سید سعید مدرس نجف آبادی

One of the most important pests of the tomato plant, which belongs to the order lepidoptera and the family Gelechiidae, is the tomato leaf miner. The tomato leaf miner, scientifically named Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), was first described and reported in Peru in 1917 (EPPO, 2005). After reaching Spain in 2002, the pest spread rapidly to other European and North African countries, and eventually to Middle Eastern countries, including Iran.

This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments (5 insecticide treatments and one control treatment) and with three replications in tomato fields (private farm) of Kermanshah, Markazi and Hormozgan provinces. Each experimental plot consisted of 5 planting rows, each of which was 10 meters long and 5 meters wide (plot dimensions were 50 square meters). The distance between the plots was at least 5 meters. Fertilization and weed control operations were performed according to local customs. Plants were inspected daily and as soon as the economic loss threshold (4 to 5 larvae per plant) was reached, foliar application was performed. For spraying, a back sprayer with a conical nozzle was used after calibration. Sampling was performed one day before spraying and 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after spraying. For this purpose, 10 plants were randomly selected from each plot and two leaflets were taken from each plant from the semi-terminal leaves of the plant, which were transferred to separate nylon bags by mentioning the name of the treatment and repeated.. The percentage of insecticide effect was calculated using Henderson-Tilton formula. The means were compared by Tukey test using Ver 9.1 software (SAS Institute, 2001).

 In order to introduce new and effective insecticides to control this pest, the present study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and 3 replications in tomato fields of three provinces of Hormozgan, Kermanshah and Markazi and the effect of, Tetraniliprole (Vayego SC200) insecticides with two concentrations of 250 and 350 ml / ha Indoxacarb EC 15% at a rate of 250 ml / ha, Flubendiamide WG20% at a rate of 250 gr/ ha Lufenuron + Emamectin benzoateWG 50% 100 gr/ ha on mortality This pest was examined. The results of this study showed that on the 14 days after spraying, Tetraniliprol 350 ml / ha with 73.02 percent efficiency, in Markazi province, with 82.74 percent efficiency, in Kermanshah province, and with 82.17 percent efficiency in Hormozgan province had higher efficiency than other treatments. Therefore, a concentration of 350 ml/ha of the insecticide Tetraniliprol is effective and can be recommended for the control of tomato leaf miner in fields.

 In a study of the effects of eight insecticides, chloropyrifosmethyl, lambdacy halothrin, imidaclopride, abamectin, chlorfenapyr, emamectinbenzoate and chlorantraniliprole on tomato leaf miner in field conditions were investigated. The results showed that all the insecticides tested had a significant effect on the average insect population and the reduction of the percentage of infection in the tomato field. However, the greatest effect in controlling this insect was obtained with the use of abamectin, chlorfenapyr and chlorantraniliprole (Sallam, 2015). Another study looked at the effects of a number of biocides on the pest. All of the studied toxins caused mortality of T. absoluta larvae, but the effect of Azadirachta indica and Allium sativum extracts as well as Beauveria bassiana was reported to be more than 70%. However, these treatments were statistically significantly different from conventional insecticides and the highest product with marketable value was obtained in Tetraniliprole (Wiego) and Coragen treatments (Shiberu and Getu, 2018). Evaluated the efficacy of 7 insecticides on tomato leaf miner in vitro and showed that the insecticides Spinosad, chlorantraniliprole + Abamectin and Indoxacarb resulted in 100% mortality in all populations. These results were similar to the present study.

Despite successful lime witches'-broom (LWB) phytoplasma transmission by Hishimonus phycitis to the lime trees and Bakraee seedlings, there is no published document regarding LWB transmission by H. phycitis to lime seedlings. To study the possibility of vector-based transmission to lime seedlings, the feral leafhoppers were collected in LWB-infected lime orchards and caged on one-year old Mexican lime seedlings. Six months after inoculation, 50% of inoculated seedlings showed typical symptoms of LWB and were strongly positive in PCR assays. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transmission of Ca. P. aurantifolia to Mexican lime seedlings by H. phycitis under greenhouse condition.

Assessment of genetic diversity in Mango can provide a platform to deepen our knowledge about its genetic background and determine the high quality genotypes for involving in the inbreeding programs. The high observed diversity among native landraces of mango can be used in breeding programs to produce better cultivars and utilization of these cultivars as donor parent to transfer desirable characteristics to high-bearing cultivars. Suitable mango cultivars to prepare rootstock and scion and resistant cultivars against diseases and the high yielding cultivars (with regards to alternate bearing in mango) can be recognized by better understanding of available germplasms. In the past two decades in southern Iran, the process of producing the grafted mango trees via seed culturing and grafting suitable cultivars (What has been registered such as Sindary and Langra and what has not been registered) on the seedlings has been accelerated. Therefore, studying the diversity of mango germplasms in these regions can be a good way to identify and distinguish these genotypes. In the present study, native genotypes of mango from Minab and Rudan counties (Hormozgan Province) were collected, which are mainly produced through seed and over time they have been propagated by vegetative methods based on the quality and taste and their diversity, was evaluated using morphological attributes and molecular markers. In this experiment, we studied genetic and morphological diversity of 39 mango genotypes collected from Minab and Rudan counties (Hormozgan province) using ISSR markers and morphological attributes. Morphological characteristics were assessed using IBPGR descriptor. DNA extraction was done using modified CTAB method. Similarity coefficient of ISSR markers was calculated by Jaccard’s procedure. Polymorphism information content (PIC) was calculated using PIC=2fi(1-fi) formula, where fi was frequency of the amplified bands and 1-fi was frequency of the null bands. In order to analyze morphological data SAS 9.1 software was used and the means were compared using LSD test. In addition, it was prepared a 0 and 1 matrix from morphological data and dendrogram of morphological attributes was designed using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. The dendrogram inferred from morphological characters grouped all genotypes in eight main clades in which similarity of the dendrogram ranged from 0.12 to 0.83 with mean value of 0.54. The least similarity was observed between Almehtari and Charak, and the most similarity was observed among Moshk, AnaMG, Noghal and HalMG. Analysis of 21 morphological parameters in the studied genotypes demonstrated being of significant differences among these genotypes in terms of morphological attributes (except flower density and inflorescence shape). The ISSR primers produced totally 145 scorable bands that the highest and lowest polymorphism band were observed in MI808 (20 bands) and MI827 (6 bands) primers, respectively. Average of PIC was 0.450. The similarity for ISSR markers ranged from 0.31 to 0.90, in which the least similarity was observed between Majlesi and Charak. However, the highest similarity was observed between Gilasi and KalanMB genotypes. It was observed the differences among same genotypes grown in the various regions. In Rudan region in due to better quality of irrigation water as well as sufficient and proper availability to irrigation water, growth conditions for mango trees is better than Minab region. These differences between Rudan and Minab regions in viewpoint of growth conditions can be reason of morphological diversity among mango similar genotypes in both regions, which it has been caused to incompatibility of morphological and molecular markers. For this reason, the genotypes that are genetically similar to each other may have different morphological differences and/or two homonymous genotypes in two regions have significant genetic differences. For example, Clanfar Baziari genotype, which had high genetic similarity (0.90) with Gilasi genotype, had morphological similarity coefficient equal 0.37 together. However Gilasi genotype collected from Ahmadabad Minab had same ecological similarity with Baziari region. In other instant, genetic similarity coefficient of AnaMG genotype was 0.85 with ShozMD, while in these genotypes had 38% morphological similarity. Correlation coefficient between similarity matrix of ISSR and morphological markers was 0.336 and not significant. It seems that the observed high diversity among morphological attributes is intrinsically and stemming from mango propagation procedure in which mango genotypes highly diverged due to seed propagation. The high genetic diversity showed by morphological attributes was also corroborated by ISSR markers, indicating low environmentally influence-ability of the attributes.

The effect of thyme Thymus vulgaris L. androsemary Rosmarinus officinalis (L.) essential oils on life table parameters of red rose aphid Macrosiphum rosae (L.) oncut flower rose Rosa hybrida L. were investigated in laboratory conditions (27 ± 2 oC, 70 ± 5% humidity and a photoperiod of 16L:8Dh), during 2014-2015. The results on the basis of LC50 values showed that the M. rosae was significantly more sensitive to the oil of T. vulgaris (LC50 = 36621 ppm) than R. officinalis (LC50 = 57565 ppm). Also, Investigation of the thyme essential oil on life table parameters of M. rosae showed that the net reproductive rate (R0) values changed from 16.62 ± 2.31 to 29.10 ± 1.97 female offspring, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) values ranged from 0.177 ± 0.01 to 0.229 ± 0.13 day-1, the mean generation time (T) was 13.92 ± 0.22 to 15.88 ± 0.19 days, the DT values ranged from 3.01 ± 0.05 to 3.90 ± 0.007 days and the finite rate of increase (λ) values was 1.19 ± 0.003 to 1.26 ± 0.06 day-1. Also, the rosemary essential oil on life table parameters of red rose aphid revealed that the R0 values ranged from 17.87 ± 1.97 to 31.97 ± 1.98 female offspring,the r values ranged from 0.185 ± 0.02 to 0.237 ± 0.001 day-1, the mean generation time (T) was 14.45 ± 0.23 to 15.99 ± 0.21 days, the DT ranged from 2.85 ± 0.14 to 3.71 ± 0.14 days and the λ values was 1.20 ± 0.01 to 1.27 ± 0.02 day-1.The results revealed that the essential oils of rosemary and thyme used in this research had a significant difference on population parameters of rose aphid. The maximum mortality percent of M. rosae population registered 86.12 ± 1.02% and 90.21 ± 1.12% for rosemary and thyme essential oils, respectively. Hence, T. vulgaris had higher insecticidal effect than R. officinalis essential oil on rose aphid population.

In order to investigate the efficacy of sulfosulfuron (Apyros® WG75%) on the control of broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) Pomel) and the tomato yield (sunseed cultivar), an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications on tomato in three separate fields (Khamir, Minab and Roodan regions) in Hormozgan province in 2015. Treatments were sulfosulfuron at 20, 30 and 40 g/ha and control (weed check with broomrape). All herbicide treatments were used at 30, 40, 50 days after tomato transplanting in fields. The results of multivariate analysis of variance show significant differences on density and dry weight of broomrape and so on dry weight and yield of tomato due to the location and treatment effects and their interactions at 1% level. Mean comparison of data show that with increase in the concentration of sulfosulfuron there is a decrease in broomrape density and dry weight and an increase in tomato dry weight and yield. Accordingly, the sulfosulfuron at 30 g/ha was shown to be the best treatment because this value of sulfosulfuron had suitable controlling effects on P. aegyptiaca and had no side-effects on tomato plants. According to the results, with 30 g/ha of sulfosulfuron the broomrape density in Khamir, Minab and Roodan regionswere counted to be 4.25, 2.60 and 3.73 broomrape/m2 respectively. The dry weight of broomrape in three regions was registered as 43.75, 32.75 and 53.04 g/ m2, the tomato dry weight was registered as 79.212, 64.73 and 65.605 ton/ha and the tomato yield was registered as 92.977, 78.468 and 79.375 ton/ha, respectively.

Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an extremely aggressive species infesting some of the main commercial fruit and vegetables, has been subjected to a diverse array of control approaches. In the current study, performance of various Methyl Eugenol (ME) dispensers in combination with an organophosphate insecticide, Malathion, were evaluated against B. zonata in two consecutive years (2006-2007). Treatments efficacy was studied in various months using the criterion of trapped B. zonata flies. ANOVA revealed a significant difference among various application methods in both fruit infestation rate and capture of B. zonata flies. So that impregnation of chipboard block in ME caused the lowest B. zonata infestation and the highest B. zonata capturing values in both years. Population fluctuation study revealed a major peak for B. zonata in September i.e., mango ripening time. According to our results, it could be suggested that chipboard dispenser is the best application method as attractant in bait trap which exhibits more potent and longer lasting activity.

Azadirachtin is an active ingredient present in the Neem seed extract and oil with pesticidal properties. Studies show that this compound with a different mode of action can be effective on many agricultural pests like insects, mites, nematodes and pathological fungi. Therefore a lot of efforts have been made to develop and prepare an effective commercial formulation of this product. In this study, development of an effective formulation of Neem extract was undertaken. Therefore, the Neem extract was obtained from Neem seed by acetone and the presence of Azadirachtin was confirmed by proton NMR method. The purified Neem extract was used to prepare the EC formulation. Hence 5 g of sunflower oil with 130 mg of the purified Azadirachtin extract along with different amounts of Tween 85 as emulsifier (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5 gram) were mixed in 50 ml test-tubes. Creaming and phase separation of the prepared emulsion were studied as the quality control factors according to the FAO standards and finally 1.28% EC formulation of Neem seed extract was obtained. Evaluation of the efficacy of different concentrations of this formulation compared with pirimicarb, diazinon and deltametrin on green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, after 14 days showed that the Neem formulation (EC 1.28%) with the dose of 3 ml/l, pirimicarb and diazinon showed 71.4±2.5, 74.5±3.7 and 76.9±2.6 percent mortality respectively, were placed in the same group statistically. Therefore this formulation can be used as an alternative or in rotation with other insecticides.

The biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) are relatively well studied dipteran family that includes over 6000 extant species in 110 genera. They are known as vectors of several arboviruses of veterinary importance including bluetongue, bovine ephemeral fever, African horse sickness and Akabane virus, as well as the medically important Oropouche virus. A key For Ceratopogonidae of Markazi province is presented. Four genera, 8 subgenera and 9 species were found. 5 species which marked with an asterisk (*), are new records for Iran.
Dasyhelea (Prokempia) flaviventris * (Goetghebuer, 1910); D. (Dasyhelea) malleola *Remm, 1962; D. (Dicryptoscena) modesta (Winnertz, 1852) [Dasyheleinae]. Atrichopogon (Psammopogon) bulla* Remm; A. (Meloehelea) meloesugans* Kieffer; A. (Atrichopogon) rostratus* (Winnertz), 1852; A. (Atrichopogon) sp.; Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) rustica Kieffer, 1919 [Forcipomyiinae]. Culicoides (Monoculicoides) puncticollis (Becker, 1903) [Ceratopogoninae].

Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., are one of the important cultivated crops in Iran. Markazi province with production, 17569 tons, on approximately 7837 ha, is one of most important center of the bean production in the country. The bean plants are attacked by various pests including Thysanoptera species. Thysanoptera are very small, slender with fringed wings insects which are widespread. Thrips reduce crop yield or its marketable value indirectly by vectoring viral plant diseases and directly Different studies were performed to investigate thrips fauna in different crop fields in Iran. But no study was done about identification of thrips species in the bean farms of Markazi province. This study as supplementary was established to investigate thrips faun in the bean fields of Markazi province and secondly to determine which species are more common than others.
The sampling were conducted on commercial bean farms (none chemical treatment) of five principle regions in Markazi (Central) province including Arak, Shazand, Farahan, Khomein and Aman-abad. The Markazi province with an area of 29,406 square kilometers with the climate is semi-arid, moderate and cold mountainous type. The diversity of climate leads to a varied rate of moisture and rain in different regions of the province. The specimens of Thysanoptera were collected from two bean farms (10 farms, each about 0.5 ha) in each five sampling sites every week. The sampling was performed during crop season from May to August, 2012-2013. In each farm, 10 bush bean spaced by at least 10 m from each other were randomly selected. The bush beans were shacked into the white tray and the fallen specimens immediately were collected by thin brush dipped in alcohol. The specimens of each species were counted and stored in Ethanol (80%). The specimens were classified based on body and antennae shape and color and shape of the end of the body and color design of wings., The microscopic slides were prepared and identification were confirmed by Mirab-balu, Assistant professor of Ilam University. All slides were preserved in Entomology laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Sari University. According the data from 2012, percentage of frequency were calculated by the formula where n is number of the given species and N is total number of all collected species.
The results of this study indicate that the bean fields in different regions of Markazi province could harbor in sum 12 different species belonging to eight genera and three families. The only species belonged to suborder of Tubulifera was Haplothrips reuteri Karny, 1907 (Phlaeothripidae). The other collected species were belonged to suborder Terebrantia. These thrips species are including, Aeolothrips intermedius* Bagnall, 1934 from Aeolothripidae, Thrips atratus Haliday, 1836¡ T. tabaci Lindeman, 1889¡ T. trehernei Priesner, 1927, Microcephalothrips abdominalis* Crawford, 1910¡ Odontothrips confusus* Amyot & Serville, 1843 ¡ Scolothrips longicornis* Priesner 1926¡ Frankliniella intonsa Trybom, 1895¡ F. pallida* Uzel, 1895 ¡ F. occidentalis* Pergande, 1895 Tenothrips frici Uzel, 1895, all from Thripidae family. Among the collected species, six records are new for Markazi fauna which indicated by star (*).The species, onion thrips, Thrips tabaci has highest frequency (65.75 % of all collected species) and is widespread species in the bean farms of Markazi province. The thrips species belong to genus of Frankliniella comprising, F. pallida, F. occidentalis, with frequency, 10.9% and 9.49%, respectively are relatively other pest thrips in the bean fields. H. reuteri has very low frequency (4 %) in the bean farms. The rest species, M. abdominalis (0.07%), F. intonsa (0.22%), T. frici (0.54%), T. trehernei (0.54%) and T. atratus (0.049%) are occasional species. The all thrips species existed in bean fields during two crop season years (2012-2013) but the only, exception was Odontothrips onfusus that was collected during crop season in 2013 just from Shazand region. Two species, A. intermedius (Aeolothripidae) and S. longicornis (Thripidae) which reported for the first time for Markazi fauna are predator and they could feed on other herbivore thrips as well as T. tabaci. However, A. intermedius (8.08% frequency) is relatively more common in compare to the occasional species, S. longicornis (0.32% frequency).
The existence of 12 thrips species showed the relatively high species diversity in the bean field of Markazi province. Different reasons could explain the relatively high diversity. According the hypothesis that high plant diversity lead to high animal diversity, one reason could be because of the well diversity of other crop plants cultivated near to bean fields. Lack of chemical treatment also could be considered as the other reason. The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, confirmed as most common thrips species in the bean fields of Markazi province. This species is very cosmopolitan and polyphage. It is already reported as a serious pest in other crops such as onion. Therefore, in pest management program, farmers should focus on this pest. Additionally, two thrips species, A. intermedius and S. longicornis reported for the first time as predator and also these have to consider in pests management in these areas.

Thrips specimens were collected in the year 2014 on different ornamental plants from Mahallat (Markazi Province), Iran. In this study, 11 species in six genera and three different families of Thysanoptera were collected and identified. The scientific names of thrips species are as follow: Melanthrips knechteli, M. pallidior, Frankliniella intonsa, F. occidentalis, Microcephalothrips abdominalis, Tenothrips discolor, T. latoides, Thrips meridionalis, T. nigropilosus, T. tabaci, and Haplothrips reuteri.Among them, seven species are newly recorded for the fauna of Markazi Province. A high number of two harmful thrips, Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis were found in all of flowers and ornamental plants. An identification key for phytophagous thrips is also given.

During a faunal study in the year 2014 on flowers and ornamental plants in Mahallat, Arak city (Markazi Province), several thrips species were collected. Among them, both genus and species of Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton, 1907) were recorded from Iran for the first time. Specimens were collected on aconite (Ranunculaceae).

The cutworms (Agrotis spp.) are cosmopolitan polyphagous pests and cause damage to a variety of crops including chickpea. In this study, the efficacies of some safe insecticides on chickpea cutworms, Agrotis segetum (Denis and Schiff.) were examined. The experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design with 6 treatments in 4 replications. The insectiside treatments included spraying with: tebufenozide (Mimic® SC 20%) at the rates of 0.75 and 0.5L/ha, fipronil hexaflumuron (EC 5%) at the rate of 1 L/ha, emamectin benzoate (Emamectin® SG 5%) at the rate of 200 g/ha, indoxacarb (Avaunt® EC 15%) at the rate of 0.25 L/ha and the control treatment. The results in both Markazi and Kurdestan provinces based on the number of damaged plants and total production, show significant differences among the treatments at level of 1%. Tebufenozide (Mimic® SC20%, 0.75 L/ha) with 5.75±0.85 and 5.67±0.48 damaged plants and the yield equivalent of 401.525±8.25 and 415.65±9.07 kg/h respectively, was the most effective insecticide and Indoxacarb (Avaunt® EC15%) with 23.75 ± 2.86 and 24.25 ± 2.56 damaged plants and 279.15 ± 4.02 and 300.25 ± 3.89 kg/h a yield, respectively showed maximum loss and minimum product after the control. Therefore tebufenozide is recommended for the control of cutworms on chickpea.

Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) is an important pest on common bean in Iran which causes quantitative and qualitative damages to legumes. Its activity on the backside of host leaves reduces the efficiency of sprayer machines. In this research, efficiency of six sprayer machines using two concentrations of hexythiazox (Nissorun®, 0.5 and 0.3 L/ha) were studied. The experimental design was a factorial test conducted based on the completely randomized block design with 14 treatments in 3 replications. The sprayers included wheelbarrow sprayer 100 liters), atomizer sprayer with simple head, atomizer sprayer with electrostatic head, atomizer sprayer with micronair head, micronair sprayer with tail boom and knapsack sprayer. Sampling of T. urticae population was performed one day before and 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after spraying. The results show that the highest and the lowest efficiency percentages are 83.74 and 23.46% for electrostatic sprayer and micronair sprayer with tail boom, respectively. Also, the efficiency percentages for other sprayers measured are 76.50%, 57.41%, 43.22%, and 36.81 for wheelbarrow sprayer, atomizer sprayer with micronair head, atomizer sprayer with simple head and knapsack sprayer, respectively. The amount of solution used in the electrostatic sprayer, atomizer sprayer with micronair head and micronair sprayer with tail boom were 42.69, 134.4 and 56.25 l/ha, respectively, which indicates decrease in the consumption as compared with the others. Hence, the electrostatic sprayer is recommended as the most effective sprayer for the control of Two-spotted spider mite in the bean fields.

During 2010-2011, studies were carried out in 17 areas of Khomein, Iran (Markazi province), using insect nets, malaise traps, yellow pan traps, and window traps to collect and identify the fauna of sphecid wasp. Twenty four species belonging to seven genera and four subfamilies were collected and identified. Identifications were confirmed by Dr. Schmid-Egger from Berlin, Germany. The species are as follows. All species are recorded for the first time for Markazi province the tow astrisked species are recorded for the first time from Iran.
Sphex flavipennis Fabricius, 1793
Sphex melas* Gussakovskij, 1930
Sphex pruinosus Germar, 1817
Sphex sp1.
Sphex sp2.
Sphex sp3.
Prionyx nudatus (Kohl), 1885
Prionyx songaricus (Eversmann), 1849
Prionyx stschurowskii (Radoszkowski), 1877
Chlorion magnificum* F .Morawitz, 1887
Chlorion splendidum Fabricius, 1804
Sceliphron arabs (Lepeletier), 1845
Sceliphron destillatorium(Illiger), 1807
Sceliphron funestum Kohl, 1918
(Fabricius), 1781 Sceliphron madraspatanum
Sceliphron rectum Kohl, 1918
Chalybion femoratum Fabricius, 1781
Ammophila heydenii Dahlbom,1845
Ammophila sabulosa (Linnaeus), 1758
Ammophila sp.
Podalonia hirsuta (Scopoli), 1763
Podalinia hirsuta mervensis Radoszkowski, 1887
(Le Guillou), 1841 Podalonia tydei
Podalonia sp.
This is the first report if all species for Markazi province, among them tow species with asterisks are new records to Iranian insect fauna.

The chickpea plant is one of the important hosts of leaf miner Agromyza sp. (Dip; Agromyzidae) in Iran. An experiment was carried out to compare yellow and blue sticky cards in chickpea field from last decade of May until the end of July 2010 in Khomeyn, Iran. Experimental design was based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments of sticky traps and a non sticky trap in 3 replications. Treatments were with installing “1 yellow -1 blue” (B), “2 yellow -2 blue” (C), “4 yellow -4 blue” (D) and “8 yellow -8 blue” cards (E). There was a significantly different among treatments at 1% level. The treatments were named into 2 groups (a) and (b). Treatment (B) and (C) were in group (a) and treatments (D) and (E) in group (a). Also increasing the number of blue cards had no effectiveness on trapping leaf miners compare to yellow cards in chickpea field.

The leaf miner Agromyza sp. is one of the most important pests of chickpea. Seasonalfluctuation of percent parasitism of the pest was investigated on chickpea in Khomeyn,Iran in 2009. Samples were taken on two days a week and number of larvae and parasitized larvae per plant were counted parasitism laboratory. The parasitoids emerged from larvae were identified. The highest percent was 18.8 on June. 29 In this experiment the parasitoids activity and the peak of leaf miners larvae population were in the same time in khomeyn region. In probability level 0.05, the regression between number of leaf miners larvae and % parasitism was positive and significant (R2 =0.6).

The wheat and barley are the most important stored products and the agricultural stored product pests are the most important insects for this product. The resistance of insects, especially stored products pests to chemical poisons such as phosphin and malathion caused a lot of research about natural, physiological, biological and microbial control. Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. are important trees used for non-chemical control. In this study, the insecticide and repellent property of neem leaf powder and Eucalyptus seed and leaf powder on Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium sp. were accomplished. Results for insecticide property at 8 treatments and 4 replications showed that LC50 for neem leaf powder on Trogoderma granarium was 5.4, on Tribolium sp. was 5.33gr/100gr. Eucalyptus seed powder on Trogoderma granarium was 5.98 and on Tribolium sp. 5.63gr/100gr, LC50 for Eucalyptus leaf powder on Trogoderma granarium 6.86, on Tribolium sp. 6.35gr/100gr. The results for repellent property at 4 treatments and 4 replications showed that the repellent property of neem leaf powder on Trogoderma granarium was 80% and on Tribolium sp. was 86.7%. The repellent property of Eucalyptus seed powder on Trogoderma granarium was 67%, Eucalyptus leaf powder was 50%, repellent property of Eucalyptus seed powder on Tribolium sp. 75% and Eucalyptus leaf powder 65%.

Seven species of aphids belonging to the family Aphididae in six genera were collected and identified in wheat and barely fields in Sistan region (Miankangi, Shahraki-Narooi, Shibab and Markazi) during1999-2000. Among them, Schizaphis graminum (Wheat green aphid) was the dominant species with an abundance of about 85.4% in the area. The seasonal population changes of Schizaphis graminum were studied simultaneously in the fields of Sistan region (Zahak research station and its surrounding fields). The research was conducted in half a hectar of each farm. Thirty leaves from each field at weekly interval were randomly picked up and the aphids were collected and identified at the species level. The Schizaphis graminum had a peak of activity in the second half of March to April at the temperature and R.H. ranges of between 22-28ºC and %45-65R.H. respectively. The control conditions study (Incubator with 25±2ºC and %75±5R.H.) indicated that the Schizaphis graminum had a life cycle of 5-7 days and adult female longevity was 20-31 days. Rearing study also revealed that this species had ability to reproduce up to 18-98 nymphs in the laboratory condition (Cultural room with 20-25 ºC and 55±5R.H.) and an apterous female gave birth to 22-93 nymphs in her life. Samplings for recognition of predators and parasitoids were also done at 3-day intervals. Natural enemies in the fields during the two years were identified as consisting of six coccinellid (Col:Coccinellidae), ten syrphid (Dip:Syrphidae) and two chrysopid species (Neu: Chrysopidae). Also in Hymenoptera, five parasitoids (Hym:Aphidiidae) were determined.

Four different species of aphids belonging to the Aphididae family in four genera were collected and identified in Rape-seed fields in Sistan region during 2000-2001. Among them, Brevicoryne brassicae (Cabbage aphid) was the dominant species with an abundance of about 89% in area. The population fluctuation of Brevicoryne brassicae was studied simultaneously on fields in Sistan region (Zahak research station and her around fields). The research was conducted on a half hectare of each farm. Thirty leaves from each field at week intervals were randomly picked up and the aphids were collected and identified at the species level. The Brevicoryne brassicae had a peak of activity in early mid March to April at temperature and R.H. ranging between 22-28ºC and 45-65 R.H., respectively. Controlled conditions indicated that the Brevicoryne brassicae has a life cycle of 6-7 days and adult female longevity is 20-31 days (25±2 ºC and 75±5 R.H.). Rearing study also revealed that this species has the ability to reproduce up to 18-98 nymphs under laboratory conditions and an apterous female gives birth to 22-93 nymphs in her life time. Samplings for recognition of predators and parasitoids were also taken at 3-day intervals. Natural enemies in fields during the two years were identified to be 5 coccinellid (Col:Coccinellidae), 4 syrphid(Dip:Syrphidae) and 2 chrysopid species (Neu:Chrysopidae). Also in Hymenoptera, 2 parasitoids (Hym: Aphidiidae & Pteromalidae) were determined.