فهرست مطالب سید مهدی اعتمادی فرد

The most basic issue in this article is to understand how the hierarchy of authority in the family and its changes are represented in social melodrama films with family themes that were best sellers in the period from 2008 to 2018. In the current study, based on contemporary approaches in the field of sociology of gender, an attempt has been made to consider power and culture as the key elements in the analysis of films, beyond male and female, to understand power relations in the Iranian family. To analyze this issue in the period mentioned in the research samples, John Fiske’s semiotics model has been used so that while describing the distribution of family authority in these films, we can take a long look at the hierarchy of family authority and its changes. The results indicate that during a decade, we initially see the presence of hegemonic and less hegemonic masculinity and emphatic femininity in these films. In the middle of the decade, the presence of resistant women is more visible, but at the end of this decade, i.e. from 2016 to 2018, hegemonic men and emphatic women are the most important pattern of distribution of authority in the family in these films. What is important in this article is to pay attention to a different aspect compared to the results obtained from previous studies.

Academically distinct from other institutions, the National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents (NODET) divides its students into 'Ordinary Elites' and 'Competing Elites,' thereby establishing an internal dich​otomy. This division establishes the foundation for a scholarly, self-motivated competition within the rigorous academic environment of NODET. However, a paradox emerges: despite the fact that every student is classified as gifted, their performance may vary, thereby obscuring the distinction between outstanding and average accomplishments. Compounded by familial expectations, this duality places moderately exceptional students under considerable stress. Unwittingly, the 'Ordinary Elites' shape NODET's ethos by perpetuating a culture of competition.The present investigation utilizes a rigorously planned ethnographic methodology, in which one investigator undertakes the responsibilities of both an instructor, mentor, and former student of NODET. This comprehensive experience offers an exceptional comprehension of the internal operations of the institution, revealing aspects that are hidden from outsiders. This approach sheds light on the challenges encountered by students who perform below expectations in the academic domain of NODET, thereby providing a holistic view of the educational ecosystem.The NODET educational framework fosters an intricate interaction that divides students into distinct tiers of achievement, inciting an internally motivated rivalry that challenges traditional standards. This diversity provokes complex discussions that delve into the fundamental nature of educational elitism. The varied impacts of NODET's competitive culture are graphically illustrated through the subjective experiences of students who traverse the spectrum of academic performance. By conducting this inquiry, the complex structure of NODET's scholarly environment is exposed, providing an intellectually stimulating examination of fostering outstanding abilities in the highly competitive realm of modern education.NODET’s unique environment results in the formation of a distinct subset known as the 'Ordinary Elites.' Although this collective is found in academic institutions across the globe, it manifests itself uniquely within NODET. This research illuminates the intricate nature of NODET's competitive culture, uncovering the significant ramifications it has on the identities of its students. The results emphasize the importance of developing a more nuanced comprehension of educational elitism and call for a reassessment of traditional approaches to nurturing exceptional abilities in the highly competitive educational environment of the twenty-first century.

Monuments of different historical periods are constantly being interpreted and reinterpreted. architectural monuments specifically contain different forms of human life and the meaning they give to it and endeavour to disclose these meanings through buildings and spaces gives a more accurate image of people's life world. The architectural buildings of the Iranian academies of literature is located in the Abbas Abad district of Tehran. One of the most important architectural competitions after the 1979 revolution in Iran was held for the design of these buildings. The analysis of the works of this competition shows that both the jury and the selected architects are under the influence of a certain current of thought, which are known as Nativists. Each of the selected designs contains elements with reference to a certain historical period which could be identified as Iranian or Islamic Architecture which is in contradiction with modern approaches. On the other hand, despite the chasm of 1979, identity-oriented ideas in Iranian architecture still remains strong. Nowadays, despite the modernist claims of architects, in many architectural circles and classes, Iranian authentic identity is still problematic. This article aims to provide a sociological critique of the ideas underling these monumental buildings,. Considering the sensitive and critical issue of constructed identities in today's world, we tried to analyse the scattered and dusty facts and thoughts that make up our image of ourselves today.

Transitional position of Iran from tradition to modernity, set new conditions in terms of challenges between two generations. One of these challenges is in relation to marriage. Family plays an important role in marriage culture, and actively participate in it. Basically, marriage is interpreted as a family bond. In some eras, initially choosing a spouse did by family; and love marriage was limited. Such pattern has been modified over time. In this study, we seek a descriptive-analytical study of conflicts arising from marriage patterns between clergy parents and their children. Another objective of this study is to examine strategies and approaches employed in conflict resolution. This research utilized a qualitative and grounded theory approach to provide an accurate and detailed explanation of the generational problems within the clergy family. The data from this study suggest that confrontation between clergy parents and their children has three patterns: 1. Endogamy versus Exogamy 2. Haste in marriage versus delay in marriage 3. Marriage based on gerontocracy versus Marriage based on freedom. The following three strategies were identified in their children 's exposure to conflicts in marriage patterns: 1. confrontation strategy 2. Surrender strategy 3. secrecy strategy. According to this study, there is a multiplicity of educational resources as well as a difference between the discourse and epistemological system governing the thought of parents and children. Also based on the research data, children's experience of divorce and their family emotional relationships are highly influential in how they approach conflicts. Furthermore, we have found that parents' attitudes toward girls and boys differ dramatically, which could explain the exacerbation of conflict due to "gender" contexts. Results also note the role of “educational status” as a facilitator of communication, referred to as "facilitating communication".

The aim of this study was to investigate the dysfunctions of supportive policies in women heads of households under the auspices of two support institutions of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and the Welfare Organization. In this research, using the concept of social exclusion, the sociological study of the research problem has been studied. The research method is grounded theory and 36 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with two groups of respondents, including clients and experts. After the triple typology of social exclusion and the corresponding types of dependence, a central phenomenon based on research findings called "passive dependence" has been constructed. The main causes of this phenomenon are known in four categories: "chronic rejection", "dependent socialization of women", "support system" and "stereotyping of female-headed households". The contextual conditions are categorized as "politicization of protections" and "increasing conditions of female-headed households". The terms of the interventionist are also constructed under the categories of "mismanagement" and "failure of law". The consequences of this phenomenon are also formulated in two categories: "continuous demand" and "employment avoidance". In this study, clients who have experienced chronic and intermediate rejection have a high capacity for passive dependence on support - as the main dysfunction of protectionist policies - and it is appropriate to adopt supportive policies for chronic outcasts commensurate with the status of rejection. They should take measures to prevent and control dependence on supports and deposition in the support system for these people.

Social trust as a binder of social solidarity is the foundation of society. In recent years researches show a decrease in social trust in its organizational and formal dimensions. On the other hand, in recent years we have faced a growing trend of using the Internet and social networks, which means quick access to a lot of news and data about social events. It seems that in the new situation, the expansion of global communication through the Internet and social networks has also affected the social trust construction. In this situation Informal organizations, active groups and even individuals have had a significant impact on the direction of social trust through cyberspace activities. In this article, we have tried to measure the level of social trust by using modern data mining methods by monitoring Twitter data. For this purpose, tweets are categorized based on trust, distrust and neutral. The predictive model measures the average of trust based on regression equation by monitoring tweets. After that the correlation distrust with the value of capital goods, in particular the Bahar Azadi gold coin and the dollar, has also been examined. The results show that negative news about JCPOA increases users' distrust. The spread of negative news and uncertainty about the future cause fluctuations and rising prices of capital goods such as currency and coins. In other words, distrust and social instability increase tensions in the capital goods market and Untrusted future increase demand of capital goods like coins and currencies to keep it safe from future risks.

Lived experience and semantic system of homeless women from the family Case study: Homeless women living in Mehr Residential Center Abstract Today, homelessness is one of the social realities of the world community, which has shown itself in various forms, such as sleeping containers, sleeping cartons, and so on. Perhaps the most obvious form of homelessness can be seen in the sleeping carton. The main purpose of this study is to understand the semantic system of homeless women from their lived family experience. In other words, the question of research is what common sense system do our homeless women have in relation to the family in their life-world context? In this regard, understanding the implicit rules of the family in the absence and in the situation of homelessness is the aim of the research. This research has been done with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method through techniques such as participatory observations and in-depth conversations. According to the research findings, it was concluded that the semantic system of homeless women in the family can be formulated around two categories related to "home" and "body". In fact, "feeling homeless" and "homeless body" were necessarily common categories of all homeless women in the family experience. Also, due to the attention of this study to the conditions of family absence in the situation of homelessness, in connection with the life experience of homeless women from the family, some implicit rules of the family were revealed.

Body can be comprehended as the root of human identity, a time and a place in which the social world is embodied. Our understanding of our body and the meanings signified by this understanding vary depending on different social contexts. Moreover, adolescence is a period which body -as an unfinished and changing project- becomes an acute and critical sphere. The main aim in this article, first, is to analyse the understanding and attitude of adolescents in Tehran -as a generation- toward their body and others’ in their peer group. And second, to study the attitude adults -as previous generations- have toward this adolescents' understanding of body. In fact, the main effort is to learn how adolescents distinguish between bodies, and based on what regulations they classify bodies. And then to learn what attitudes adults have toward this understanding of body.
This study has been done through “Qualitative Research” and the data is grounded in “In-depth and Semi-Structured Interviews” with 17 adolescent boys and girls (aged 15 to 18) and 14 adult men and women (aged 21 to 48) in Tehran. The Maximum Variation sampling is used for finding the cases in various types and theoretical sampling is used to achieve conceptual saturation. Finally, the interview data were coded and categorized by “Thematic analysis”.
Results show modern attitude toward body prevails among adolescents and most of them recognize body changeable and becoming. Although this understanding leads to puzzlement and sometimes worry for previous generations, the change itself and its ruling regulations paradoxically follow the totally traditional and gendered (masculine body and feminine body) patterns. Although this configuration seemingly represents adolescents’ embodiment ground breaking and altered, it has roots in values and patterns of previous generations. The same values and patterns but with different emersion and representation. It needs to be mentioned, the existing and continuity of these traditional regulations lies beneath the deep layers of this understanding and cannot be revealed effortlessly.
Therefore, most of both adolescents and adults contradict the existence and continuity of these regulations. This contradiction is comprehensible. Part of the adolescents' fulfilment and identification is constructed from this contradiction they feel between themselves and previous generations. Approving this convergence of these apparently different regulations in understanding body, causes a crisis in their identification. Additionally, adults resist approving this convergence mostly because the outstanding difference they observe between the emergence and representation of this embodied understanding the adolescents and previous generations have; therefore, adults cannot recognize the fundamental and significant similarities. Occasionally, the idea of existing such contradiction gives identity to previous generations. Therefore, seemingly these two sides of this equation strive to accentuate the differences in order to consolidate the boundaries of “self” and “others” -as two or more different generations.

The imposition of Iraq's invasion and the unified protection of people from their land and their beliefs are the complex multifaceted crises in contemporary Iranian history. One of the foundations that reflect the evolution of the discursive formations of this historical practice is dramatic texts. In this research, based on the critical discourse analysis of Fairclugh, the main characters of the "Attending Time" (Hossein Jafari), "Drop of Voice of the Sea" (Mohammad Mehdi Rasooli), "Komayl Channel" (Seyyed Hossein Fadaei Hussein) And "31/6/77" (Alireza Naderi), written between 1981 and 2006, aimed at achieving the fundamental components of discourse and how they interact with the critical conditions of war. These plays have been selected base on a selective targeting method from works published at various levels of warfare performed by professional groups and honored at national festivals.The findings of this study revealed three key discourses in terms of representing warriors and the crisis of war: war and revolutionary / Islamic ideology, sacred defense, and ultimately post-antiwar. In the context of the first discourse, the self-prescriptive image of the warriors in the explanation of the ideology of the Islamic Revolution, the history of Shi'ism, and the defense of the land comes with the ruling discourse. In the second stage and after the continuation and expansion of the cultural sphere of war, this approach has become a form of epistemological and divine self-expression, and the mystical aspects of it become more intense in the framework of the will of the power institution. But after the end of the war and the advent of widespread social changes, there is a critical look at hiding the values of the sacred defense discourse and confronting confiscation and exploitation, and ultimately brings about an anti-war approach and a questioner through The entropy of the ruling discourse offers an alternative relationship to the underlying background of the war event.

Cohabitation is a threshold situation that could not be named as "white marriage", but it is as a family injury and abnormality in Iranian Family. Cohabitation is an autonomic action to break formal rules of family. The main objective of this research is to address the necessity of rules which are appearing from the contravention. Therefore, we use ethnomethodology by emphasizing on its phenomenological aspects. Results are based on the data  gathered from families in Tehran. The results have indicated that individuals make different situations which are more liberal and autonomous by provoking abnormality and disobeying traditions of family, while family rules conquer their relations and alter that into a new form. Although this new form is made by individual’s volition but implicitly it is synthesized with traditions and rules of family. Accordingly, in Iran, family rules not only disappear even by disobeying in cohabitation, but also conquer in self-constituted forms. This affair shows radical necessity in complicated aspects of social life of family order in Iran that its therapy could just be found by itself.

College years are a golden time in any person’s life, and campus life is an important stage in the road to obtaining a university degree.  Greater Tehran is home to most prestigious universities and colleges in the country, so there is fierce competition to get accepted in these universities. If someone is admitted to a Tehran-based university, they practically begin a new chapter in their campus life.  The present research delves deep into the challenges and difficulties of the campus life among female students of a number of Tehran’s universities.  An attempt has been made to give some insight into the somewhat vague concept of female students living on the campus.  Campuses set strict rules for daily life of female students, directly wielded by policy-making bodies in higher echelons in university administration. An in-depth qualitative content analysis of data collected by a semi-structured questionnaire filled in by 12 female students aged 21-41 attempted to make an understanding of the challenges of living on the campus.  The analysis provided 10 main categories of difficulties. Decline of privacy, paucity of leisure time, non-existence of free will, re-imposition of stereotype gender roles, and law as the master signifier stand out among other categories.

The main issue of the research is the migration from the university to the hawza. Elite migration is one of the most important issues discussed in this article. Our emphasis in this article is on student immigration from university to the hawza. The goal is to identify the motivations of these individuals and achieving a pattern of their motives. We conducted a qualitative research. We obtained samples of snowball sampling in Tehran and Qom, then We interviewed 23 with episodic interviews. We arrived to a triple typology of their motives. The main core of this is that these students make such choices with three different religious approaches, which are themselves linked to the instrumental motive of profit-centeredness. The first type select the hawza to protect of the traditional forms of religiosity against the replaceable elements in current society. We gave them the title of “religious protector”. The aim of second type is to create a peaceful link between religion and contemporary society's issues. We gave them the title of “religious messenger” . And finally The third type sees religion as a safe haven, Which can be useful to him in achieving social excellence, security, and socio-political benefits. We called them “security seeker”. In the final conclusion, the relationship between these three categories is explained.

The internal structure of the social sciences, the social contexts and implications that allowed to emerge in it, are issues that have attracted attention of the many in recent decades. In the meantime, in view of the differences and similarities that the social sciences have in their evolution in Iran and in relation to other societies, some scholars have raised the issue in such a way as to make the mainstream aware of the necessities of the formation and development of sociology in Iran. the essential requirements for the formation and growth of sociology in Iran. The two patterns that have been considered in this paper are the one approach believing in impossibility of Islamic sociological theory that is considered in some scientific circles and the other is the Islamic social sciences pattern. It seems that these two patterns require more study, but so far they have been largely rejected or denied. Any theoretical development in the field of sociology requires the clarification of the claim of impossibility of Islamic sociology or social sciences theory. In this research, using the semi-structured interview technique and documentary method, the principles of this theory, as well as the reasons and documentation presented for it, are examined and the state of the impossibility of Islamic sociological theory, in comparison with the Islamic social sciences and in accordance with the motives and reasons of advocates and critics, has been explored. The results indicate that talking about the status of impossibility as a harm to the social sciences in Iran, does not mean the definitive death sentence for the social sciences or the elimination of any possibility of sociological thought, but it has been used in a certain sense. Also, the study of Islamic social sciences shows that in addition to not providing the necessary details, the requirements and the implications of the science have not been yet considered.

Study of relationship between violent theft defendant’s social backgrounds and judgment can express the social contexts of law and it’s true definition. The main problems, we are going to address is that: which kind of defendant’s familial and social backgrounds influence on criminal procedure from entrance to prosecution service until enforcement stage? How does criminal system react to them through their social status? Classifying relevant theoretical patterns, we concluded to two common functional and conflict perspectives in order to answer the questions and enter our research field. Qualitative method in particular tools like interview, documents analysis and observation in especial-prosecution-center of robbery, prosecution center of 12th district and second-criminal-court of Tehran helped us address our problems. Findings show that familial and social backgrounds like gender, generation, socio-economical statute, ethnicity and nationality influence on criminal procedure of violent theft. Judges consider these factors as one of the main axis of their reasoning while judging that are some rules and cliché rising from social structure, culture, religion, economy and… ..

Free will of human actions on the one hand and on the other hand, the divine necessities originated form Gods power and knowledge have been two sides of a conflict among the theologians that based on the type of asserting the relation among them, three theological approaches have been emerged among the Muslims. In comparison to Asharites and Mutazilah, Imamiyeh has adopted an intermediate approach in which in addition to maintaining the free will aspects of actions, the ordered system derived from the power of God has not been ignored. Briefly evaluating the historical and social conditions of these theories in this paper, features of sociological understanding about position of free will and its limits are analyzed. Modern conditions and sociological understanding directed to it have put forward a new formulation from the status of free will. Under such conditions, social compulsion is the result of many individuals free will which are directed toward each other and to realize maximization, this phenomenon captures an independent and compulsory trait. The cultural binding rules will result in realization of free will. Although such sociological knowledge does not have the capacity to bring up a discussion about theological goals essential to human realm, while maintaining the feature of free will of human activity, to illustrate the quality of realization of social order in the contemporary conditions, this sociological formation will help the theologians to have a better statement of the issue. Also, in comparison to the approaches of Asharites and Mutazilah, it will explicate the merits of Imamiyeh approach about the intermediary situation of free will and fatalism.

I will deal with the methodological relation between two epistemic models of Islamic theology and modern sociology with respect to conflicts and interactions. The main question is how to distinguish methods deployed by Muslim theologians and sociologists in their classical readings. Results of investigations show that conflicts or interactions between deployed methods in classical readings of both Islamic theology and modern sociology traces back to their respective goals. Although these sociologists, just like theologians, seek to respond to ethical concerns and needs, theologians adopt intellectual and transmitted (based on transmitted traditions) methods to arrive, with certainty, at the possibility of achieving reliable truths regarding the relation with God as the origin of being, but sociologists adopt quantitative and qualitative methods to confidently discover principles governing human social lives in contemporary circumstances. Theological methods are directed at fundamental meaning-giving goals, and sociological methods are concerned with ordinary assurances about everyday life. We should preserve the distinction between these two fields, but when it comes to the external and historical realization of theological goals, there should be interactions between them to clarify historical and objective possibilities of each period in its process of realization.

What made me question the state of religion in the cultures of Iran, Turkey, and Egypt has been the function of religion in these three developing countries when they confront modern trends and effective cultural and religious traditions. As another question, we compare the theory of Englehart with the findings of his international survey about the state of religion in those countries. In our study, we take the last phase of such surveys as well as six categories of religious life whose data is available and comparable in order to do a comparative study of the subject. According to the level of evaluation of variables and statistics, and significance level, the difference of means are examined. Although the significance of religion and God and the religiosity in Egypt is more than Iran and Turkey and in Iran more than Turkey, the case of tradition is not necessarily the same. In fact, no major difference has been attested between worshiping and pondering upon the meaning and fate of life in these three countries.

This issue that where would be a good starting point for research on the objective situation of religiosity and its developments has been remained controversial since the founding of such researches. Is it possible to investigate the actual dimensions of religiosity based on a prior definition? Possibility and alteration of such definition in the beginning of sociological research has been the ground of continued disputes in this field of science due to the necessity for the reliance of that definition to the observations in one hand and the impossibility of formulating the problem without presenting any prior definition of religion on the other hand. In this research paper, first, the related sociological literature is reviewed and then problems concerning determination of relationship between religion and religiosity are explored. It seems that taking an empirical approach at the beginning of examining actual and objective dimensions of religion without regarding internal requirements of a religion does not ensure high reliability. For this purpose, it is tried to evaluate the dimensions of religiosity including fundamental beliefs, rituals and moralities with regard to their status in Islam and investigation of their methodological implications in assessment of religiosity dimensions. These dimensions have common relationship with other monotheistic religions. This helps to the minimal efficiency of religiosity assessment models in which those dimensions were used. In religiosity assessment models, the most problematic aspect was morality. Moral aspect here means social pervasive conducts and characters which gradually change to collective habits. Unlike ontological patterns, religiosity indices in sociological researches are gradual and a researcher in this field needs mixed methods to test the hypothesis of research

Contemporary changes in the world has brought about and have an undeniable impact on background and provides numerous possibilities in shaping the future of social situations. The present paper considers these changes, and follows examining the soiological analysis of contemporary facilities in relation with the promised society and its backgrounds. In comparison with the primitive and modern societies, we see the emergence of a radical changes gradually that has changed human life. The basis of social life in modern societies is networked and intertwined with other members and sub-systems so related that changes in one area will lead to changes in other areas. The primitive communities have not had such organic associations. Thus, were dealing with a new issue that has become homogeneous and convergent at the transnational and global level. The model for such a new theme can be understood and explained mainly with sociological approaches. In order to answer the main research question, it has been attempted to employ the sociological approach, to explain the contemporary social processes and facilities, historical context of utopian 'promised' society with emphasis on differentiation processes of social construction and rationalization in the contemporary period.

The present research is a sociological study on why women tend to undergo cosmetic surgeries. The study also aims to perform a typology of the motives، attitudes towards body، and methods of creating meaning for such conditions by people in order to justify the manipulation of the body. The statistical population included all women who had undergone cosmetic surgery between 2011 and 2013 in Tehran، as well as those who intended to do so. The research method was a qualitative one، and the data was collected using semi-structural interviews. Using the snowball and purposeful- theoretical sampling method، 30 subjects between the ages of 20 to 34 visiting cosmetic surgery clinics were interviewed. The results showed that women’s motivation to do cosmetic surgeries are classifiable under two general categories of personal reasons (motivations fastened to the self) and transpersonal reasons (motivations fastened to trans-self). Personal reasons are categorized at the analytical level of common sense. Transpersonal reasons are classifiable to middle and large analytical level based on the conditions and circumstances where individuals are surrounded by. At the middle level، family and family conditions، and at the large scale، social conditions are effective as the source of creating motivation for cosmetic surgeries that are different based on the circumstances. According to the mentioned analytical model، mentalities of the individuals towards self، and the actors’ transpersonal factors effective in cosmetic surgery are analyzed.

Social system based on mutual trust among members continues to exist. Social trust in modern era is more important than earlier periods. Subject of current report is focused on the trust of Iranian students in different aspects. Main question in this investigation is about social-political trust of these students (based on trust in Islamic Republic of Iran) at the past and present. This matter explored by secondary analysis of data، Relying on secondary analysis of some national surveys. Based on data and consequences of other researches we are going to illustrate the objective aspects of student''s trust in current decades. The main sources for data collection at this stage include: All the public surveys conducted in the past four decades، the general data about students and their related assays. Trust students were evaluated on the following dimensions: trust in trade unions and various groups، trust in the clergy، directors of public trust and confidence in judges. Furthermore، the level of political engagement and participation in elections، satisfaction with economic situation، political situation and level of satisfaction with confidence in radio and television news. Reduction of public trust leads to reduced maximum student trust especially in the social and political dimensions.

Elite's trust is an important part of the social capital in a social system that can lead to further system goals. Relationship and influence on students by the professors of universities has an important place for them among the elite. Subject of this article is the trust of university professors in Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). Essential questions focused on various aspects of professor's trust in the system. Secondary question based on attitude and subjective aspects of them. Research methods to answer research questions include: secondary analysis of given data and interviews with university professors based on purposive sampling. Data and statements of interviewees indicated that the public trust of professors is declining in comparison with the past. This provides grounds for distrust. Most academics distrust due to bad performance of organizations and managers. Distrust towards the outer surface can gradually lead to a distrust of internal surfaces.

"Dispute" is the most basic forms of human communication that occurs under various circumstances. The main issue addressed in this paper is quality of disputes and their solutions that are mediated by generations. After reviewing the conceptual aspects, various theories have been proposed. Question model based on theoretical rudiments were designed. The main method to collect field data is in-depth interviews by various people living in Tehran that belongs to younger age (15 to 29 years), middle-aged (30 to 49 years) and elderly generations (50 years old and up) in two groups: men and women. More than forty-five interviews in this area have been collected and analyzed. Based on the information obtained, generational experiences have main role in formation of subjectivity, modes of dispute-confrontation and their strategies of solutions in various social positions. Younger generations because of their socialization and norms that gradually learning choose more faster and ejective strategies. While later generations with diverse experiences gained over the time lead to solving disputes by neglect, passivity or reform. Thus generation is a major mediator in Iranian social relations especially in dispute-confrontations.

Dividing religious values into two categories of “ritual-oriented” and “spiritual-oriented”, the present article, studies the effect of financial and social status of Iranian families on each. We have based our work, terminologically, on Durkheim's definition, and theoretically, on Weber’s discussion of the way religious values, both, effect the objective status of religious agents, and are affected by them. The research also considers the ways in which the resultant ethic of economy, in turn, affects religious values. Accordingly, two hypotheses arose, and finally, regarding the data gathered from a national survey, we evaluated and measured “Iranians’ intellectual values”. The survey was carried out by the Institute for Social Studies and Researches at a national level in 27 provinces, with the sample of 2,275 people. The relation between the two variables of the research in the first hypothesis (financial and social status of Iranian families, and ritual-oriented religious values) turned out meaningful and positive. This was the case with the relations of the two variable in the second hypothesis (financial and social status of Iranian families, and spiritual-oriented religious values). So, financial and social status directly and positively affects different types of Iranians religious commitments.

The social structure of addiction has changed in Iran in the past decades. This article focuses on how and in what ways this change has occurred. It utilizes analytical realism and the voluntaristic theory of action advanced by Parsons in his earlier work. A secondary analysis of macro-national research results is preformed to describe the scale, patterns, and structure of addiction in Iran. Subjective aspects are also probed.The social structure of addiction has changed in Iran in the past decades. This article focuses on how and in what ways this change has occurred. It utilizes analytical realism and the voluntaristic theory of action advanced by Parsons in his earlier work. A secondary analysis of macro-national research results is preformed to describe the scale, patterns, and structure of addiction in Iran. Subjective aspects are also probed.