سید عباس حسینی

Soil moisture data obtained from satellites play an important role in the effective management of water resources, especially in areas susceptive to dehydration and drought. By monitoring soil moisture dynamics over time, water policymakers can develop sustainable water allocation strategies, implement water conservation measures, and reduce the adverse effects of drought on agriculture. Satellite data facilitates the identification of potential water stress points. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of soil moisture in the GLDAS model with observational data in areas with dry, humid, and semi-humid climates, Agricultural drought monitoring using the GLDAS model and the VHI drought index and annual precipitation.

In this study, soil moisture from the GLDAS model from 2003 to 2020 in 6 agricultural areas of Oklahoma was extracted daily and with observational data recorded in 6 agricultural areas located in Oklahoma compared. To better understand the degree of difference between the GLDAS model soil moisture data with observational data, agricultural areas are divided into three dry, humid, and semi-humid areas,they were split and finally evaluated on a daily, seasonal, and annual basis with the used of two indicators of correlation coefficient CC and average RMSE root mean squares error.

The results showed that the highest average correlation of seasonal soil moisture is related to winter and autumn, and one of the reasons is more precipitation in these seasons. The highest correlation of average areas with 0/64 belonged to humid areas and the lowest average correlation of 0.47 was related to dry areas. Humid areas usually have vegetation cover more than dry areas. Vegetation cover due to the impact on microwave signals received by satellite sensors affects the accuracy of satellite soil moisture estimates. Also, the presence of dense vegetation improves the soil moisture recovery of satellite data, especially in areas with abundant vegetation. The results of RMSE (cm3/cm3) of the GLDAS model and observation data in 6 agricultural areas of Oklahoma showed the good performance of the GLDAS model. The correlation of GLDAS model data with VHI drought index and precipitation was further investigated, which correlated GLDAS model soil moisture with 17-year precipitation data equal to 0.68 the correlation of the model GLDAS and VHI was equal to 0.2. One of the reasons for the variation in the correlation between precipitation, VHI, and soil moisture of the GLDAS model is the changes in hydrological parameters such as groundwater feeding, evaporation and transpiration rates, and surface runoff, it is in different years.

According to the results, soil moisture serves as a critical intermediary between precipitation and vegetation health. While precipitation directly influences soil moisture dynamics, soil moisture, in turn, regulates plant water uptake, transpiration, and physiological processes that contribute to VHI. GLDAS model soil moisture data can be used to monitor and assess drought. GLDAS data are available at regular intervals (e.g., daily, monthly), allowing monitoring of soil moisture dynamics over time. This time resolution is crucial for tracking the start, duration, and severity of drought events. The results of this study show that GLDAS model soil moisture data can be used with confidence in monitoring agricultural drought.

Rice husk as an agricultural waste material has a large amount of amorphous silica, adding its ash to concrete increases the pozzolanic property of concrete and consequently increases the strength and durability of reinforced concrete structures. The quality and method of rice husk ash preparation greatly influence the final properties of the concrete prepared from it. In this article, rice husk ash has been burned in controlled, semi-controlled, and uncontrolled conditions in terms of temperature conditions, and the resulting ash has been used as a 10% substitute for cement in self-compacting concrete. Properties related to concrete performance and compressive strength of samples containing rice husk ash at different ages have been evaluated. The properties of rice husk ash powder have been determined through XRF, FESEM, and the determination of grain size range. The results show that in all cases the sum of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 is higher than 70%; which indicates being within the standard range of pozzolanic cement materials. In the semi-controlled state, the amorphous silica is more than 8%. Based on the results, adding rice husk ash increases the long-term compressive strength (90 days) and decreases the short-term compressive strength of self-compacting concrete. The increase in long-term strength for samples with ash produced in controlled conditions was more and up to 18%. The reduction of short-term compressive strength for samples with uncontrolled ash has been obtained up to 25%.

One of the most common problems of nursing students in the clinical environment and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), is anxiety and lack of accuracy, which can lead to negative effects on their learning and performance. Considering the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of aromatherapy, the present study aims to the effect of lavender aromatherapy on the accuracy, exam anxiety, and performance of nursing students in OSCE.

This clinical trial study was conducted on 60 undergraduate nursing students under the OSCE in 2022. Eligible students who met inclusion criteria were recruited by convenience sampling and then were allocated randomly with the random sequence generation software, to intervention (n=30) and control groups (n=30). The intervention included aromatherapy with lavender essential oil with 100% purity for 10 minutes. Toulouse- Pieron Attention questionnaire, Sarason's test anxiety, and performance checklist were used in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods by SPSS version 26 statistical software.

The results indicated a significant decrease in the average exam anxiety score with P = 0.03 and a significant improvement in accuracy with P < 0.001 after aromatherapy in the intervention group. Also, the results of the independent t-test showed that after the intervention, there was a significant difference in the average exam anxiety score with P = 0.02 and accuracy with P < 0.001 between the intervention and control groups. Meanwhile, the average performance score of the students' grades was not significant between the two groups.

Considering the positive effects of inhaling the scent of lavender in improving the accuracy and reducing the anxiety of the nursing students' exam, the use of this low-cost program, with easy access and without complications, is recommended along with other methods.

To estimate the rate of leakage in the water distribution networks, the International Water Association recommends measuring the rate of night flow by creating District-Metered Areas (DMAs). However, in creating DMAs, especially for the existing and old WDNs, minimizing the boundary pipes between the DMAs, leakage, cost, and stable hydraulics should be taken into account. The layout should be optimally designed regarding geometry and the optimum number. In this study, the results of two-objective algorithms have been compared in creating DMAs. NSGAII, MOGWO, SPEA2, and MOPSO algorithms are used to select the best optimization algorithm in the physical partitioning. The results showed that the SPEA2 algorithm performs better than other algorithms. By examining the creation of different DMAs by changing the number and geometry of the areas in the networks, the optimal case of the areas was calculated according to two optimization goals, as well as different indicators such as modularity and nodal pressure values.

This study presents a new method to create DMAs in the existing water distribution network with cost and leakage reduction approaches. The creation of areas with these two approaches has yet to be investigated in past studies. This method includes the phases of clustering, physical partitioning, and analysis of the results. The presented method was used on the ZJ water distribution network in China. Also, the results of the two-objective algorithms have been compared for the first time in creating DMAs.

The results showed that the standard deviation of the nodal pressure of the network has decreased by 14.8% and the nodal leakage rate of the network by 5.8% compared to the case without creating DMAs. In addition to controlling leakage in the network, the creation of DMAs has led to pressure management and leakage reduction in the water distribution network.

The presented method creates DMAs with the lowest cost and rate of leakage and pressure control in helping justice of the water distribution network. Also, the SPEA2 two-objective algorithm is suggested as the best algorithm for creating DMAs among the four reviewed algorithms.

The skin is the first protective barrier against physical injuries and pathogens. Spirulina microalgae can be used to improve skin damage in fish due to its content of micronutrients, such as essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, and more. In this study, 360 rainbow trout weighing 50 grams each (with ethical code number 9821316001) were used at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Before the final test, the effects of spirulina extract at concentrations ranging from 1% to 15% were evaluated on the fish. Subsequently, three doses—3%, 7%, and 10%—were selected for oral and poultice testing. After inducing skin injuries, the fish were treated both orally and with poultices for 28 days. On the 28th day, blood samples were collected, and biochemical and immune parameters were measured. The observed increases in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, globulin, and immunoglobulin plasma levels, along with elevated lysozyme activity after skin damage, indicate physiological responses aimed at recovery and the restoration of tissue integrity. The results of this study showed that administering spirulina supplements, particularly in the group that received a 7% concentration orally and used an ointment of the same concentration, had beneficial effects on various physiological parameters in injured fish.

The design codes prescribe the durability criteria by providing criteria such as the minimum thickness of the concrete clear cover, and the minimum permissible compressive strength. In the initial phase, these rules delay the effect of destructive factors, but with the initiation of rebar corrosion, these prescribed rules can have different effects on the propagation of destructive factors. One of the consequences of the rebar's corrosion is the creation of cracks in the concrete cover. Whit increasing the width of the cracks during the propagation of corrosion, the effects of external aggressive factors increase. In this research, using the most important existing experimental models for predicting crack width, the effect of prescriptive criteria on crack width has been investigated. For this purpose, the prescriptive rules of the concrete design code were considered as the initial condition of the structure according to the environmental condition of the reinforced concrete structure. The investigated models were selected based on chloride-induced corrosion. The important influencing parameters in the models were considered as random variables and the crack width was obtained as a random variable based on the existing models. The impact of rebar diameter selection in the environmental conditions defined in the design code on the crack width has been calculated. The calculation of the crack width was done using the Monte Carlo sampling method and the average of the experimental models and the coefficient of variation were calculated by considering the correlation between the models. The results have shown that the use of rebars with a smaller diameter reduces the crack width by 90%. Also, if the rebar corrosion begins and a certain period of time has passed since its beginning, the safety level of a certain structure is not the same due to the large difference in the width of the cracks.

This study seeks to formulate Ayatollah Javadi Amoli's cultural theory based on his new theory of humanity, utilizing an analytical and interrogative method. In his thought, culture is the manifestation of human capacities in both individual and social life. These capacities are embedded in the nature (fitra) of all humans; however, humans differ in how they actualize this nature and are categorized as either "firm" or "ambiguous." The present study asserts that each of these types of humans shapes a different form of culture: "firm" humans create a "firm culture," while "ambiguous" humans produce an "ambiguous culture." The firm culture has two fundamental characteristics: 1. Articulateness, which reflects a focus on reason and monotheism, and 2. Weightiness is realized through a focus on nature and truth. In contrast, the ambiguous culture also has two key features: 1. Vagueness, indicative of a focus on imagination and non-monotheistic (human-centered) values, and 2. Lightness, which is manifested through naturalism and the semblance of truth. These findings can be instrumental for policy-making institutions, such as the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution and the Islamic Consultative Assembly, in guiding cultural policies and planning. Additionally, they can be beneficial for organizations such as the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the Islamic Propagation Organization, mosque affairs, and the Council for Policy-making of Friday Imams, in understanding and promoting firm culture and in referring ambiguous culture to firm culture.

Dams are considered one of the most important infrastructure facilities of a country, which play a very important role in economic prosperity through storage, regulation of water, and also energy production. Due to the volume of water stored in the reservoir of these dams and sometimes their proximity to residential areas, the failure of dams can lead to a lot of human and financial losses, which can be prevented by having sufficient information and proper forecasts of dam failure. The flow resulting from the dam failure is turbulent, mainly a mixture of fluid and sediment particles. Therefore, after the dam's failure, sediment transport leads to significant morphological changes downstream. Based on this, the analysis and evaluation of the instantaneous failure of the dam have been one of the main challenges of the profession of engineers and activists in this field. By examining the research background, it is clear that the studies focused on fluid flow in non-erodible bed conditions, and a small part of numerical and laboratory research has been focused on the evaluation of changes in the morphology of the bed sediment layer. In addition, one of the effective parameters in the mechanism of sediment transfer and the pattern of morphological changes of the bed is the sediments of the dam reservoir, which has received less attention from researchers. Therefore, in this research, we have evaluated and experimental-numerically modeled the phenomenon of sediment transport due to the sudden failure of the dam, taking into account the sediment layer in the dam reservoir.

In this study, two variables (1- the type of sediment particles (fine sand and coarse sand) and 2- the thickness of the sediment layer in the reservoir and downstream of the dam) have been investigated as the main parameters in the evaluation of the sediment transport mechanism (changes in bed morphology). Based on this, scenarios have been defined for laboratory and numerical modeling. In this research, to evaluate the phenomenon of bed sediment transfer based on the phenomenon of instantaneous dam failure, four tests have been defined and implemented in the hydraulic laboratory flume of Babol University in different conditions. This flume is 10 meters long, 50 cm wide, and 50 cm high and is equipped with an ultrasonic level gauge and a digital pressure gauge. In these experiments, two parameters of the type of bed sediment materials (A, B) and also the thickness of the sediment layer downstream of the dam and the reservoir of the dam have been considered as modeling variables. Type A materials are gravel particles with an average diameter of 20 mm, and type B materials are sand particles with an average diameter of 3 mm.

According to the research variables, four scenarios for laboratory modeling and six scenarios for numerical modeling of the phenomenon of sediment transfer based on instantaneous dam failure have been defined. The results of the numerical modeling showed that the numerical model of the research had acceptable accuracy in simulating the phenomenon of sediment transfer due to dam failure, so the modeling error for two-dimensional numerical models (the first four models based on Table 2) is respectively equal to 2.75%, 4.31%, 2.59%, 5.52% compared to laboratory tests.The results showed that in the models of type B sediment materials, the amount of reduction in the thickness of the sediment layer is greater than in the models with type A sediment materials; in other words, the amount of reduction in the thickness of the sediment layer in type B materials is more than type B. The material was A. Therefore, the decrease in the diameter of the sediment particles has caused an increase in the thickness of the sediment layer (bed morphology) due to the failure of the instantaneous dam. In addition, by examining the results obtained from laboratory and numerical models, it was determined that the reservoir sediment layer of the dam is an effective parameter in the rate of sediment transfer and the occurrence of changes in the morphology of the bed based on the dam failure currents, in such a way that with the increase in the thickness of the sediment layer of the reservoir Compared to the downstream sediment layer of the dam, the changes in the thickness of the bed layer have increased by about 10%, as well as the rate of sediment transfer in these conditions.By evaluating the results of dam failure modeling in three-dimensional space, it is clear that the thickness of the sediment layer in the 3D_DB1_NB1 model with type B materials has decreased more compared to the 3D_DB1_NA1 model with type A materials. In addition, according to the contour of the changes in the thickness of the bed layer, it is clear that the type of material of the sediment particles (diameter of the sediment particles) was an effective factor in evaluating the phenomenon of sediment transport in the 3D modeling space. In both 3D models, the thickness of the sediment layer in the area of the dam valve (failure area) has decreased and increased in the range of 1.8 to 2 meters and decreased from 2.2 to 3 meters.

In this research, the main goal is to evaluate the mechanism of sediment transfer due to the sudden failure of the dam, focusing on the effect of the sediment layer in the dam reservoir, which has been implemented in the form of laboratory and numerical modeling. Also, the effect of three parameters, the type of sediment particles and the thickness of the sediment layer in the reservoir and downstream of the dam axis, has been studied.Based on the results of this research and the evaluation and comparisons made between the numerical models and the laboratory model, it is clear that the numerical model created in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces has an acceptable accuracy in simulating the phenomenon of sediment transfer due to dam failure.

Since the pulpit is a public media in Islam, and the seminaries throughout their history, they only convey religious knowledge to the general public through this media. This research aims to explain the role and media functions of the pulpit in the last hundred years, using the library and documentary method (historical research) and the theories of communication and media. In fact, this article is a research answer to these questions: whether the pulpit is a medium? What functions are envisioned for it in the last century? Based on the findings of the research, the pulpit is a cultural communication medium for promoting, consolidating and perpetuating the religion of Islam. This media, which has a religious and scholastic identity, in the last century played these basic roles: religious awareness, mobilization and creation of social and critical cohesion, and criticism of the existing situation. The performance of these roles by the owners of this media has caused cultural, social and political changes in the last century, the result of which was the occurrence of constitutional revolutions and the Islamic revolution .

This research was carried out in order to determine the length and age composition, calculate growth and mortality parameters and calculate the biomass of golden gray mullet in the Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea during the year of 2022-2023. The biometric data were collected from beach seine fishing cooperatives in the Guilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan provinces. The mean (± SD) fork length and total weight were measured at 29.9±4.8 cm and 305.7±143.0 g, respectively. The age range was 2 to 11 years, and more than 74.4% of the age group were 3 to 4 years with the mean (± SD) fork length of 26.3±5.1 and 31.3±5.6 cm, respectively. In the relationship between fork length and total weight, the values of a and b were calculated as 0.018 and 2.836, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.97. Growth parameters, including the von Bertalanffy growth equation constants (K, L∞, and t0), were determined as 0.14 (/year), 64.0 cm, and -1.02, respectively. Mortality parameters, encompassing total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), and fishing mortality (F), were calculated as 0.95, 0.30, and 0.65, respectively. The biomass of golden gray mullet was determined 12155.5 tons. This research provides valuable information in the direction of sustainable management and protection of golden gray mullet stocks in the Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea.

Without hydrological models the investigation and management of watersheds can be time-consuming and costly. This study aims to explore various hydrological factors including runoff, sedimentation, evaporation, and transpiration in Pasikhan watershed located in Guilan province. The study also examines the impact of these factors on the Anzali Wetland. To achieve this, the research utilizes the SWAT model. Data on flow discharge, precipitation, and sedimentation for three hydrometric station in the Pasikhan watershed from 1999 to 2020 were obtained from the regional water company of Guilan province. The necessary maps for model execution were obtained using established methods. Predictions for various factors, such as flow rate, sedimentation, surface runoff, evaporation and transpiration, deep aquifer recharge, curve number, deep infiltration, and watershed runoff, were made for the years 2040 and 2071. Discharge-sediment from 1999 to 2011 is used for calibration and for validation used the data from 2012 to 2022 is used. The study also assessed changes in hydrological components caused by climate change using the RCP8.5 scenario and land use changes. The findings demonstrate variations in multiple hydrological elements and precipitation patterns within the catchment basin. The Nash Sutcliffe criterion yielded values between 0.60 and 0.80 for both the calibration and validation phases of the model in terms of flow rate and sedimentation. This indicated that the implementation of the SWAT model is satisfactorily accurate. Results showed that the maximum surface runoff within the basin will reach 485 mm in 2055, coinciding with a rainfall of 1431 mm. Additionally, the study identified the highest levels of evaporation and transpiration as 1707 mm within the RCP8.5 scenarios in 1996. Overall, the research emphasizes the negative impact of sediment generated within the Pasikhan watershed on the Anzali Wetland, highlighting the need for effective control measures to mitigate wetland degradation

In the last few decades, due to the growth of industries, drastic changes have occurred in the climate of the planet, and its average temperature has increased significantly. Land use changes and climate have had a great impact on discharge and sediment production in watershed. The increase in the production of sediments has many harmful environmental and constructional effects; among these effects we can mention the reduction of the useful depth of the dam and consequently the reduction of the life of the dam. The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of sedimentation along the Mubarakabad River (Emamzadeh Ebrahim watershed) and the effect of time on the increase in the sedimentation depth of the Lasak dam reservoir located in Guilan province using the HEC-RAS model in different states for the time range of 1997 to 2071.

Mubarakabad River is one of the main branches of Pasikhan River, which is the most important river supplying water to Anzali wetland. This watershed has various uses, including forest, degraded pasture, medium pasture and good quality pasture, residential, paddy field, etc. To carry out this study, land use changes in the years 1997, 2007, 2020, 2040 and 2071 were used. In order to measure the runoff, sediment and flow rate in the coming years (2022 and 2071) with the help of the LARS-WG statistical model in two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) and SWAT tool was investigated. To implement the HEC-RAS model, three models of surface reduction were used: Borland and Miller's method, Moody's surface reduction method and surface increase method. The input variables of the model are loaded in three sections: topographic map, discharge information, discharge-sediment, and sediment grading. The model was calibrated using discharge and sediment data during the study period. In this study, changes in sedimentation along the Mubarakabad River from upstream to the construction site of Lasak Dam were investigated. Also, the sedimentation depth of the dam reservoir was investigated in different years using the HEC-RAS model.

The simulation results of this study showed that with passing of time, the percentage of residential areas will increase significantly and the area of pastures located in the southern part of the basin will decrease. Currently, in this basin, the total area of 1.87 km2 has been allocated to the residential sector, which includes several villages. While in 2071, this amount will reach 21.45 km2. Also, pastures with dense coverage in this basin in 1997 were equal to 99.65 km2, and in 2071 this amount will decrease to 4.82 km2. The results of this study showed that from the source to the construction site of the dam, sediment deposition has increased due to the reduction of the slope, and the largest amount of sediments have accumulated in the reservoir of the dam. It was also observed that with passing time, the depth of sediments behind the dam reservoir has increased significantly, which reduces the efficiency of the dam. The results of this study showed that there is an increasing trend in the sedimentation depth of the reservoir, so that its maximum value was obtained in 2071, equivalent to 39.1 meters from the height of the dam intake. The results of this study show that in the years 2071 and 2040, 2.02 and 1.92 million tons of sediment will settle in the Lasak dam reservoir, respectively.

According to the results obtained from the HEC-RAS model simulation in the Emamzadeh Ebrahim watershed, it can be seen that if detailed and executive planning is not done in this area, land use change will occur severely. This change of uses causes the increase of soil erosion and production of sediment in the watershed, in other words, this change of uses can be considered as an alarm for the destruction of Anzali Wetland. In general, due to the conditions of the watershed and its high erosion upstream, the life of the Lasak dam will not be long, and its construction will reduce the water rights of the Anzali wetland and lead this international wetland to complete destruction at a faster rate.

The misuse of opioids is one of the most important problems in today's world, directly affecting the quality sleep for individuals. This study sought to explore the effect of a nursing care program, based on Roy's adaptation model, on the sleep quality of patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.

Methods & Materials:

 This randomized, single-blind clinical trial was conducted between December 2022 and March 2023, involving 60 opioid abuse patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment at the Addiction Reduction Center in Isfahan. Convenience sampling was employed, with participants allocated randomly using random sequence generation software into the intervention group (n=30) and the control group (n=30). Data was collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire. The intervention comprised a three-month nursing care program based on Roy's adaptation model, while the control group received routine treatments. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 software, utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results showed a significant decrease in the total average score of sleep quality in the intervention group after the intervention, indicating an improvement in sleep quality (P<0.001). Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the total average score of sleep quality between the intervention and control groups (P>0.05); however, a significant difference was observed after the intervention (P<0.001).

The findings indicate that the nursing care program based on Roy's adaptation model is effective in improving the sleep quality of patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Therefore, this model can provide a promising framework for delivering care to such patients.

Predicting changes due to climate change and its possible consequences on hydrological processes of the watershed helps to solve the challenges facing managers and water resources planners in the coming period. The effects of this phenomenon and gabion check dams simultaneously on the sedimentation of Dehbar Basin have not been studied so far, so the aim of this study is to investigate this with the perspective of the next 30 years, using SWAT and LARS-WG models and the ability of these two models to simulate climate change and remove gabion check dams.

In this research, the performance of gabion dams as a reservoir in the Dehbar Basin, 10 km west of Mashhad and south of the city of Torghabeh, which has a cold semi-arid climate, is compared to the amount of sediment output from the basin for the next 30 years with the LARS-WG statistical model and SWAT hydrological simulation model has been evaluated. There are five gabion dams in this area. To predict the meteorological variables of the upcoming period at the level of Dehbar Watershed, after recalibrating the LARS-WG model, the HadGEM2 model and three scenarios of RCP8.5, RCP4.5 and RCP2.6 were used for the microscaling of meteorological data in the period of 2050- 2020. Kolmogorov Smirnov (K-S), t and F statistical tests were used to check the performance of the simulation results in this model. To prepare and implement the SWAT model, the map and digital model information of elevation, soil, land use, hydrological and meteorological data were used. The tank was used to introduce gabion dams to the model. In order to analyze the sensitivity, calibration and validation of the SWAT model, SUFI-2 semi-automatic algorithm was used.

The average values of the simulated precipitation are in good conformity with the observed values and the biggest difference is related to the months of February and April. Regarding the standard deviation values of monthly rainfall, the biggest difference belongs to the months of February and March. The average simulated minimum temperature is also in very good agreement with the observed values. Also, for the maximum temperature, a trend similar to the minimum temperature is seen. Also, the p-value obtained from the t-test for the aforementioned variables, there is no significant difference between the average temperature and precipitation data produced and the observed data, and the LARS-WG model has been able to calculate the average temperature and precipitation very well. To simulate monthly precipitation in all scenarios (RCP8.5, RCP4.5 and RCP2.6) in the horizon of 2050 in the first seven months of the year is lower than the monthly precipitation in the base period, but an increase in precipitation is observed for the second five months of the year. Also, in the horizon of 2050, the temperature will increase on average compared to the base period. To draw the curve of the sediment gauge, the method of batch average with modified FAO coefficient was used. The amount of observed sediment was calculated as 2.14 tha-1yr-1. For the calibration and validation of the SWAT model, at first, using CUP_SWAT software, the parameters that had a greater effect on the discharge and sediment output from the basin were identified. In order to analyze the sensitivity, calibration and validation of SWAT model, SUFI-2 semi-automated algorithm was used. After that, the effects of climate change on the amount of runoff and sediment in the basin were investigated using the validated SWAT model. The results show a decrease in rainfall, an increase in temperature and a decrease in runoff in the horizon of 2050. The precipitation changes for RCP4.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios are +9.3% and +3.1%, respectively, and -4.6% for RCP8.5 scenario. On average, gabion dams reduce 57.09% of sediment exit from the basin.

In this research, the effects of climate change on the sediment output from Dehbar Basin in the period from 2020 to 2050 and the effect of gabion dams in the existing conditions (presence of dams) and in the conditions of removal of these dams were investigated. In all scenarios, the minimum and maximum temperature increased in the 2020-2050 period compared to the base period. One of the negative effects of temperature increase is change in the amount and time-spatial pattern of precipitation. The results indicate that the SWAT model is capable of simulating hydrological processes and sedimentation in relatively small to medium watersheds with complex conditions such as Dehbar Basin, even with limited observational data, with acceptable accuracy. The increase in the amount of sediment at the outlet point of the watershed, despite the decrease in rainfall and runoff, indicates short-term rainfall with high intensity, which increases the occurrence of flooding conditions. From the changes in the amount of erosion and sedimentation in the horizon of 2050 and with different scenarios, it can be concluded that the climate change will affect the erosion of the basin in the future and the simulation model can be effective in predicting the erodibility. Therefore, the results obtained from the SWAT model provide the possibility of recommending its use in the region.

In this study, some aspects of the reproductive biology of Caspian Roach caught by beach seining were investigated along the southeast coats of the Caspian Sea in the period of 2019-2021. From a total of 317 samples of caught fish (144 males and 173 females), the sex ratio of male to female was 1:1/2, which was not statistically significant with the expected ratio of 1:1 (p>0.05). The average fork length (± standard deviation) was 15.6 ± 2.63 cm (with a range of 10.6-25.5 cm) for males and 18.7 ± 3.70 cm (with a range of 11.3-32-5 cm) for females. The range and average weight for males were 18-214 g and 60.7 ± 36.20 g, respectively, and 22-502 g and 120.5 ± 74.76 g for females, respectively. The minimum, maximum, and average absolute fecundity of R. caspicus were estimated as 6707, 51438 and 18773 ± 9800 eggs, respectively. The mean relative fecundity was estimated to be 152 ± 33 eggs/g and 967 ± 367 eggs/cm in relation to the total weight and fork length, respectively. The absolute fecundity of the species increased with an increase in the length and weight of fish with coefficients of determination of R2= 0.62 and 0.68, respectively, so that the range of fecundity in the length range of 14.5-15.5 cm is equal to 6707-11807 eggs and in the length range of 27-32 cm was estimated as 35813-42693 eggs. According to the results, sexual maturity at stages IV and V is present in all sampling months for females of R. caspicus. The mean length (fork length) at first maturity (Lm50%) of females R. caspicus was 13.8 cm. The highest value of Gonadosomatic index (GSI) for males was observed in February with a value of 7.08, and for females in March with a value of 16.06 which decreased to 15.96 in April. Considering that the peak value of GSI and the high percentage of V maturity stage of R. caspicus is observed in March and April; it can be prohibited to catch this species in this time.

One of the most critical problems in using bottom intake is the accumulation of sediments on the garbage catch network and immediately after this network. Also, sediments whose size is smaller than the distance between the bars pass through the bars and settle in the intake channel. Accumulation of sediments on the garbage collection network and in the water intake channel, as well as sediments getting stuck in the space of the garbage collection network, will reduce the efficiency and increase the operating costs of this water collection system. To solve these problems, replacing the mesh floor with a porous medium is proposed. Although the latter method has limitations, its numerous and significant advantages confirm its replacement. This type of intake is called a porous bottom intake. In the simplest case, a trench is dug at the river's bottom to build it. This trench is filled with a material with appropriate granularity, and water is directed to this trench through an end structure to the transmission line or diversion channel. Due to the greater use of this intake in the headwaters of rivers with steep slopes and the lack of access to concrete materials in such conditions, this type of intake can be technically and economically efficient. This research mainly compares the hydraulic performance of one- and three-dimensional floor intakes. For this purpose, two one-sided and three-sided water intake samples have been tested in different hydraulic conditions. Also, the effect of the main channel slope and the granularity of the materials of the porous media around the intake has been investigated. In the first part, the performance results of the three-dimensional water intake, and in the second part, the hydraulic performance of the corresponding one-dimensional model has been examined. The performance results of these two intake types have been compared in the third part. Also, in the final part, their discharge coefficient is compared.

This research experiment was carried out in a laboratory flume with a length, width, and height of 11, 0.5, and 0.5, respectively. In this research, two models of one and three-dimensional intakes were tested. Three different granulations of particles with an average diameter of 1.94, 2.5, and 4.13 mm were used for the porous part. Also, to investigate the effect of the slope of the main channel, according to the ability to change the slope of the laboratory flume, tests were performed for two slopes of 1 and 1.67%.

The results show that the changes in the water intake discharge compared to the total discharge are increasing at the beginning with a higher slope and then with a gentle slope as a power function. Although it is expected that with the increase in the size of the materials, the amount of water intake will be higher, in the sample used in this research, due to the distribution of granularity, materials with an average diameter of 2.5 mm have more water passage than the total flow. The results show that the percentage of membrane discharge from the 2.5 mm granulation is higher than the other two. The slope effect is minimal in all three gradings, and no significant difference is seen from the slope effect. The changes in the percentage of water passing about the total flow are reduced exponentially. Due to the specific capacity of porous media, a higher percentage passes through the intake at low flow rates and decreases with increasing flow rates. In this model, for the slope of 1% of the main channel, the highest flow rate from the porous intake is related to the material size of 2.5 mm and the lowest for the material with a granularity of 1.94 mm. Like the M1 model, the one-sided intake has no noticeable slope effect. The ratio of discharges is between 2 and 10% for a 1% slope and between 2 and 8% for a 1.67% slope. On average, the flow through the M1 model is 72% higher than the M2 model. On average, the ratio of internal flow rate to total flow rate for the M1 model is 6% higher than the M2 model. The difference in this ratio is more in low flow rates and is about 21%, and with the increase in the flow rate of the main channel, it gradually decreases and reaches about 2%.The results show that the discharge coefficient of the single-sided water intake is higher than the three-sided water intake. The average value of the discharge coefficient of the single-sided intake is about 70% higher than that of the three-sided intake.

Dams are one of the fundamental infrastructures in every country, which have been used and exploited for purposes such as water storage, flood prevention, and energy production. In the design and construction of large dams, various safety coefficients are always applied based on guidelines and codes, to reduce the risk of dam failure. However, dams are always subject to failure and the probability of dam failure cannot be reduced to zero only by considering these coefficients. The dam's failure can be based on various factors, including water leakage, cavitation (internal erosion), overpass due to insufficient overflow capacity, and liquefaction caused by earthquakes. Due to the amount of water stored in the reservoir of the dams and sometimes their proximity to the residential areas, the failure of the dams can lead to many human and financial losses. Dam failure mainly causes the transfer of bed sediments and morphological changes downstream. According to the presented statistics, the loss of lives in the failure of concrete dams (immediate dam failure) is twice of gravel dams (gradual failure). The main cause of this issue is the different nature and mechanism of dam failure based on its type, such that concrete dam failure is explosive-sudden and earth dam failure is gradual. Therefore, the type of dam break has been considered one of the effective parameters in evaluating bed sediment transport and bed morphology.

In this research, experimental and numerical studies have been carried out in order to investigate the phenomenon of bed sediment transport under two types of instantaneous and gradual dam failure.The experimental model has been implemented in the flume of Babol University Hydraulic Research Center and the instantaneous failure of the dam has been modeled by considering the sediment layer in the dam reservoir and downstream. Also, in these experiments, three types of sediment materials (sand d50=4mm, coarse sand d50=10mm, gravel d50=20mm) have been used as effective variables in bed morphology. Numerical modeling has been implemented in ANSYS software using the Fluent model. In the process of numerical modeling, the experimental models are simulated and two variables of the meshing size and the turbulence model are studied. After the sensitivity measurement of the numerical model and the model calibration, the performance of the numerical model is examined and the error rate of the numerical model is compared to the experimental results. Finally, scenarios have been defined for modeling the phenomenon of sediment transport under instantaneous and gradual dam breaks.

Experimental modeling has been carried out in the laboratory flume of the Hydraulic Research Center of Babol University, which has a flume of 10 meters in length, width and height of 0.5 meters. In order to perform numerical modeling, Fluent is used and it is calibrated based on two parameters of the mesh size (0.5, 1, 2 cm) and the turbulence model ((k-ɛ / Standard) and (k-ɛ / RNG)). In addition, the performance of the numerical model has been evaluated based on the results of the experimental model. Experimental modeling has been done based on two instantaneous dam failure models (models A1, B1) with the same thickness of the sediment layer and with different types of sediment materials (types A, B). The results show that in the area of the dam failure (around the position of the opening gate (level 1.5 meters long)) in both models, there was first a decrease in the sediment layer and then an increase in the sediment layer. It is also clear that in model A1, the amount of reduction and increase in the thickness of the sediment layer around the failure zone has greater values than in model B1.Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis of the numerical model with respect to the meshing size, it has been found that the 1 cm meshing has a modeling error of 2.41% compared to the laboratory model. In addition, the results of the sensitivity analysis of the numerical model with respect to turbulence models ( (k-ɛ / Standard) and (k-ɛ / RNG)) showed that the k-ɛ / Standard turbulence model had a modeling error of 2.75% and has been performed better. By examining the results of the numerical modeling, it has been found that the average modeling error is less than 5% (CA1 model has an error of 2.75%, CB1 model has a modeling error of 4.71%), which indicates a high accuracy of the numerical model.In order to numerically model the gradual dam failure in the Fluent model, a movable gate has been used. For this purpose, the movable gate, which has the boundary condition of an impermeable wall, is placed in front of the water reservoir of the dam, and based on passaging time, it leads to an upward movement. In the Fluent model, the moving mesh technique is used to implement the movement of the gate.The results show that the rate of bed sediment transfer and thus the reduction of the thickness of the sediment layer in the gradual failure of the dam had greater values than the instantaneous failure under the same modeling conditions. In other words, the thickness of the sediment layer under the same modeling conditions in Gradual failure has been reduced more than in instantaneous failure. In the gradual dam failure with the movement of the gate, the simulation has been done gradually with the passage of time, so the duration of water discharge as well as the interactions between water and sediment particles is more than the instantaneous failure.By evaluating the results of numerical models, it has been determined that the size of sediment particles (type of sediment material) has been an effective parameter in the changes of bed morphology in both instantaneous and gradual dam failures. The percentage of sediment layer changes in conditions of instantaneous failure compared to gradual failure for gravel materials (Type A material) has been equivalent to 7.47%, for sand materials (Type B material) equivalent to 19.35%, and for intermediate materials (Type C material) equivalent to 11.52%.

The aim of this study was investigating the antimicrobial activity of microalgae Sandosmus and Spirulina cultivated in the BG-11 culture medium and the effluent of the desalination facility of Bandar Turkmen unit, Golestan province, in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Algae were extracted by water-alcohol method in proportion (500cc of alcohol and 50cc of distilled water) and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was checked by broth micro dilution method (96 house plates), and were compared to their usual environment with the amount of antibacterial activity grown in water. The results of two mentioned bacteria in the presence of different concentrations of aqueous-ethanolic extract within 24 hours showed that in the extract of the genus Sandosmus and Spirulina grown in BG-11 culture medium and 50 and 100% effluent dilutions, there was no antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria during (24 hours). Sandosmus extract grown in BG-11 with 25 and 50 concentrations had higher E. coli bacteria volume than spirulina in the early hours. As the concentration increases, the volume of bacteria decreases in the early hours. Spirulina extract grown in BG-11 showed high resistance to Staphylococcus bacteria in the early hours compared to Sendesmus. Sendesmus extract grown in 50% wastewater compared to Spirulina had the highest amount of E. coli bacteria in the final hours, so it showed a high resistance to E. coli compared to spirulina. Also, in the extract of Sandosmus grown in 50% wastewater at concentrations of 25, 100 and 200 mg/ml in the final hours, the volume of Staphylococcus bacteria was higher than the concentration of 50 mg/ml, and in spirulina there was a constant trend in the final hours. In both extracts grown in 100% wastewater against E. coli bacteria in all concentrations within 4 hours, they showed the highest amount of bacteria. Therefore, in all concentrations of both extracts, they showed an increase in the volume of Staphylococcus bacteria over time (2-4 hours). Therefore, spirulina grown in 100% wastewater had a stable trend in the last hours compared to Sandosmus and showed more resistance to staphylococcus.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the issue of human health due to the continuous consumption of nitrate-contaminated underground water among people of different age groups in the vicinity of Lahijan depot. Therefore, in this study, 34 groundwater samples were collected during the wet (November) and dry (September) seasons, and the main ions were analyzed in the laboratory. Nitrate concentration in the wet season varied from 18 to 30 mg/L with an average of 24.2 mg/L and in the dry season from 8 to 24 mg/L with an average of 14.5 mg/L. The amount of NPI nitrogen pollution index showed that in the wet season, 23% of the samples are healthy and 77% of the sample locations have low pollution, and in the dry season, 82% of the samples are healthy and 18% of the samples have low pollution. The noncarcinogenic risk assessment model showed that health issues are among different age groups, including infants, children, youth, adults, and the elderly. The results of the carcinogenic risk showed that in the wet season, 65% of the underground water samples and in the dry season, 18% of the samples are unsuitable for drinking by the age group of 6 to 12 months. Identified sources of nitrates include nitrate sources found in the study area, anthropogenic activities such as Lahijan landfill and village residents' waste. Therefore, periodic water inspection, health check-up and common treatment plant in rural areas are corrective measures that should be taken to reduce the severe effects of nitrate-contaminated drinking water in the study area.

The activity of cooperatives is one of the important activities of the fisheries sector and its knowledge performance and economic funds can be effective in deciding on investment in this sector as well as economic planning. The aim of this study was to determine the role of cooperatives in the optimal economic use of dual-purpose dams in aquaculture in Mazandaran province from 20 selected cooperatives in 2016-2017. To ensure the completeness of the questionnaire, before starting the main stages of the research, five units were randomly referenced and the questionnaire was reviewed and finalized with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that the fishing industry of Mazandaran province is one of the productive activities and has an effective role in transforming the methods of exploiting provincial facilities. The comprehensive data analysis method presents the relative efficiency of each production point by calculating the ratio of the total weighted product to the total weighted input. According to the obtained average technical efficiency, it was found that most sealing cooperatives used inputs and facilities as efficiently as possible and according to the calculated average technical efficiency (above 83% on average), if these factors are used better, they can increase the technical efficiency of the units by 20.8%. In this regard, and based on the linear programming method provided for these units, it is possible to plan for the production and target values of each unit.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental effects of growing rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) culture in cages. Data analysis was performed using information related to the storage of rainbow trout in floating cages located in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. The results showed that according to estimating the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus output of the studied cages and their concentration at a depth of 25 meters sea level, the maximum fish farming capacity in the cage is about 100 tons of biomass produced. In the study of the average effects by the Iranian Leopold method, breeding 100 tons of rainbow trout in sea cages has negligible and weak destructive effects. The results of this study confirm the maximum production capacity of about 100 tons in each breeding complex in the southern part of the Caspian Sea by maintaining a distance of at least 500 meters from other complexes.

One of the solutions for flood management is flood zoning in different return periods, which can be an essential tool in determining development strategies and reducing flood damage. Calculating flood damage in existing uses provides useful information for various organizations such as insurance to be aware of the amount of damage in different uses in the event of a flood.

The study area is located in Rudak basin. In this regard, first maps, required hydrological data and DEM of the study area were prepared. Then, according to the flow data, the maximum annual moments in Rudak hydrometric station were fitted with normal log distribution (as the best distribution) and the flow rate was obtained in four return periods. Then, a single hydrograph was obtained by SCS method for different return periods. Then, using the HEC-RAS2D model, the flood zone with the mentioned return period is obtained and finally, based on the global damage-depth functions, the amount of damage in the return period is based on different uses, including residential, commercial, agricultural, roads was calculated.

By comparing the results of flood zoning and damage maps, which with increasing flood return period, the amount of damage and the area of ​​high-risk zone increases. The amount of flood zone in the return periods of 5, 25, 50 and 100 years is equal to 17.9, 18.9, 19.4, 19.9 hectares, respectively. Most of the damage is related to agricultural lands and then lands with commercial use. The rate of increase in damage to the area between floods 5 and 25 return period is about 47%, between floods 25 and 50 return period is about 6%, and between floods 50 and 100 years is about 15%. Therefore, a 50-year flood can be proposed to determine the flood protection plans of the region.