content. Interaction of two treatments was significant on leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. Resulats also indicated that, with increasing irrigation intervals from 5 to 20 days, relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and dry flower yield were reduced by 36.64, 35.27, 24.31 and 45.77 percent respectively. Proline content, catalase superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde activities were increased by 24.72, 33.04, 35.51 and 20.86 percent, respectively. Among the nitrogen fertilizer levels, 160 kg ha-1 increased, relative water content, chlorophyll a, carotenoid and dry flower yield by 16.18, 4.24, 23.68  and 28.26 percent, respectively, while it reduced the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde by 18.10, 21.23 and 29.69 percent respectively as compared to control. The highest leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b were increased by the use of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation intervals of 5 days. The highest percentage of essential oil of the flower and essential oil yield were also belonged to the application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and irrigation interval of 10 days. To obtain better quality and higher essential oil yield from calendula, irrigation interval of 10 days and application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer is recommended.

Safflower is known as valuable oil plant due to its high quality of seed oil and the presence of more than 90% of unsaturated fatty acids. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Coexistence with mycorrhizal fungi increases growth, improves yield, and increases plant resistance to a variety of environmental stresses, including drought. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of coexistence with mycorrhiza on the tolerance of spring safflower cultivars at different levels of drought stress by measuring some quantitative and qualitative traits.

This experiment was conducted as a factorial-split plot based on randomized complete block design at research farm of Urmia agricultural high school during 2014 with three replications. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three levels of irrigation including optimum irrigation, moderate drought stress and severe drought stress and factor B included mycorrhiza in two levels: non-inoculation (control) and inoculation with mycorrhiza species Glomus mosseae. Sub plots (factor C) consisted of five spring safflower cultivars (Padideh, Gol Mehr, Goldasht, Safheh and Mexic).

The results of variance analysis showed that Severe drought stress compared to optimum irrigation reduced 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per head, number of head per plant, seed yield, oil yield and protein yield by about 29, 30, 33,58, 62 and 63%, respectively. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi compared to non-inoculation increased seed yield, chlorophyll index, protein yield, 1000-seed weight and biological yield by about 14, 13, 14, 5 and 39%, respectively.

One of the best methods for improving the quantitative and qualitative performance of safflower cultivars, especially under drought stress conditions, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Also, in all three different levels of drought stress conditions, among the cultivars studied, Padideh cultivar was superior to other cultivars for yield and this cultivar is suitable for cultivation in this area.

Legumes have great nutritional value and are an important source of vegetable protein. Population growth in recent decades has led to increased consumption of protein, especially red meat. The increase in cereal production as supplemental protein sources is considered the country's economic development program. Legumes grain have 18 to 32 percent protein and plays an important role in people's diet. Drought stress is among the main limiting factors for legumes production, and is able to reduce significantly the production of grains, in rainfed areas. Stress inhibits the full expression of the genetic potential of crops and thereby reducing the production. Salicylic acid (SA), a plant phenolic compound is known as a plant hormone and its role in relation to defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses, is well known. Priming seed is a technique which the seeds before dealing with the ecological condition, will gain ability for better germination in terms of physiological and biochemical functioning. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spraying and priming of beans with salicylic acid on common bean yield and its components. It was also tried to determine whether priming or spraying with salicylic acid or both of them can induce tolerance drought stress to or not.
 

This experiment was performed at Research Station of Agricultural School, Urmia, Iran, during 2015-2016 growing season. The experiment was conducted as split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three levels of drought stress including severe drought stress (irrigation after 120 mm evaporation by class A pan), moderate drought stress (irrigation after 90 mm evaporation by class A pan), and control (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation by class A pan) as the main factor and treatments in five levels (control, priming with distilled water, priming with salicylic acid, spraying with salicylic acid, spraying and priming with salicylic acid) as subplots. Each experiment consisted of three replication with 5 plots. The first treatment control: conventional planting seeds. Second treatment was primed seeds of beans with distilled water. The seeds were primed for 12 hours in distilled water at room temperature. The third treatment: was seed priming with salicylic acid, so that the seeds for 12 hours in a solution of 0.5 micromoles salicylic acid was used at room temperature. The fourth plot: spraying the plants with a solution of 1 micromoles of salicylic acid on the field when the plants produced about 50 percent pod. Fifth treatment (v) was a combined treatment, priming the seeds before planting (seed for 12 hours in a solution of 0.5 micromoles of salicylic acid at 250C temperature) and spraying the plants of the plot with a solution of 1 micromoles of salicylic acid on the field at 50 percent poding. After physiological maturity of beans, the crop was harvested and biomass, grain yield, 100 grain weight, the number of pods per plant, the number of grains per pods and plant height were measured. The data were analyzed with Tukey’s test at 95 percent probability (P≤0.05) using SAS and MSTATC statistical software.
 

Analysis of variance showed that grain yield, biological yield, index harvest, the number of pods per plant, the number of grains per pod, pod and seed weight, 100 grain weight and plant height were significantly affected by drought stress and growth regulators. Mean comparison showed that the maximum and minimum of traits were obtained under control (without stress) and severe drought stress, respectively. The highest and lowest values of studied traits were obtained by spraying and priming with salicylic acid and control (without priming). The highest (3362 kg ha-1) and lowest (1864 kg ha-1) grain yield were obtained under control (without stress) and severe drought stress, respectively. Drought stress in comparison with optimum irrigation (control) reduced grain yield by 45 percent. Treatment spraying and priming with salicylic acid in comparison with control (without priming) increased grain yield about 50 percent.
 

According to this research, under Urmia climate conditions, for producing high grain yield of common bean, using spraying and priming with salicylic acid can be recommended.

Agriculture is the basis for development and identification of crops and orchards is an important parameter in agricultural management helping planners through providing precise crop/orchard mapping. In order to overcome the limitations of fieldwork in crop and orchard mapping, satellite images seem to be appropriate due to providing wide coverage, timely and sequentially repeated image acquisition. In this study, IRS-P6 satellite images were analyzed in the Sharveran Plain lands in Mahabad County for orchard mapping. Various spectral indices were extracted using band ratioing and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) methods. Different supervised classifiers were used for classification of a 7-class (land use) and a 2-class (orchard and non-orchard) scenario. The classified maps were evaluated using the ground truth maps. The best overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were 97.95% and 0.95, respectively, using Maximum Liklihood classifier in the 2-class scenario. The results showed that IRS-P6 data are very suitable for identification and monitoring of orchards in terms of cost, time and accuracy.

Drought is an important factor affecting germination, early plant growth and its rate and decreasing economic performance of seedlings. Thus, seed priming to induce homogenice germination, emergence and increase the rate of growth and reduce adverse environmental effects results higher in yields. It also facilitates seedling emergence early and establishment of the plant. To study the effect of drought stress and seed priming on some vegetative and reproductive traits of castorbean (Ricinus communis), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Saetlo Station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of West Azerbaijan, during growing season of 2013. Main factors were drought stress with four levels (60, 90, 110 and 130 mm pan evaporation) and subfacotre were four seed priming treatments: control, hydro-priming, salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Results of variance analysis showed that the drought stress significantly affected plant height, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, oil yield and grain harvest index. Seed priming also, significantly affected plant height, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, oil yield and harvest index. Interaction between water stress and priming treatments significantly affected grain yield. Considering the comparison of mean values, it was observed that plant height, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, oil yield and harvest index, at 60-mm evaporation from the pan had the highest values. Seed priming affected all of the traits and salicylic acid treatment also was able to affected the highest amount of all traits. The highest grain yield and 1000 grain weight were due to the interaction of 60 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan and seed priming with salicylic acid.

In order to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and different rates of A200super absorbent on dry leaf yield of tobacco burley21, a factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in RCB, during crop season of 2010. The levels of irrigations )80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation from A pan( and four levels of super absorbent (0, 5, 10 and 15 g.m-1). Increasing irrigation interval length from 80 to 160 mm evaporation from pan decreased plant height, dry leaf yield and total income by 13, 10 and 15%, respectivly. Application of 5, 10 and 15 g.m-1 of super absorbent compared to control increased dry yield of leaf by 4, 7 and 10%, and total income by 7, 8 and 13%, respectively. Results also showed that application of 1 kg of super absorbent (costed at least 120000 toman/kg) increased total income by 2580 toman. In general, delayed irrigation decreased quantity and income of tobacco. On the other hand, application of super absorbent increased quantity, quality and income of tobacco as compared to the control treatment, since super absorbent is expensive, its application would not be economical and it is thus not recommended.