فهرست مطالب سونیا غفاری

Smoking among adolescents is a matter of concern that has attracted the attention of many officials and experts in various fields such as health-care, psychology, and sociology. This study was conducted in 2019 to evaluate the status of smoking in students at the individual and familial levels.

This study was performed based on the analysis of the results of the first phase of the PAD project (Tobacco Use Prevention in Schools) which is being carried out by cohort method in the city of Varamin (Tehran province) and four phases on male and female students. In the first phase, 920 students were selected through the stratified sampling method. The data collection instrument in this study was a localized version of a questionnaire of the World Health Organization. Questionnaire questions were scored on a Likert scale (1 to 5). The validity of the questionnaire was determined using the opinion of experts as well as calculating the content validity index and content validity ratio index. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha (0.703).

The frequency of hookah and cigarette use was23.6% and6.9%, respectively. Also, 55.4% of students smoked in places such as parks, cafes, and coffee shops and 49.7% reported curiosity as the most important reason for tobacco consumption. Also, 21.2% and35.1%of their close friends consumed cigarettes and hookah, respectively. The frequency of hookah and cigarette smoking in their consanguineous and affinal relatives was 51% and 45.8%, respectively. Awareness of second-hand smoke was poor in these students

The social ugliness of cigarette smoking among students and those around them was more than hookah use so that hookah uses among students, their close friends, and their relatives was more than cigarette use. Indeed, hookah use has often become a norm among students and their relatives.

The number of waterpipe cafes has considerably grown in Tehran and other cities of Iran. This increase has occurred due to a wrong belief that the use of hookahs is harmless and relatively safe. So, the aim of current study is to investigate the nicotine concentration in the indoor air of the waterpipe and cigarette cafés as well as the biological concentration of nicotine and cotinine in urine and blood samples of exposed people.

The indoor samples were gathered from 36 cafés-14 Hookah cafes (HS), 8 cigarette cafes (CS), 6 both Hookah and cigarette cafes, and 8 non-smoking areas (NS)- Sampling was carried out in each café once during a working day and once on a holiday at weekends. After that, the concentration of nicotine was determined. Finally, the concentration of nicotine and cotinine was studied in blood and urine samples of exposed peoples.

The results of this study showed that the most nicotine production in cafes was in the form of "hookah and cigarette cafes"> "hookah cafes"> "cigarette cafes"> "places without smoking", respectively. Also, it was observed that the concentration of nicotine in cafes during weekend sessions (with more active smokers) was higher than during the week sessions. Based on path analysis, the number of “active smokers” had the highest effect on releasing of nicotine inside the cafés, followed by the tobacco-type as the second influential parameter. Finally, it was observed that the highest amounts of nicotine and cotinine were found in blood and urine samples of smokers who were also employed in these cafes.

The most important point was that in all studied cafes where tobacco was consumed, the measurable concentrations of nicotine in the air and also nicotine and cotinine in the blood and urine samples of exposed people were found. This shows that there is an urgent need for formal evaluation to see whether these findings are compatible with the Iranian national law regarding banning of tobacco use in public places.