فهرست مطالب سید رحمان اقبالی

Architecture-city is a self-sufficient mixed-use vertical megastructure with advanced infrastructure capable of functioning as a city. It requires special attention to design and construction, particularly in terms of its resilience to pandemics. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, some science-fiction films had predicted pandemics and provided lessons and warnings. This study aimed to learn from science-fiction films to design a pandemic-resilient architecture-city. It conducted content analysis to reach the research aim, using Steven Soderbergh's Contagion as a case. The film was chosen because of its striking similarity to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted in three steps: transforming the visual content of the film Contagion (2011) into written text, analyzing the content of the written text, and explaining the factors affecting the architecture-city resilience to withstand pandemics. Multiple film reviews complemented the written text to ensure a comprehensive analysis. The content analysis results of the film were presented under "Thoughtful Points in Architectural Designs to Withstand Pandemics". Finally, based on these results and the architecture-city definition, the factors affecting architecture-city resilience to pandemics were discussed. Based on the content analysis of the film Contagion, key considerations in architectural designs to withstand pandemics include attention to indoor environmental quality, available urban services and facilities, and major pandemic challenges. Several factors, such as climate and building orientation, appropriate dimensions and area of spaces, access to daylight and natural ventilation, connection with nature, visual and acoustic aspects, security, materials' color and type, protecting the privacy of residents, open and semi-open spaces, and flexibility are vital in improving the quality of indoor spaces to tackle pandemics effectively. The film Contagion accentuates the significance of strengthening local centers. Designing mixed-use neighborhoods with relative self-sufficiency can increase resilience against pandemics by providing citizens easy access to work, education, shopping, health, welfare, and leisure. During pandemics, access to essential services like healthcare, medicine, food, water, and energy poses major challenges. The utilization of advanced technologies is crucial for architecture-city resilience, alongside indoor environmental quality and easy access to urban services and facilities. By incorporating advanced transportation technologies, such as MULTI elevators, architecture-city can be structured as one or multiple neighborhoods, considering its dimensions. Incorporating touch-free technologies and anti-viral materials into frequently touched surfaces can prevent viruses from spreading via fomites. Incorporating aeroponics technology for food security, utilizing renewable energy to provide power, and implementing smart technologies for social communication, teleworking, telemedicine, tele-education, and online shopping are some ways to enhance the resilience of architecture-city against pandemics. Based on the results of the present study, improving the quality of indoor environmental conditions, providing access to urban services and facilities quickly and efficiently, through the design of mixed-use and self-sufficient neighborhoods within the architecture-city, and utilizing advanced technologies of transportation, construction, agriculture, and smart systems, is essential in creating resilient architecture-cities that can withstand pandemics. The results of this study can benefit architects and decision-makers involved in designing and constructing future architecture-cities.

The construction industry has always been influenced by new, emerging and advanced technologies throughout its history. Technological developments have led to increasing changes in many areas of the construction industry. This research investigated the technological changes and developments in the field of construction industry by adopting a future-research approach. The purpose of this study was to identify key technological factors affecting the future of the construction industry. First, using library studies, technological advances affecting the construction industry were identified. Examining the available documents and books, 18 drivers were identified in four areas: "design", "construction", "maintenance, repair and operation" and "management". Then, among the drivers determined, using the method of structural analysis and based on the opinion of experts, the key technological factors that will have the greatest impact on the future of the construction industry were identified. Research data was analyzed using MICMAC software. The results of using structural analysis method indicate that 9 key factors including building information modeling (BIM), new energy consumption simulation software, virtual reality and augmented reality, intelligent structural systems and facilities, 3D printers, prefabrication, modularization, robotics and blockchains will have the greatest influence on the future of the construction industry.

The future of the construction industry is increasingly influenced by new technologies. In order to adopt appropriate strategies in facing new technologies, it is necessary to know the possible futures of the construction industry. This research was done with the aim of explaining the technological uncertainties and compiling the future scenarios of the construction industry.

The research method is applied and was carried out with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. First, the library study was used to determine the technological drivers, then the Structural Analysis was used to explain the technological uncertainties, and finally, the Schwartz method was used to compile the scenarios. The statistical population is experts of construction industry.

Nine technological uncertainties affecting the future of the construction industry have been identified and for each of them, three states of decline, stagnation and progress have been considered. Data analysis by Scenario Wizard shows eight probable scenarios. The portfolio of scenarios including four groups of progress scenarios, towards progress, towards stagnation, and towards wane has been compiled.

In the progress scenario, the 89% of uncertainties have developed. In  towards progress, 56% of the factors are in the development status, which indicates the development of the technological factor application. In the stagnation scenario, no progress has been made in the application of uncertainties and they are in a static state. In towards wane, uncertainties have been placed in a situation of reduced use.

Research Problem: 

Following the ever-increasing growth of media influence in different aspects of society, architecture is also one of the areas where the media's entry has caused fundamental changes. Many experts consider architecture as an important medium that has revealed the spirit of its time, and some others consider architecture to be derived from the media, which directly or indirectly affects architecture. Studying and understanding the influence of contemporary Iranian architectural body from the media space can lead to understanding the media space in the direction of the excellence of architecture as much as possible.

Research Question:

 Research questions "What are the representative indicators of media according to the studies conducted on the issue of media in interaction with the body of architecture?" and "How can the causal relationships between the extracted indicators be explained from the point of view of influence and effectiveness?

In this study, in addition to a comprehensive review of the findings of experts in the field of architecture and media, the critical principles for analyzing the relationship between the three critical factors of the audience, architecture and media have been examined. In this regard, the findings of the literature, including the dimensions and indicators related to the media have been evaluated and categorized. To carry out this step by studying library resources, the components are extracted and prioritized based on the amount of repetition in the conducted research compared to other identified components. Then, using the Delphi technique, the results have been approved by experts, including ten university professors and activists in the fields of architecture and media. In the continuation of the research process, case studies, including written media such as specialized architectural publications published from 1325 to 1398 have been investigated to answer the question of how the media affects the body of contemporary architecture in Iran and the obtained results have been analyzed. In the end, the influence and effectiveness of the media indicators under evaluation were analyzed using the DEMATEL multi-criteria decision-making technique in Excel software. Thus the causal relationships between the factors were determined.

Obtained results indicate that there is a significant interaction between the evolution of architecture in different aspects and the media space. The media acts as an effective mediator between the architectural work and the audience. This interaction between architecture and media is affected by the audience's desire. Therefore Architecture can operate freely, regardless of any predetermined policy, or can be created according to the defined goals and in a specific clause and framework. Using all the aforementioned available tools and capacities, the media can change the body of contemporary architectural buildings. The results show that the status and ownership of the media have the most significant impact on other characteristics. The role and function of the media are most influenced by others. In terms of interaction, the media audience and its role have the highest priority. The highest power of causal influence in characteristics belongs to the status and ownership of the media.

The type of audience attitude is the main factor influencing the behavior of users' choices. Messages published by the media can shape the audience's mindset. Since the mentality formed under the influence of this space can affect various areas, including the architecture physical design, so it is necessary to better understand the attitude of users of media space to the factors affecting the choice of audience and architecture physical elements. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of intention and audience choice on the physical developments of contemporary Iranian architecture. For this purpose, after extracting the factors affecting the intention and selection of media audiences, the architecture physical components were identified using thematic analysis. Then, effect of audience intention and choice on the body of contemporary architecture has been studied. The results indicate that the factors affecting the intention and choice of media audiences have a positive and significant effect on the body of contemporary architecture. In addition, the findings show that the factors affecting the intention and choice of the audience, in order of priority, are the capabilities and capacities in using the media, the content of the media space and its requirements, the individual and personality background of the architect and the analysis of the architectural community. Also from the perspective of the physical dimension, the components that shape the architectural body are influenced by the media space including function, identity, order/disorder, attractiveness/repulsion, and environment.

Windcatcher is one of the essential elements of traditional Iranian architecture that improve the natural ventilation in building as a passive solution. In this regard, it seems that the use of thermal mass, especially the latent heat method to save energy using phase change materials (PCM) improve the windcatcher performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of PCM on windcatcher envelope to improving air temperature of building. The research evaluated by Computer simulation with Energy Plus software and Experimental measurements. The results of the study show fluctuate of an indoor air temperature that windcatcher envelope cover by PCM (21, 24, 28, 30 and 32 ° C) is decreased compared with the baseline (without PCM). It is closer to residents' thermal comfort, and the average air temperature fluctuations in warm months have dropped from 28 to 23 degrees Celsius. By comparing the effect of using different phase change materials, the PCM with 28 ° C melting point had a more significant impact on the decrease the air temperature of the building. Use of a PCM with a suitable melting point increases the natural ventilation hours in the building. Electricity consumption has also fallen by about 5 percent.

The cooling energy has covered most portion of building energy consumption in hot and arid climates. Accordingly, suppling of required energy for cooling systems as well as passive solutions to reduce air temperature are so noticeable. As an effective factor, Phase change materials through changing phase save energy and help to improve natural ventilation as well as thermal comfort. These materials have various types base on their chemical structure and melting point. In this way, optimal PCM selection base on their application and melting point is very important; so that, improve natural ventilation and cooling energy in buildings. This study investigates the properties and behavior of phase change materials for their implementation in building passive cooling systems as well as natural ventilation by reviewing and analyzing valid researches and documents in hot and dry climate of Yazd city. Finally, due to PCMs type, their application, and climate condition, optimal PCM has been found; so that, provide thermal comfort, energy consumption reduction, and natural ventilation. As a result, PCM with melting point of 28 ° C can put the environmental temperature in the thermal comfort zone; besides, improve thermal comfort conditions and natural ventilation.

Adaptive reuse of existing buildings, by maximum use of buildings structural, physical and material potentials, is regarded as an approach meeting sustainable development goals. The Adaptive Reuse Potential (ARP) model is seen as a very effective tool to measure the re-usability potentials of existing buildings. This model can serve as an appropriate tool in architecture and urban planning in dealing with existing buildings and structures before becoming obsolete. The Adaptive Reuse Potential model evaluates buildings reuse potential by calculating the useful life of the building through measuring different building obsolescence types, the current age of the building, and itspredicted physical life. The Adaptive Reuse Potential model is a general model uniformly applied in all building types and can be used in all countries. This paper aimed to customize this model to fossil fuel power plants, which may yield highly accurate results. The research methods as consistent with different stages were as follows: documentary and library studies were used to study and analyze the Adaptive Reuse Potential model and determine all building obsolescence types; field surveys to investigate the case study; interviewing experts; using a pairwise comparison questionnaire and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to weight and prioritize the types of obsolescence in fossil fuel power plants. To validate the results, the customized Adaptive Reuse Potential model was deployed to a case study and the outputs are compared with those outputs obtained from applying the original model in the same case study. According to performed analyzes and based on the experts views, it is affirmed that the results obtained from the customized Adaptive Reuse Potential model for fossil fuel power plants were more accurate than those of the primary model.

About 40% of the world's energy consumption is attributed to the cooling and heating of residential buildings. This has led researchers to reduce the amount of energy consumed in the field by using modern materials and techniques. One of the most effective architectural and construction solutions in this regard is the use of suitable materials in the design and construction of the buildings, with regard to outdoor space and the impact of climate and climate change on heat transfer between outdoor and indoor. The interior of the building was of great importance. So the positive impact of using proper roofing to reduce energy consumption of buildings has been proven, but how much of each of the conventional roofing materials has reduced the amount of energy wasted and consumed in the heating and cooling areas along with This is a subject that has been analyzed and addressed in this article. Green roofing is one of the new approaches of architecture and urbanization and derives from the concepts of sustainable urban development that can be used in roofing vegetation. Green roofs are not originally a new invention; grass roofs are a traditional construction technique in many parts of the world. The difference between a new green roof and a traditional green roof is due to the different purposes and materials used in these two types of roofs. The main purpose in the past has been to use grass to insulate and remove the sealing layer that is often applied to birch bark. But nowadays, green roofs are aimed at environmental, economic, and health-related improvements to surface sewage management in the city and to address aesthetic issues. The increasing use of the green roof system in recent decades, especially in developed countries, high land prices, population growth and low green space, has led to improvements in the current state of energy consumption, Become more important than ever. Green roofs have grown substantially in recent years, but have not yet developed significantly in terms of performance in reducing energy use and its operational phase. Several innovative construction methods are being used to reduce the energy consumption of buildings, among which green walls and green roofs are increasingly used in buildings, with green roofs effectively improving urban ecology. And provide a useful solution to environmental problems caused by construction. To this end, the present study investigates the thermal performance of three types of roofing (green, white and silver) in three different climatic conditions in Iran to simulate the structure and properties of each type of roofing in Design builder software. Design Builder will examine and compare their performance in the three climates in question. The results show the different impact of each roofing in three different climates and cities (Isfahan, Tehran and Bandar Anzali). The present study found that the use of white roofing is a reasonable choice for hot and dry climates, whereas in temperate and humid climates, the performance of green roofs was evaluated better than other roofs. These results emphasize on the necessity of considering the climatic conditions of the regions in order to select the appropriate materials.

Buildings have a great contribution in the consumption of energy and resources available on the planet earth. Given the importance of the sustainable development and the preservation of resources and lands for future generations, the idea of adaptive reuse of existing buildings is addressed globally. Adaptive reuse of the existing buildings is an approach to restore the life of buildings at the end of their useful and service life, by determining a suitable use based on their potential and characteristics. Adaptive reuse of existing buildings through maximum use of building material, social, cultural, structural and physical potential, avoid of unnecessary extension of cities and use of lands and resources, is well align with sustainable development main goals. But, despite all the benefits and advantages of adaptive reuse, there are cases that adaptive reuse is not suitable and demolition is inevitable. Therefore we need some criteria to evaluate buildings potential for adaptive reuse. For buildings which have a high potential for adaptive reuse, we also need some criteria to determine a (re)use in compliance with the existing building features. By determining such criteria, it is possible to modify the life cycle of buildings through adaptive reuse. Based on such a perspective, the authors investigated the literature and scholars view points and criteria which are addressed in different scientific documents. The literature shows a confusing variety of criteria. Through this study the adaptive reuse related criteria are identified and by an analytical approach and according to similarity between these criteria, they are classified in two areas. The first area includes the criteria in concern to examine existing buildings adaptive reuse potential. The authors identified eight comprehensive criteria for this area. The second area includes the criteria related to the determining a match reuse for existing buildings. The authors identified six comprehensive criteria for this area. The presented comprehensive criteria, covering all criteria in the literature, can be considered as a new framework and foundation for future studies on existing buildings adaptive reuse. In this way this study will contribute in buildings sustainability. According to presented criteria, buildings life cycle is modified. The traditional buildings life cycle include these phases: design, construction, operation, maintenance, demolition and new construction. It should be noted that such an approach to the buildings life is a linear approach, while regarding the increasing importance of sustainable development, attempt to restore buildings into the life cycle is a more acceptable approach. According to this, after the end of buildings useful life and before the demolition, buildings potential for adaptive reuse should be considered according to the related criteria and only when a building dos not have a good potential for adaptive reuse, it can be demolished. This approach will extend buildings life span and can lead to avoid of premature demolition. Premature demolition of buildings has many disadvantages. Of the disadvantages of this approach are wastes production, waste of buildings’ embodied energy, unnecessary use of resources and materials. Therefore the proposed buildings life cycle can leads to a more sustainable environment.

Aerodynamic behavior is an important characteristic of tall and ductile buildings, so aerodynamic design can play a key role in reducing the wind effects. A tall building response to wind can be controlled by application of aerodynamic improvements to building’s design in order to manipulate the wind flow pattern and break the effective wind force acting on the structure. Traditionally the approach of structural engineers to mitigating wind loading and associated deflections and motions on tall buildings was to stiffen the building with the aim of increasing the natural frequency. Tall buildings are extremely sensitive to the wind. Thus, assessment of wind loads to design these buildings is essential. Monitoring the wind, which is forcing extraordinary tall buildings, is highly challenging. Due to increasing construction in recent decades, the study on wind flow over tall buildings has become a popular subject in theoretical research and applied engineering applications. By looking at recent constructions in Iran, it is obvious that despite the fact that constructing tall buildings is spreading, there is less concentration on environmental factors such as the wind’s aerodynamic. In tall buildings, aerodynamic behavior generally becomes important. The wind-induced building response of tall buildings can be reduced by means of aerodynamic from design and modifications that change the flow pattern around the building or break up the wind affecting the building face. Aerodynamic-based design can be divided into two types, “aerodynamic architectural design” and “aerodynamic architectural modifications” and their subgroups. The accurate estimation of the critical response parameters, such as top floor accelerations and displacements, is of fundamental importance when ensuring reliable designs of tall buildings. Methods to this end are typically set in a modal analysis framework and therefore require the estimation of the generalized forcing functions. Tall buildings are particularly prone to dynamic excitations such as those from natural disas

Many buildings experience demolition while a significant part of their physical and structural life is still remain. Such buildings usually became abandoned before the end of their physical life as a result of various factors, such as the inability to meet the new requirements and expectations. In such circumstances, adaptive reuse can have significant benefits compared to demolish and new construction. Demolition has some disadvantages, including waste of building embodied energy, building waste generation, use of new sources and greenhouse gas emissions as a result of new construction. Unlike demolition, adaptive reuse approach avoids the lavish process of demolition and new construction. Adaptive reuse approach can lead to materials waste reduction, maximum use of materials, embodied energy saving, time saving, economic saving, avoiding of overuse of resources and lands and preserve them for future generations. But the reuse of existing buildings need appropriate study and evaluating. Adaptive Reuse Potential (ARP) model through measuring building reuse potential and determining the best time to intervene for the reuse of building turns to an effective tool for decision-making in this area. Adaptive reuse potential (ARP) Model, which was introduced in 2007 by Professor Craig Langston, has a generic application to all countries. Adaptive reuse potential model (ARP) needs data such as the building physical life, current age of the building and building predicted useful life. Actually the useful life of a building is different from its physical life and there maybe buildings losing their utility because of obsolescence, years before the end of their physical life. This model uses 7 types of obsolescence includes, physical, economic, functional, technical, social, legal and political. A scale of 0–20% is used to assess obsolescence vulnerability, where 0% means it is effectively immune and 20% means it is significantly exposed. Adaptive reuse potential model (ARP) output is some indexes as percentage. ARP index more than 50% indicates high adaptive reuse potential, 20% to 50% indicates medium potential for reuse and ARP index below 20% indicates low potential for adaptive reuse.
On the one hand, Fossil fuel power plants have valuable features for adaptive reuse, including large open internal spaces, solid structures, large and valuable tracts of land, existing infrastructure, interesting architecture features, historic preservation interest, and landmarks for a new generation. On the other hand, due to large scale of fossil fuel power plants, their demolition can cost a lot and cause waste generation and waste of embodied energy. New construction also involves the use of significant resources and land. Also given to greenhouse gas emissions by these power plants, determination of the useful life, potential and the best time for reuse are very important. Adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model is a useful tool in this regard. This paper assessed the adaptive reuse potential of Tehran Beasat power plant, based on Adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model. So, the Adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model has been studied through the practical application and meanwhile calculating the reuse potential of the power plant the obtained results are discussed and analyzed.

Adaptive reuse of the building is a means to restore the life of buildings at the end of their useful life, by determining a suitable use based on their potential and characteristics. Adaptive reuse approach avoids the lavish process of demolition and new built and caused materials and embodied energy saving, materials waste reducing, time saving, economic savings, avoiding overuse of resources and lands and preserve them for future generations. But the question is what buildings are suitable for adaptive reuse? When is the best time to intervene to implement this approach? Such questions show that adaptive reuse requires proper evaluation and management. The adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model with generic application in all country and for all building, is a decision making tool for proper management of this approach. This model addition to calculate the potential of building for reuse and its useful life gives the best time to intervene. In this way, we can identify and reuse buildings with suitable potential for this purpose. This paper first analyzes adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model and its related factors and then investigates the possibility of implement and justification of adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model for different types of building to achieving more accurate results and outcomes.

Islamic architecture is considered as an important and significant historical tradition. For Iranians, this tradition is more than historical and is mentioned as a part of the identity of architecture in Islamic Iran. Many theories have tried to explain Islamic architecture but could only determine a part of its coordination possibly due to their adopted methods. These theories have lost their capability of effective application because they have neglected the practical and concrete aspects (which all can be named under the title of “lifestyle”). The goal of this article is to include the concept of lifestyle in the definition of Islamic architecture, after presenting and criticizing theories mentioned in the research literature. This article emphasizes that lifestyle is the missing element of theories on Islamic architecture and that Islamic architecture can be applicable in the social life of the Iranians by including lifestyle in its definition.

Recognition of weakening agents affecting the employees’ performance in the work place for taking corrective measures is a necessary task. The physical environment in an organization provided for the employees to do their job is the second financial encumbrance upon the organization after the human resources, and it can improve or debilitate the employees’ performance by 20 percent. The present study is evaluating the impact of physical factors in the work place on the employees’ performance in the type of control building of the combinatory-cycle power plants using a questionnaire. Research results illustrated that lack of attention to the environmental comfort factors in the work place in industrial buildings causes a decrease in the employees’ satisfaction with the environment, and in some cases it causes severe harm to the employees’ health. On the other hand, satisfaction with any physical factor had a direct impact on the individuals’ performance in relation with that factor. Taking into account the fact that the amount of impact of various environmental factors on the individuals’ function was evaluated differently, prioritizing the physical factors in the work place for corrective purposes was finally done using affectability of performance in the degree of satisfaction with any factor.

Safety and secutity of reactor containment building and its resistance against external forces is particularly important. Paying attention to this subject has been increased due to the incident plane hit the twin towers on September 11, 2001. One of the factors in the vulnerability of a building against the external collision is its geometry. The purpose of this study is to select the optimal geometry of a concrete containment building with the lowest vulnerability against an aircraft crash. Thus, two different geometric forms, one with cubic body and a flat roof and the other with a cylindrical body and domed roof were modeled numerically. Numerical modeling was performed using ABAQUS 6.12-1 software. Considering the impact of building form and in order to reduce the solution time and considering physical symplicity, homogeneous concrete without reinforced bars were chosen. Strike of Phantom F4 to the roof and body of the containment building was simulated at various angles and responses were compared in the whole structure and in the contact location. Results of this study indicate that the cylindrical form is less vurnable in comparison with cubic form exept in the intersection of wall and dome.

The old cities of Iran have different qualities that some of them cannot be seen in contemporary cities. Experiencing the invasion of cars and people’s new life style during the last century, old city gradually lost their forms and function. Such changes caused new challenges and demands by which various qualities of old cities have been altered or vanished forever, as urban cohesion and wholeness. Cohesion and wholeness are two related concepts where the former one is a fundamental condition to reach the later one. In this paper, wholeness is defined as an integrated system, consisted of different elements and their relations which can tolerate no changes, since a trivial one may change it into another system. Moreover, cohesion is considered as an important quality of relations between different elements of the whole. Although cohesion can be seen with various scales in different layers of cities, the layer that is emphasized in this paper is the built environment.For the theoretical framework of this paper, we used complexity theory with emphasis on Christopher Alexander and Nikos Salingaros theories about wholeness and coherent urban form. We extracted principals of urban coherence to evaluate the cohesion of central part of Shiraz and to make design guidelines to achieve cohesion. These principles are: coupling, diversity, boundary, forces, organization, hierarchy, interdependence, and decomposition. And also a wide range of valid records, documents, and maps are used which enabled us to illustrate the main structure of this old city, before its destruction in Pahlavi era. Taking into account all of these principles, we focused on these questions: does cohesion exist in the ancient area of this city? Can we find some application of these principals in the old city that could be as a foundation for design guidelines?As our first contribution, we used the principles and evaluated their existence by applying them to an old area of Shiraz city which dates back to the Zand dynasty. Due to our promising results, mentioned principles can be seen in old city. On one hand, the existence of these principles in the old city means that the old area follows the rules of complex system theory so it emphasizes that the old area is a coherent area. On the other hand, it suggests some design principals and patterns that can be considered as a foundation for design guidelines towards coherence and coupling contemporary city. Our second contribution is a design guideline for cohering contemporary cities by connecting two adjacent areas. These guidelines are: complementarity of adjacent areas, increasing the permeability of area in its edges, reducing unlimited views, reducing parcel size of edges, reducing the distance between adjacent areas, increasing the permeability of edge parcels, priority of pedestrian movements, increasing the diversity of functions, increasing the diversity of forms, and increase the homogeneity of parcels in a street. By using these guidelines we can increase the connectivity of two adjacent areas in the first step and increase the cohesion of the whole city in the last step.... Key words: Wholeness, Form Cohesion, Complexity System Theory, Urban Form Principles.

Historically, has always been dependent on technological advances is the development of high-rise buildings; One of the remarkable technologies, use of computers for analysis of complex structural systems and its ability to produce construction documents. However, digital tools to help in the design of innovative forms of tall buildings comparable to the achievements. In this paper consists of two parts. First produced in the form of high-rise buildings and innovative design process using digital tools based on parametric design approach will be discussed. That purpose is to determine the variable and function. And then taking advantage of genetic algorithm and programming environment Grasshopper trying to write a program to create optimal form in terms of direct solar light. To confirm the results, the optimum forms of various parameters are compared with each other using extensions Ladybug. The purpose of this article is merged with digital architecture to achieve optimal forms.

Considering the vast changes in different aspects of life and various ways of earning livelihood، flexibility in contemporary housing design can be regarded as an appropriate solution in order to prevent from discreteness in interactions within the society and environment and among people. That is because a residence must be designed according to the changing needs of modern human. Traditional houses in Iran have already contained this concept، in modern era however، such viewpoint towards housing cannot be seen so often. Flexibility refers to the idea of adaptation throughout the time. Therefore it can be said that a flexible settlement is a house that can be adapted with the needs of the users and will lead to understanding the users’ expected demands with their own cooperation. Peoples’ cooperation in this process will increase the possibility of adaptation of housing with their needs which will eventually increase the general satisfaction of the housing. This research discusses the issue of flexibility and the related concepts in the field of housing with emphasis on some residential projects. Every settlement is depended on its user and the ground for its adaptation. Therefore، in terms of general design، we can say that settlement is dependent on both the environment and the user. Since human beings normally demand variety and  monotonous environmental conditions make human beings unsatisfied and bored; they usually have a favorable and positive view towards changes in their living environment. These varieties can range from some minor changes up to basic ones such as a change in the residential house itself. Flexibility in architectural design indicates variety. Such variety includes the possibility of adjustment and compatibility of a residential unit throughout time. It will eventually lead the building to show new varieties of its own. In order to demonstrate flexibility، the architects have to put the probable needs of the users into consideration in the process of designing. In other words، a “long-term thought” is required in designing. Flexibility in housing can be investigated from two points of views: first، from users’ point of view and secondly the innovative construction. Designing consists of four main issues: (1) structural system; (2) servicing spaces; (3) architectural design; and (4) facilities for environmental flexibility. The present study tries to express the concept of flexibility as a “new form of challenging architecture”. This is done using some examples and instances. From such viewpoint، the goal this study tries to attain is to survey the limitations and boundaries of flexible designing. This is done by analyzing the selected items. This way، the architect can turn flexibility into an opportunity and produce creative options in his/her work and design. The present study was conducted using library-based method and case study with the aim of studying and discussing the conceptual and operational grounds of housing design in different countries. The structure and main framework of the present study stands on the idea that flexibility can be used for  housing development in all eras and periods as a general concept and includes different types itself.

Stable development in general, and «Stable Urban Development» in Specific, areamong the most significant issues of Urban societies related to the present and futurequestions of the environment and cities. Along with the increasing concentration andorientation toward the Stable development at a universal level, understanding this issueand more emphasis at the national level, considering the development of the urban lifein the country as well as steps to be taken for the materialization of such adevelopment has been given attention to. What the present study accomplishes is toconsider the related concepts, trends, and events as well as to describe the evolutionaryhistory of «Stable Urban Development». Also the study is meant to reveal theoreticaland practical acpects of what is presently known as stable Urban Development in aglobal level. Therefore, first the concept and conception of Stable Urban Development(SUD) would be surveyed between 1960, to 1990, and the influential factors affectingit will be rec:ognized spacio-temporally, which are the result of individual and groupattempts at global conferences. Next, there would be a discussion on the differentaspects of urban life in the present world and its future perspective, which containproblems and difficulties that the public encounter. Another section of the article isdedicated to the materialization and the emergence of SUD and the related steps takenin this regard. In this section, the important events taking place in connection with thedevelopment of SUD during the second half of 1970, up to the present, would beconsidered via a similar viewpoint. In this connection, therefore, the importance ofcitizens and the vital role of Urban management and local states in the development ofurban life would be highlighted and the necessity of locally–oriented action toovercome global issues was stressed.Mentioned issues, the study sets forth a description on major terminologies andexpressions utilized within the body of article as well as a comprehensive list ofreferences.