فهرست مطالب سید سعید موسوی

People spend a significant part of their time in the outdoor environment. Desirable open spaces encourage people to spend their time for various activities and traffic in these places. It is very important to pay attention to quality criteria in the planning and design of these spaces. Wind flow plays an important role in the quality and stability of urban open spaces, as well as an important and influential factor on heat exchange, humidity, particle transfer and ventilation of the urban environment to establish thermal comfort. The purpose of this research is to analyze and evaluate the effect of climate on human comfort and physiological comfort in urban open spaces. The research is of applied type, which was done with descriptive-analytical method. The data used include the average minimum, maximum and monthly cloud cover, sunshine hours, temperature and wind speed in the statistical period of 40 years(1979-2019). The main analysis tools include Penn Warden, Badad and Baker indices and Excel, Arcgis and Autocad software. The area studied in this research is the city of Rasht in Gilan province. The findings show that favorable winds blow from the northeast and unfavorable winds are more from the west and northwest directions. Cold discomfort is seen only in January and February. The amount of calories lost daily and hourly is the highest in February and the lowest in July. The amount of calories received from sunlight is the lowest in December and the highest in Jul .The days of the four months of July, August, June and September need not only shade but also natural air flow to establish thermal comfort, and the hot period of the year occurs between 11 am and 5 pm in the two months of July and August. In order for the wind to enter Rasht in the summer season, the communication network must be in the north and south direction so that these currents can cause blinding, soften the air and reduce the humidity above the city. But these winds have faced a problem by hitting large and high-altitude structures that have been created in the northern part of the city without proper planning.

Application of agricultural waste composts, in addition to improving soil fertility, has positive effects on the quality of agricultural products and the environment by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and recycling agricultural waste. Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) is a suitable plant for studying the effects of composts and chemical fertilizers due to some physiological characteristics such as high antioxidant activity and oxalic acid, significant amount of mineral compounds and vitamin C, and nitrate accumulation. Despite relatively extensive studies on the effect of different composts on plants, no study has been conducted so far to investigate the effect of grape pomace (GP) composts on plants in Iran. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were: 1- to investigate the effect of different GP composts on yield, nutrient elements, and some physiological parameters of spinach in comparison with two levels of urea fertilization in a pot experiment in two consecutive growing seasons, and 2- to investigate the relationship between nutrient elements and physiological indicators of spinach based on principal component analysis.

To investigate the effects of GP composts on yield, nutrient elements, and physiological parameters of spinach (Persius hybrid), an outdoor pot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with eight compost treatments, two levels of urea fertilizer (46%), and a control treatment (C0) in three replications and two consecutive growing seasons (spring and fall). Compost treatments included: High grape pomace (HG) (60-63%) with chickpea straw and alfalfa (HG-Ch-A), high GP with chickpea straw and sugar beet pulp (HG-Ch-B), high GP with alfalfa and sugar beet pulp (HG-A-B), high GP combined with chickpea straw, alfalfa, and sugar beet pulp (HG-All); four other compost treatments included low level of grape pomace (LG) (37-42%) combined with other residues/wastes similar to the first four treatments (LG-Ch-A, LG-Ch-B, LG-A-B, and LG-All). Urea fertilizer treatments included: 150 kg per hectare (C150) (two-stage top dressing) and 500 kg per hectare (C500) (three-stage top dressing). Prior to planting, the composts were separately mixed into the soil (sandy loam) at a rate of 2% by weight(. The first crop was grown for 50 days in May 2018 and the second crop was grown for 45 days in September 2018. In both seasons, plant samples were taken in the early morning at the end of the growing season to determine the fresh and oven-dried weight of shoot and root samples, leaf area, nutrient elements, and some physiological indicators. Some of the shoot samples were wrapped in aluminum foil and stored in a freezer (-20 °C) to determine the amount of chlorophyll (type a, type b, and total), carotenoids, total phenol, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity. Oxalic acid, zinc, iron, copper, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and nitrate were determined in oven-dried samples. One-way ANOVA was applied separately to spring and fall data, and mean comparisons were made using Duncan's test at the 0.05% level. Principal component analysis was used to determine the relationships between nutrient elements and physiological indicators of spinach.

The LG-Ch-A and C500 treatments (in spring cultivation), and the LG-A-B, LG-All, and HG-All treatments (in fall cultivation) had the highest leaf number, leaf area, and yield and were significantly difference from the C0 treatment. The high yield in C500, LG-Ch-A, LG-All, and HG-All treatments was associated with nitrate accumulation in spinach. In both cultivations, there was a significant positive correlation between the amount of P, K, Mg and Zn in spinach and the amount of these elements in the corresponding composts. A synergistic relationship was also observed between P and Mg; P and Zn; and Mg and Zn in spinach. On the other hand, an antagonistic relationship was observed between Ca and Mg in spinach because a high concentration of calcium inhibits magnesium uptake by reducing cell permeability. In both seasons, the chemical fertilizer treatments showed the highest amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids because these compounds increase with increasing nitrogen availability. On the contrary, the amount of antioxidant activity was significantly higher in compost treatments than in chemical treatments. In the spring cultivation, the highest and lowest amount of oxalic acid and oxalic acid/Ca ratio were observed in the LG-Ch-B and HG-All treatments, respectively. Interactions between nutrients and physiological indicators were observed. The uptake of all micronutrients, P, and Mg (in both cultivations) and K (in the fall cultivation) was inhibited by high Ca concentration. With the decrease of micronutrients uptake, an increase in nitrate accumulation may occur because micronutrients are present in the structure of nitrate reducing enzymes. The interdependence between Mg and oxalic acid/Ca (in spring), K and oxalic acid (in fall), and Na and oxalic acid/Ca (in fall) may be related to the role of oxalates in the uptake of mineral ions by plants, since oxalates are usually combined with Na, Mg, Ca, and K in the form of soluble and insoluble salts.

The use of urea chemical fertilizer (at two levels) and agricultural waste composts had different effects on the physiological indicators, growth and nutrients in spinach. Spinach grown in soils treated with composts rich in P, K, Mg, and Zn had higher nutritional value. The grouping of treatments by principal component analysis showed that chemical and control treatments were clearly separated from compost treatments with high amount of chlorophyll, carotenoid, nitrate, K, and Zn and low amount of oxalic acid, oxalic acid/Ca ratio, antioxidant activity, phenol, and Na. In general, the use of C500, LG-Ch-A, LG-All and HG-All treatments is not recommended due to nitrate accumulation in spinach.

Given the economic importance of growing flowers and plants in the world, the use of new technologies and methods in the improvement of ornamental plants in order to market them can play a significant role in marketing of these products and their trade in the international markets. Marigold (Tagetes spp.), is an annual and essential plant that is cultivated as an ornamental plant in many parts of the world (Neher, 1968). But in recent years, marigolds have been used as a commercial source of essential oils, biological compounds, pigments and cosmetics (Anonymous, 1976), control of malaria mosquitoes (Wanzala and Ogoma, 2013), antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antimicrobial, antimicrobial (Senatore and Feo, 1999), and control of nematode (Prasad et al., 1992). Anther or microspore culture is known to be an effective method for producing haploid plants (Henry and De Baizer, 1980). Hybrid seed production requires pure line (as a parent), and the double haploid method can reduce the production period of pure lines to 5-6 years. Production of hybrid seeds in this valuable plant is of great importance, and the double haploid method can be important in this regard.
 
In the anther culture of marigold, a culture medium containing 0.2 mg/l of Naphthalene acetic acid and 1 mg /l of 6-Benzylaminopurine was used. In this study, the effect of genotype, bud size and mannitol on androgenesis induction of marigold anthers was evaluated during two separate experiments. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two factors including genotype at 5 levels (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) and bud size at three levels (3-5, 5-10 and 10-15 mm) for first experiment. The second experiment was also performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. In the recent experiment, the first factor included the method of mannitol application and the second factor included the different concentrations of mannitol (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 M). The factor of application method was in 2 levels: 1: adding different concentrations of mannitol to the solid culture medium and 2: pre-treating the anthers with the liquid culture medium containing different concentrations of mannitol for 24 hours. The T4 genotype was used in the second experiment.
 
In the first experiment, the effect of different bud sizes and 5 different genotypes on callus formation, mean number of shoot per anther, mean number of shoot per callus and percentage of complete plant regeneration in anther culture of marigold were studied. The results of this experiment showed that buds with the length of 5-10 mm have anthers which their microspores are at the proper growth and development stage for callogenesis and shoot production. The T3 and T4 genotypes, (both of them belonging to French species, Tagetes patula), produced the highest percentage of plant regeneration among the various cultivars. In the second experiment, we explored the impact of mannitol treatment on androgenic traits in marigold anther culture. Specifically, we examined two concentrations: 0.1 M and 0.2 M mannitol, both applied in the form of solid culture medium. Additionally, we investigated two concentrations, 0.0 M and 0.2 M mannitol, when applied as a pre-treatment in a liquid medium containing mannitol. These treatments yielded the highest percentage of callus formation. While the pre-treatment of anthers with a liquid culture medium containing 0.5 M mannitol led to the highest mean number of shoot per anther and the mean number of shoots per callus. Also, the pre-treatment with liquid medium containing 0.2 M mannitol showed the highest percentage of complete plant regeneration.
 
Results showed that in marigold, buds with the size of 5-10 mm contained microspores with mid-uninucleate stage to early bi-nucleate stage showed the highest response to the induction of androgenesis. Also, T3 and T4 genotypes belong to the French species showed the highest response to the regeneration. In another experiment, the pre-treatment of anthers with 0.2 and 0.5 M mannitol by using mannitol in a liquid culture medium for 24 hours, respectively showed the highest percentage of complete plant regeneration and the highest mean number of shoot per callus and anther. Chromosome counting results showed that 3 out of 5 examined plants were dihaploid and had 24 chromosomes in their root tip cells, while examined mother plants were tetraploid and showed 48 chromosomes in their root tip cells.

The importance of climate and its impact on human life is not hidden from anyone. The expansion of urbanization and development of cities along with the rapid growth of population and development of industrial activities has greatly reduced the thermal comfort in residential spaces, the consequences of which in the short term in the form of diseases and illnesses to city dwellers and in the long run as a factor in intensifying climate change. Its environmental effects, including the change of favorable months in terms of comfort climate, play a role. Meanwhile, the high costs of establishing comfort in residential spaces by mechanical devices and especially their maintenance, as well as its consequences in environmental degradation, has increased the importance of urban climate research. Therefore, the view of this study is to investigate the effect of climate on physiological comfort and convenience of human beings in closed spaces under the influence of two elements of temperature and humidity.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the effect of climate on physiological comfort and convenience of humans in closed spaces under the influence of two elements of temperature and humidity.

The research is an applied type that has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The data used include average minimum, maximum and daily temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure and dew point temperature in the statistical period of 40 years (1979-1979). For data analysis, indices of discomfort, temperature-humidity, sultry intensity and AIA standard were used.

Studied Areas: 

The study area in this research is Rasht city in Guilan province.

The research findings show that heat discomfort reaches its maximum in July and August and also August has the highest amount of sultry.

The results of the study indicate the greater effect of temperature element on the establishment of thermal comfort because despite the low relative humidity in the four months of June, July, August and September compared to other months, the degree of sultry and lack of thermal comfort in this month It reaches its maximum, which in addition to creating shade, also needs natural air ventilation to establish thermal comfort.

Smoke from burning vegetation is widely recognized as a germination cue, dormancy breaking agent and seedling growth stimulator. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of smoke extract derived from burning the leaf material of Tanacetum parthenium on germination and post germination parameters of three medicinal species of Cuminum cyminum, Silybum marianum and Alyssum was investigated. Different concentrations of T. parthenium derived smoke extract (1:500, 1:100, 1:10 and 1) with control distilled water as a factorial design based on completely randomized design with three replications were used under both laboratory (for three medicinal plants) and greenhouse conditions (for C. cyminum). Different concentrations of aqueous smoke extract showed different effects on germination parameters in three medicinal species. The concentration of 1:500 was the most effective concentration for majority of germination parameters in C. cyminum. Root length, seedling fresh weight, germination percentage, germination speed and germination coefficient of S. marianum showed the highest means with high concentrations of smoke extract (1:10 and 1). In Alyssum, the means for majority of parameters were higher in low concentrations of smoke extract (1:100 and 1:500) compared to higher concentrations of smoke extract. Aqueous smoke extract derived from burning T. parthenium showed significant positive effects on germination parameters of three medicinal plant species. Based on these findings, we can use this extract to improve the germination parameters for other medicinal plant species that have problems with germination.

The subject of this article is the investigation of the theory of the state in Iran after the revolution and its theoretical feasibility with the "collectivist" theory. In other words, examining the position and role of the state in the collectivism school of thought with its application in Iran after the revolution is the subject that this article intends to investigate. The main question of this research is to what extent the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran conforms to the collectivist theory with certain characteristics, including the theory of religious authority. The main hypothesis of the research is that the government of the era of the Islamic Republic, emphasizing indicators such as freedom, social justice and trying to guide Iranian people to good, is consistent with the aforementioned theory of the government. Congregationalists believe in the idea of a perfectionist state, which implies the moral guidance of individuals within the framework of the cultural traditions of their community. The results of the research show that the government in the era of the Islamic Republic has moved with indicators such as belief in non-individual origin, virtuousness and in pursuing policies aimed at public good and social justice within the framework of collectivist theory. . The research method in this qualitative study is descriptive-analytical, and the data was collected in a library manner and through sampling from various sources.

Investigating the effect of the neighbor and plain neighbor in reducing crime and improving the security of Urmia, is a consequence-oriented study with the aim of investigating the effect of using neighborhood forces and plaintiff in reducing crime after about one year of implementation of the plan of the capital of West Azerbaijan province and the use of these forces in various law enforcement units of the province. In particular, frontline units such as police stations, checkpoints and law enforcement departments have been done to investigate the above impact, ways to increase productivity, removing potential barriers and making tactical and technical changes in order to impact whatever most of these forces should perform to reduce crime. The research method of this survey research and its statistical population targets the staff of police stations, checkpoints and law enforcement departments According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was 258 people. Sampling method was a simple random method where research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that has been used to assess its validity by the method of content validity and formal agreement of experts and experts. The results of the research, while confirming the significance of testing the hypotheses, show that the Bani and Dasht Bani neighborhoods are decreasing. In essence, crime reduction and improving the security of Urmia have been effective.

Alfalfa stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) is one of the most important and destructive pests of economic crops such as alfalfa, garlic, onion and tulip. The effects of Saponins from the aerial parts of six alfalfa ecotypes on the mortality of alfalfa stem nematode was investigated under laboratory conditions. In this study. The results showed that among the crude Saponin treatments, the amount of 90 microliters from the Hamedani and Faiz ecotypes had the highest effect with 96% and the amount of 50 microliters from the local Miandoab ecotype 42% had the least effect on the nematode mortality. Also, among the pure Saponins, the amount of 50 microliters of Hamedani, Shiraz–Plycross and Faiz ecotypes with 99%, and the amount of 10 microliters of Nishaburi ecotype with 68% had the highest and lowest effect, respectively, on the mortality of the nematode. In most ecotypes, increasing the concentrations of crude Saponin from 50 to 90 microliters and pure Saponin from 10 to 50 microliters causing 54% and 31% mortalities led to an increase in nematode mortality. It means there is a positive correlation between alfalfa stem nematode mortality and the raw and pure Saponin concentration of alfalfa ecotypes. Subsequently, Hamedani, Faiz and Polycross Shiraz ecotypes showed the highest effect and Miandoab and Nishaburi local ecotypes showed the least effect on the mortality of this nematode. .

This research aimed to study the relationship between different phenological traits with grain yield and investigate the effectiveness of these traits in single plant selection in quinoa, which was done based on a randomized complete block design. Grain yield per plant showed the most significant positive correlation with day-to physiological maturity and grain filling period and the most significant negative correlation with day-to-ten leaves and day-to germination.  Day-to physiological maturity, day-to-ten leaves (with negative coefficient), and grain filling period were entered into the regression model. The two traits of day-to-ten leaves and day-to physiological maturity had the most direct negative and positive effects on grain yield changes, respectively. The most indirect positive effect was related to the grain filling period, due to the increase in day-to physiological maturity. The distribution of genotypes in all four biplot areas indicated high genetic diversity of genotypes. The favorite genotypes (16, 8, 15, and 14) had the highest amount of traits of day-to physiological maturity, grain filling period, and day-to milky grain and were located in the favorable area of the biplot. According to the results of the cluster analysis, these genotypes were located in the "grain yield cluster". On the contrary, unfavorable genotypes (2, 7, and 12) had the highest day-to-ten leaves, day-to-germination, and day-to-four leaves. In general, the selection to increase the day-to physiological maturity and the grain filling period and the selection against the day-to-ten leaves and the day-to germination will improve the yield per plant of quinoa.

Cotton is an important fibre crop worldwide. TheHigh yield is the ultimate goal of a breeding program in cotton. In order to achieve this goal, the production of hybrid cultivars is an important step in increasing production The yield potential of current cotton genotypes can be increased through hybridisation. However, the development of superior hybrids with high yield and better fibre quality requires knowledge of the mode of inheritance and the nature of genetic control of traits. Therefore, genetic analysis plays an essential role in breeding through hybridisation. In this study, the North Carolina II mating design was used to cross 5 maternal and 2 paternal parents to produce 10 intraspecific hybrids. The F1 hybrids were grown together with the parents in the 2021 growing season in a randomized block design at the Karkandeh Research Station of the Cotton Research Institute of Iran. The results of the analysis of trait variance show that there is a significant difference between the genotypes and hybrids studied. Therefore, an estimate of combinability was made to determine the genetic components of the North Carolina II split. The proportion of overall combinability in the traits studied was higher than their private combinability, indicating a greater contribution of additive effects than dominance effects in the genetic control of these traits. For the traits number of reproductive branches, boll weight and strength, the private heritability was 0.75, 0.68 and 0.62, respectively, indicating the involvement of dominance effects in the inheritance of these traits. The role of additive effects in the inheritance of the traits elasticity and uniformity of fibres shows the effect of selection to improve these traits. Among the different hybrids, the highest yield was observed in the cross of Maxa × SKSH 249, which can be attributed to the genetic distance between the two genotypes. Considering the greater contribution of additive effects in the inheritance of performance traits and performance components, using the selection method to improve these traits is the better method. Considering that both additive and dominant effects play a role in the inheritance of fiber quality, it appears that if the aim of the breeder is to improve fiber quality, the use of selection and hybridization methods may be fruitful. These results provide a basis for accelerating the development of high-yielding hybrids in upland cotton.

Climate It is one of the most complex Natural devices known on Earth. This device is composed of various elements and components along with their interaction. The result of the action and reaction of these elements and climatic components is the formation of various climatic phenomena. One of the climatic phenomena that has received little attention in Iran and the world is the sultry phenomenon. Therefore, the view and purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the effect of climate on human physiological comfort and convenience under the influence of sultry phenomenon. The research is of applied type which has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The data used include average minimum, maximum and daily temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, steam pressure and dew point temperature in the statistical period of 40 years(1979-1979). For data analysis, indices of sampling intensity, partial steam pressure and sampling degree have been used. The study area in this research is the city of Rasht in Gilan province. The results indicate the greater effect of temperature element in establishing thermal comfort and the irreplaceable role of water vapor pressure and dew point temperature in construction physics. Despite the low relative humidity in June, July, August and September, the amount of sultry and the most heat disturbance is seen in these months, and August has the most severe amount of sultry. In order to establish thermal comfort, in addition to creating shade, natural air conditioning is also needed, and in this regard, solutions have been provided.

In this paper, the transistor level of single-ended and differential low-power sample-hold is presented based on carbon nanotube field effect transistor technology using the advantages of second generation current conveyor blocks. The switching operation in the proposed sampl and holds is based on the structure of the second generation current conveyor, which means that it has the same function as the analog current-conveyor switches.The implementation of the proposed the sample and hold blocks with using advantages of carbon nanotube field effect transistors improves the performance sampl and hold circuit. The proposed sample and hold circuits have very low power consumption and high operating speed, and it also does not require a non-overlapping clock pulse signal. These proposed circuits have been implemented and simulated in HSPICE software using 32-nanometer carbon nanotube field effect transistor technology. The simulation results show that the power consumption of the differential sample and hold circuit is 13.45 μW, also the ENOB value of the differential sample and hold circuit for the sampling frequency of 2 GHz and the input frequency of 20 MHz is 11 bits. The FOM index of the proposed circuit is 0.61×10-6 (nJ/Bit.Samples).

This study was performed to investigate the effect of various factors on callus induction and haploid embryo production in the anther culture of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. Styriaca). For experiments, pumpkin seeds were planted in the greenhouse and at the time of flowering, male flower buds with a size of 1.5 cm were selected and sterilized for use in later stages. The experiments were performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The first experiment studied the effect of cold pretreatment on three levels of bud cold pretreatment, anther cold pretreatment and without cold pretreatment (control) and the combination of plant growth regulators on callus formation in anther culture. Cold pretreatment of buds and culture of anthers in culture medium containing 1 mgl-1 NAA and 2 mgl-1 2,4-D produced the highest callus formation percentage. In the second experiment, the effect of heat pretreatment on the percentage of callus formation was investigated. In this experiment, the best response was related to 32°C treatment for 7 days. The third experiment consisted of the interaction effectt of light treatments and growth regulators on callus formation in anther culture of Pumpkin. Anthers that cultured in light conditions with a hormonal concentration of 2.5 mgl-1 2,4-D + 1 mg /l BAP showing the highest percentage of callus formation. In the fourth experiment, androgenesis was applied by culturing microspores in E20 medium, which led to the growth of a number of microspores, and in the cytological examination, the symmetric divisions were observed.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diversity and predict the response to selection in different traits of 16 quinoa genotypes, which was done in a randomized complete block design in Karaj and Kermanshah. The genotypes had a statistically significant difference (p ≤0.01) for the majority of the traits, and they were distributed in four biplot regions. Genotypes 14, 15, and 16 had the highest, and genotypes 5 and 6 had the lowest grain yield and grain harvest index. While the main panicle diameter, grain harvest index, day to physiological maturity, day to main panicle color change, 1000-grain weight, and day to flowering had the highest positive alignment with yield component, day to ten leaf trait had a strong but negative connection with it.  The highest genetic distance was observed between the first and third clusters, which can be achieved by crossing the selected genotypes of these two clusters, to create the greatest genetic diversity in the dividing generations. Grain harvest index and diameter of the main panicle with the highest coefficient of genetic diversity, high heritability, and the highest genetic progression were identified as two desirable traits with a high selection response.  Positive selection for these two traits and negative selection for day to ten leaf traits are suggested in future breeding programs of this plant. In general, due to the limitation of direct selection to improve grain yield, also according to the significant correlation (r = 0.994***) between the new parameter of "percentage difference between phenotypic variation coefficient and genotypic variation coefficient" with broad-sense heritability, the use of this new genetic parameter to select desirable agro morphophysiological traits is recommended.

After the identification of resistant, semi-susceptible, and susceptible genotypes among 42 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) genotypes concerning farm traits, nine genotypes were selected. Saponins obtained as a result of homogenous suspension of alfalfa tissue under maximum alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica Gyll.) attack were extracted using methanol and were purified using water-saturated butanol. The resulting solution was immobilized using the active enzyme extracted from the midgut of the pest and the thermally deactivated enzyme. In addition to the isolation of secondary glycosidic metabolites extracted from alfalfa, the enzymatic hydrolysis activity of the pest in the glycosides of genotypes were monitored using thin layer chromatography. The results of the enzymatic digestion test using TLC indicated that other than glycosides1 epigenin, other compounds were digested in the solution. The flavonoidal band of epigenin glycoside1 in all five resistant genotypes, including Tak Buteh and Ranger, was high in density and nearly equal. While maintaining the stability of the molecular structure, this compound was isolated and revealed at Rf=0.45 on a TLC plate. Therefore, midgut enzymes of alfalfa weevil were not able to digest the above compound in alfalfa. In two susceptible genotypes of Poly Cross Shiraz and Mahali Neyshaburi, the saponin band of soysaponin1 at Rf=37 had the highest density. In natural field conditions and at the time of biological stress, the lowest concentrations of saponin, soysaponin 1, and the highest concentration of flavonoids, epigenin glycoside 1, had a significant biological role in resistance to pests, and reduced damage to the cultivars under study.

This paper presents an optimized multi-digit Ternary to Binary converter based on nano-carbone tubes field-effect transistors. By modifying a part of the circuit structure of the ternary-to-binary converter, the efficiency of the system has increased. Due to the unique features nanotubes carbon tubes feild effect transistors, as well as the possibility of designing different threshold voltages for transistors, designing multi-level logic systems is much simpler and less costly. Therefore, considering that the existing processing systems work on a dual basis, the design of binary to bernary converters and vice versa is very important and basic processing systems. Therefore, considering that the existing processing systems work on a binary, the design of binary to turner and turner to binary converters is very important and fundamental in processing systems. The circuit modification has reduced chip occupancy, reduced power consumption, and reduced circuit latency. The proper and optimal performance of the proposed converter have been confirmed by simulation by HSPICE software based on 32 nm CNTFET transistor. The simulation results show that the optimal terbnary to binary converter has a power consumption of 0.665 μW and a propagation delay of 27.3 ps. These results show that overall PDP index has improved by 14.4%.

In this research the effect of Bioplus B2 probiotic and galactooligosaccharide prebiotic (GOS) on performance, egg quality, and some bloodparameters of commercial laying hens were investigated in a sample of 216 hy-line laying hens (w36) with the same average weight aging 50to 62 weeks for a period of 12 weeks in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, 6 replications and 6 hens per each replication inthe cage system. Experimental treatments included 1) without additives (as control), 2) diets containing 0.1% Bioplus B2 probiotic, 3) to 6)diets; containing, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.20 % of galactooligosaccharides prebiotic, respectively. The results indicated that both egg weightand mass was increased significantly (P<0.05) in the Bioplus B2 probiotic treatment. Egg production percentage, feed intake and feedconversion ratio were not significantly influenced by treatments. Using galactooligosaccharide at the levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 percentimproved dry eggshell weight significantly while the levels of 0.05, 0.15 and 0.2 percent increased eggshell weight per unit area compared tothe control (P<0.05). Total protein and albumin of serum increased in the Bioplus B2 treatment (P<0.05). Using Bioplus B2 probiotic and0.15% galactooligosaccharide significantly decreased blood cholesterol level (P<0.05). In general, the results showed that the using ofprebiotic galactooligosaccharide at the level of 0.15 % increases the weight of eggshell per unit area, decreases the blood serum cholesterol,and improves some performance traits compared to control group, therefore it can be used instead of probiotic Bioplus B2.

To maintain the health of consumers and achieve food safety, the control of maximum allowed heavy metals in food should be considered. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in livestock tissues in the vicinity of Zinc Specialized Industrial Park.

Ten samples were collected from each sheep tissue (including meat, liver, kidney, and bone) in each of the four geographical directions. To compare the current situation, samples from a control area (Qarah Poshtlu area of Zanjan) were also considered. A dry ash method was used to digest organic matter.

Based on the results, the concentration of Cu was significantly high in the muscle and liver of the control group (P <0.05). The concentration of Zn was not affected by the study areas. The accumulation of Pb in the liver and bone and Cd in the muscle and liver of animals was significantly high in the western part of the study area (P <0.05). The levels of Cu in the kidney and bone tissues, Pb in the muscle and kidney tissues, and Cd in the kidney and bone tissues were not affected. The accumulation of Cu was inversely related to Pb and Cd.

In general, the results showed that despite heavy metal accumulation in the west of the study area, the concentrations of these metals in the tissues of sheep around it were within the allowable range and they were not dangerous to consumers.

Chickpea is one of the most important pulses in the world and it plays a key role in feeding of people in Iran. Iran is one of the original centers of chickpea. This plant has a significant genetic diversity and has favorable conditions for breeding and introducing new cultivars in Iran. According to FAO reports (2014), the average grain yield of chickpea in Iran with a cultivated area of 565 thousand hectares and an average yield of 557 kg per hectare is very low compared to the average of the major countries producing chickpeas. In order to solve this problem, identification of the initial variety of lines and cultivars to start the program is of particular importance. In fact, three factors of heredity, high diversity and severity of selection are effective factors in increasing the response to selection. In this regard, there are various methods for estimating genetic variation in plant species, one of the most important of these methods is multivariate analysis. It is necessary to use these methods for the classification of germplasm and the analysis of the genetic relationships existing between the modifying materials. Among the various methods of multivariate analysis, the principal component analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis and decomposition function analysis are among the most important of these methods. In fact, one of the important goals of an outbreak is to select the best genotypes. In order to achieve this goal, the studied population should have a significant variation in terms of the characteristics studied, which knowledge of this diversity requires evaluation of the germplasm.

This study included 20 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) promising lines were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 growing season. To evaluate the diversity of lines based on important agro-morphological traits and to achieve the desired goals, various statistical methods including principal component analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis and decomposition function analysis were used. Genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotype coefficient of variance (PCV) using genotype variance and phenotype variance, respectively, were calculated. All calculations and statistical analyzes such as component analysis, cluster analysis, and decomposition function analysis were performed using SPSS and Minitab software.

The lowest and the highest coefficient of genotypic changes were related to day physiology (2.66%) and 100-seed weight (49.76%). The results showed that the three main first components explained 76% of the total variance of the traits totally. The first and second components were named as "component of grain yield increase" and "vegetative growth component". The results of factor analysis were consistent with the results of the principal component analysis. In order to cluster the studied lines and for their grouping based on the studied traits, Ward method and Pearson’s square distance matrix were used. According to the cluster analysis, the genotypes were located in three distinct groups, so that the second and third clusters had the highest genetic distance and they were recognized as “yield clusters" and "vegetative growth cluster", respectively. Therefore, crossing between the two above mentioned-groups, will result to high artificial diversity in the future generations. According to the cluster analysis, the lines were divided into three separate clusters. Discriminant function analysis confirmed the cluster grouping completely. In a study, nineteen chickpea lines and five genotypes of wild chickpea (Cicer veticulatum) were classified into three distinct groups using cluster analysis, so that wild-type genotypes in one group and two lines of cropping lines were grouped separately from other lines. Ganjali et al, (2009), applied the multivariate bi-plot analysis to evaluate the variation in chickpea germplasm for drought resistance.

There was a remarkable genetic diversity for the current germplasm, therefore existence a high level of genetic diversity and a remarkable GVC for the trait of 100-seed weight indicating that this trait can be used as a suitable character for yield improvement in the germplasm and under this experiment conditions. Finally, selection for high levels of biomass, pod number per plant and seed number per plant, and a low amount of main branches number, will increase the grain yield in the future breeding program.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is from the dark Composite perennial plant, herbaceous and pollinator. Due to the being below seed germination perecentage and heterogenous multiplication of plants from seed in terms of sweetness micropropagation of this plant with use of tissue culture methods in order to replicate mass is desirable. In this study, the performance of two explant end bud and node using three treatments the concentration of the medium MS and different levels of activated charcoal and hormones BAP and Kn in two experiment compared and reviewed. So that in the first experiment the effect of active charcoal and concentration of culture media MS and in the second experiment use separate concentrations (at 0,0/5,1 and 1/5mgr/l) of hormones BAP and Kn in three repeat was implemented. Results showed the highest increase traits in the cultivation of end buds at full concentration seen of culture medium MS with to 1/5gr/l activated charcoal as absorber substance phenols. Use concentration 1/5 mgr/l of hormones BAP and Kn showed an increase in micropropagation efficiency of both explants. Performance comparison hormones BAP and Kn using 1/5 mgr/l BAP in the cultivation of the end buds showed the most characteristics of shoot length, number of nodes and the number of lateral stems.

Datura is one of the most important medicinal plants that for production of various alkaloids. Seed dormancy and the problem of germination are the most important barrier to produce this plant. In order to solve the germination problem in this important medicinal plant, the present study was carried out as a factorial experiment with three factors based on completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor consisted of two datura ecotypes (Hamadan and Esfahan), the second factor included three levels of physical treatments of breaking dormancy (no scratching, scratch with sandpaper and wet bathing of bain marie bath for 7 days at a temperature of 60 ° C, scratch with sandpaper and dry chilling for 7 days at 4 ° C) and the third factor included five levels of chemical treatments of breaking dormancy (no application of chemical treatments, NaOH 20%, NaOH 20% and gibberellin 500 ppm, NaOH 20% and potassium nitrate 300 ppm, NaOH 20% and gibberellin 500 ppm and potassium nitrate 300 ppm). Interaction of ecotypes and seed dormancy breaking treatments was significant for most traits except for number of leaves per plant, root fresh weight, shoot length and stem fresh weight. The results showed that the chemical treatment of NaOH 20% and gibberellin 500 ppm, was the best dormancy braking treatment for the fresh harvested seeds. Therefore, using this treatment without significant damage to the seeds, to break seed dormancy about 80 percent is recommended.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of addition of a nitroglycerin (NG) slow release drug on prevention of ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. A total of 500 broiler chicks at 7 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 5 replicates and 20 chicks per each replication. The experimental treatments included: 1) positive control group (without induction of ascites and without addition of NG); 2) negative control group (induction of ascites without adding NG, treatments 3, 4 and 5, including induction of ascites with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg NG in diet, respectively. In order to induce cold stress, the temperature was fixed at 15oC from 15 until 42 day of age. The humeral and cellular immune responses as well as blood serum enzyme concentrations were evaluated. The results showed that cold stress significantly reduced the relative weights of spleen and thymus (p < 0.05) but had no significant effect on relative weight of bursa of Fabricius. The utilization of NG significantly increased the relative weights of Spleen and thymus (p < 0.05). The immunoglobulin M response and cutaneous basophilic sensitivity decreased as a result of cold stress, and significantly increased by using NG (p < 0.05). The concentration of AST and LDH enzymes increased as a result of cold stress and the utilization of 20 mg/kg of NG in the diet significantly decreased them (p < 0.05). The lipid peroxidation index improved near meaningfully as a result of using NG (P= 0.06)

Tax payments by taxpayers are one of the most important tasks that citizens can perform in order to provide financial resources for the welfare of society. Due to government support for political companies with political ties have a non-transparent operating environment, resulting in greater conflict of interest in these companies than in other companies, and higher representation costs. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between tax planning and agency costs with emphasis on the role of political Connections in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2012 to 2018 using the information of 145 selected companies. The results of the research hypotheses showed that tax evasion and tax evasion increase agency costs. Escape or avoidance of tax payments often play a role in diverting profits to the benefit of managers, and managers try to pursue their opportunism by manipulating profits and prioritizing their interests over the interests of other shareholders, which leads to increased costs. The results also show that representation costs increase in companies with political ties. Because managers with political relationships easily do their opportunistic activities in environments that conflict with interests. addition, the existence of political relationships in companies exacerbates the relationship between tax planning (tax evasion and tax evasion) and agency costs. In other words, in companies with strong political relationships, managers try avoid tax evasion or illegal tax evasion; Postpone payable taxes or avoid paying them, which reduces the transparency of disclosed information and increases the opportunism of managers in situation, which increases agency costs

Plant-parasitic nematodes significantly reduce crop production. The stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) is one of the important pathogen of several ornamental and field crops including alfalfa. In this study, the reactions of seven alfalfa ecotypes to the nematode were investigated under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replicates. The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among inoculated ecotypes with the nematode in all morphological traits (except of root length) compared to the control. The nematode reproduced in all studied alfalfa ecotypes, but the rate of reproduction was different. The highest reproduction factor (RF) was observed on the ecotype Neishabouri (RF = 7.14) and the lowest on Feiz and Hamedani with reproduction factors of 1.24 and 1.85, respectively. The highest number of the nematode was observed in stems, rhizosphere and buds. The results showed that none of these ecotypes were resistant or tolerant to the stem and bulb nematode.