فهرست مطالب سید هاشم موسوی

These days, unlike the past, the celebration of weddings in major cities has become less participatory, and various stages of it are mostly entrusted to commercial institutions from start to the end. These conditions indicate that in today's society, an industry called the wedding industry is emerging, and weddings are increasingly becoming commercialized. The aim of this article is to understand the characteristics of this emerging industry in the city of Hamedan and study its various aspects. Regarding the wedding industry, there are various theories, research, and perspectives that generally emphasize the women’s agency, consumerism, and the commodification of the capitalist system. These perspectives are reviewed in the article. This article utilizes a qualitative research method, and its data is collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 16 individuals working in the wedding industry in the city of Hamedan. The fundamental concepts of the interviews are then extracted using thematic analysis technique, and the analyses are finally structured based on nine core themes. The results of this research indicate that the expansion of the wedding industry, with its prominent feature of "commercialization," encompasses "feminine subjectivity" and reinforces the culture of "individualism" and "commodification," leading to the weakening of local wedding ceremonies.

The wedding industry is a complex combination of commercial and cultural activities, goods, and services, fundamentally reflecting the cultural attitude towards marriage ceremonies in a consumer society. Modern wedding celebrations, as a standardized and prevalent pattern, have been normalized in many societies and appear natural. Over time, this industry has diversified and evolved to the extent that it has now created a significant consumer market for wedding ceremonies. Wedding celebrations in the city of Hamedan have gradually come under the influence of this consumer market. The central objective of this article is to understand and analyze the elements of the wedding industry in this city. Accordingly, the research questions are:1) What characteristics and features do workers in the wedding industry in Hamedan attribute to this industry?
2) What social and cultural mechanisms does the commercialization trend of wedding celebrations in Hamedan encompass, and which social trends is it potentially susceptible to?

Commercial wedding celebrations have been examined by various researchers from various perspectives, and this article focuses on their concepts and approaches. In summarizing the theoretical literature, the review of these studies reveals that in Western studies on wedding celebrations, concepts of "consumerism" and "individual choice" are frequently emphasized, and this consumer culture is primarily directed towards women in the first place. Additionally, non-Western researchers in their studies have delved into the discussion of imitation and harmony with global wedding patterns and focused on the cultural and social mechanisms of this industry in non-Western societies.

This article employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing narrative interviews. Researchers conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 16 individuals in the wedding industry, focusing on their lived experiences to identify the characteristics and capabilities of the wedding industry in Hamedan. The choice of interviewing individuals in the wedding industry was driven by their deep connection to the industry and their profound understanding of the governing mechanisms in this field. The research field was Hamedan, and the sampling method was purposeful and chain-referral. Interviews continued until the data started to repeat. To ensure not to lose information and narratives and with the participants' consent, the interviews were recorded and transcribed after the interviews. Each interview lasted between 15 to 60 minutes. Furthermore, data analysis in this article follows the thematic analysis method, considering the individual as the unit of observation and analysis, with a focus on fine-grained levels of analysis.

In this article, the focus is on the study of Hamedan, one of the western cities of Iran. Similar to many geographical regions in Iran, this city has been influenced by the expanding wedding industry, leading to transformations in local wedding ceremonies. Hamedan is a relatively large city with a socio-cultural structure that combines both modern and traditional elements. Additionally, globalization and the culture of global capital consumption have spread in this city, transforming its market and business environment.
In this article, narratives from 16 individuals working in the wedding industry in Hamedan were explored to understand the characteristics of this industry. Participants identified 9 features based on their lived experiences in the business environment of Hamedan. These features include "Significant and Inevitable Celebration", "Transformation of Collective-Collaborative Rituals", "Commercial and Commodity Complex", "Feminine Consumerism", "Subjectivity, Selectivity, and Choice," "Specialization in Commercialized Weddings", "Risk Mitigation Management", "Aesthetic Recognition of Wedding Ceremonies and Representation of the Best Text", and "Globalization and Cultural Homogenization of Wedding Celebrations".

Commercializing wedding celebrations in Hamedan provides opportunities for creating unique social and cultural interactions and poses both opportunities and threats. The wedding industry in Hamedan allows couples, especially brides, to engage in subjectivity, shaping and managing their wedding celebrations according to their desires with the help of industry professionals. The wedding celebration emerges as a social construct, where Hamedani brides assert their agency and organize their identity as the "ideal bride." This industry empowers young Hamedani women, granting them more freedom of choice and agency.
Moreover, in the past decades, Hamedan's wedding celebrations were based on simplicity, fostering collaborative teamwork and strengthening collective spirit. However, today, the commercialization of these celebrations in Hamedan, in sync with the expansion of consumer culture, reflects more prominently the role of wedding service providers in the community, ultimately imposing exorbitant costs on couples and their families. Furthermore, the commercialization of wedding celebrations in the modern consumer culture of Hamedan has the potential to deepen social divides, increase social comparison, amplify relative deprivation, and ultimately intensify the sense of social inequality.

This article is derived from a doctoral thesis in cultural sociology at the University of Guilan. The authors express their gratitude to all individuals who participated in and supported this research.

Social exclusion as a modern phenomenon can deprive a part of society from rights and opportunities. Policymakers have paid more attention to this issue in the last two decades in order to prevent dissatisfaction. In the modern world, due to the attention to urbanization, villagers are exposed to social exclusion. According to the theoretical sensitivity of this concept, the present study deals with the experience of social exclusion of the villagers of Shaft city, Gilan province. This research with the qualitative method and data theory strategy of the foundation seeks to understand the experience of social exclusion of the villagers and the field of study is Rastekanar and Chamacha villages of Shaft city. The participants included 22 villagers who were selected purposefully and with theoretical saturation criteria. After analysis, the validity of the data obtained from the interviews was determined by the review method by researchers in the field of social sciences. The core category of the research is "experiences of rejection from resistance to migration"; According to the findings, there are two types of rejection experiences, some people leave the villages and do not have the patience to bear the problems of the village, and instead regret and urban problems await them, and others are not satisfied with leaving the village and resist the hardships. The result is that the social exclusion of the villagers as an example of the discriminatory behavior and inefficiency of the government and local officials, in addition to the negative consequences for the people, causes the marginalization of the natives and the excessive presence of non-natives in the villages.

Land reforms can be regarded as the most significant event of the past century in Iranian agrarian society, which is debated from a variety of expert perspectives. One of the complementary policies of land reforms was the unsuccessful establishment of communal exploitation units such as agricultural joint-stock companies.This qualitative study investigates the process of agricultural joint-stock company exploitation systems disintegrating. The data was gathered through open and semi-structured interviews with 15 members, shareholders, and involved individuals of the Rudpish agricultural joint-stock company in Fuman, and then analyzed and described using the method of theme analysis.Prior to their establishment, companies faced sociocultural, economic, subsistence, and legal issues encompassing ignorance, involuntary (forced) participation, unknown benefits and profits, and ownership, according to the findings of this study. Socio-cultural, technical, legal, and organizational issues including social rejection, inflexibility, managers’ lack of interaction with people, shareholders’ feeling of powerlessness, failure in stabilization of modern techniques, changing contracts of companies and farmers multiple times, a sense of dispossession, a lack of an effective reward and punishment system, unskilled managers and employees, and a lack of an effective trustee system plagued the companies after their establishment.The current study demonstrates that disregarding the cultural conditions and experiences of local people, disregarding their ownership, and failing to plan to obtain social trust – which is essential to the social capital required for the success of any local development plan – will result in the failure of efforts to create new exploitation systems.

The term “Salafi” has been mentioned for the first time in the manuscripts of the second and third century AH authors. But the use of the term Salafism as an independent doctrine was formed for the first time in the eighth century AH by influencing from Ibn Taymiyyah's thoughts, and the proponents of this thought were called Salafi. This movement continued after the Ibn Taymiyyah in an incomplete way until in the twelfth century, which was once again influenced by the thoughts of people such as Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Shah Waliullah Dehlawi. In this paper, the background and relation of the Salafists of the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent, as well as the commonalities and differences between these two trends, from the perspective of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, in the field of intellectual foundations, including how to deal with the Shiites and Sufis, and their opinions about the idol worshipers or the infidelities of Shiites and other sects were studied. The main research question; Comparing and contrasting the intellectual principles and approach of Muhammad and Shah Wali Allah in dealing with the opposition. The results of the study indicate that the attitude of these two personalities in dealing with categories such as Sufism, ijtihad, polytheism and Shiites has been different and even despite their opposition to Shiism; Shah Waliullah refuses to disrespect the Shiite Imams, while in the opinion of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the complete transgression of the Shiite Imams was normal. Due to the importance of the subject, this research is done through the descriptive-analytical method and using library resources.

One of the most important factors in the organization of the Safavid government in Iran is the establishment of close relations between Shiites and Sufis in the eighth century AH. After the Mongol invasion of Iran, many people took refuge in monasteries and monasteries built by Sufis on the outskirts of cities to escape their slaughter. As a result, Sufi thought spread slightly among the people, and the people found Sufism to be the cure for their sufferings and their only refuge. During this period, Imami Shiites sought the closeness of Shiism and Sufism through religious and intellectual components, and the efforts of many Shiite elders were focused on this matter. This article seeks to answer the question of how close Shiism and Sufism were in the eighth century AH and benefited from their capacity, as well as the influence of Shiite and Sufi personalities on this process? The hypothesis is that the Mongol rule and the creation of an open religious space led to the closeness of Shiism and Sufism and, consequently, the formation of the Shiite-Sufi discourse and, consequently, the spread of the Shiite religion. The results of the research indicate that Shiite scholars and elders by identifying the existing capacities in the heart of the Sufi community of the eighth centuryAH and also the success of the majority of people from this sect; They achieved success near the Shiite and Sufi religious views, and by creating a Shiite-Sufi discourse, they provided the grounds for the spread of the Shiite religion among the people and, as a result, the formation of Shiite governments. Due to the importance of the subject of this research, it has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources.

Concomitant with the formation of the Shiite states of Adel-Shahids, Nezam-Shahids and Qutb-Shahids, the emigration of the Shiite Iranians to the South India became more serious. The Shiite rulers of Deccan needed the Iranian emigrants for fixation of the Shiite governance and strengthening the foundations and promotion of Shiism as well as defending it against the non-Shiite states. This emigration caused evolutions in regard with political and social activities in line with religious and foreign policies of those states, and made the South India a safe area for inhabitants of those regions. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies to explore and analyze the Iranian emigrant Shiites' measures in creating peace among the Shiite states of Deccan and answers the following questions: "what was the purpose of the Iranian Shiites in creating peace among the Shiite states of Deccan?" The findings of the study show that elites among the Iranian emigrant Shiites – with their perception of the special conditions and probable risks – served as the emissaries of peace before other Shiite rulers of Deccan to unite the Shiite states against the non-Shiite states, especially the Sunnite ones. In this way, by creating a united power and forming a defensive shield, they prevented lengthy wars. The important achievement of this peace was that people in the regions under the rule of the Shiite states of Deccan enjoyed social security. Besides, by performing this mission, the Iranians were seeking to fix and strengthen the Shiite state on the basis of the Shiite doctrines, so that they may prevent the collapse of the Shiite rule in Deccan.

Nurses are the largest group of professionals among health care workers who play a significant role in the community health system. Nurses work in environments where the life and death of patients are the most important issues, so their health and well-being become important and having a happy and positive spirit can help them improve their health and that of their patients. Organizations are also increasingly aware of the importance of their employees' well-being in striving to gain sustainable competitive advantages. Over the past decade, the concept of subjective well-being (SWB) has become a popular research topic, and many researchers have examined its implications at the organizational, group, and individual levels in the workplace. Subjective well-being helps organizations to effectively engage their employees at work in an attempt to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Sustaining employees' subjective well-being is a difficult task. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation with nurses' subjective well-being through the mediating role of energy in the workplace.

 This correlational study was conducted in 2020 following structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of this study included all nurses at Baqai Hospital in Ahvaz. The total number of nurses in this hospital was about 200. According to the population size, all nurses were selected as the sample through census method. Among the collected questionnaires, 193 questionnaires were analyzed. The instruments used in this study were: Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS) developed by Gagné et al., Energy Scale (ES) developed by Atwater and Carmeli, and Subjective Well-Being Scale (SWBS) developed by Diener et al. The theoretical research model and indirect effects were evaluated using structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS-SEM) approach in Smart-PLS3 software.

 According to the results, the scales used in the present study were reliable, and their reliability indices were estimated as follows: (Cronbach’s alpha: intrinsic motivation=0.91, extrinsic motivation=0.83, amotivation=0.77, energy=0.90, subjective well-being=0.89; composite reliability: intrinsic motivation=0.93, extrinsic motivation=0.89, amotivation=0.87, energy=0.92, subjective well-being=0.92) and convergent validity (AVE: intrinsic motivation=0.68, extrinsic motivation=0.65, amotivation=0.69, energy=0.59, subjective well-being=0.69). The discriminant validity was acceptable as well. Also, the general model of the present study had a strong and very good fit according to the goodness of fit index (GoF = 0.53). The results showed that intrinsic motivation (β = 0.43, p <0.001) and amotivation (β = -0.19, p <0.037) had significant positive and negative relationships with energy, respectively. The relationship between extrinsic motivation and energy was not significant (p > 0.05). Also, the relationship between energy and subjective well-being was positive and significant (β = 0.68, p <0.0001). Overall, intrinsic motivation and amotivation predicted 39% of energy variance, and energy predicted 46% of mental well-being. Regarding the mediating role of energy, the results showed that energy mediated the relationship between intrinsic motivation and subjective well-being (β =0.29, p <0.001) and the relationship between amotivation and subjective well-being (β =-0.13, p <0.042).

 According to the results, intrinsic motivation and amotivation affect nurses' energy in the workplace. Therefore, the researchers of the present study have several practical suggestions for managers to conserve and nurture the energy and subjective well-being of their workforce. In this regard, it is suggested that managers increase the internal motivation of employees and reduce their amotivation by increasing participation, increasing the level of authority, the possibility of career advancement, as well as determining more benefits. Creating opportunities for the growth and development of individual skills through empowerment programs, as well as facilitating success by minimizing barriers and reducing pressures and requirements, can also provide the basis for increasing employees' intrinsic motivation. Also, our findings demonstrate that energy is closely related to subjective well-being. Therefore, we recommend that HR practitioners carefully recruit resilient and enthusiastic individuals with high energy levels and an overall positive approach even in adverse and stressful conditions. Moreover, firms should make sincere efforts to promote optimal employee energy levels by formal and informal ways such as: (1) encouraging them to behave enthusiastically, (2) showing persistence even when they encounter negative situations, (3) providing a flexible work environment by allowing short breaks so that employees can relax with co-workers, and (4) holding training and energy management workshops. Here, the real challenge for management is not only to reach an optimal level of employee energy but also to maintain that level. Our study contributes to the subjective well-being literature by bringing attention to the direct and indirect mechanisms that influence the relationship between employee motivation and subjective well-being. We believe that further research in this area will better allow managers to understand how to promote employee happiness and overall well-being. There are few limitations that are needed to be considered while interpreting our research findings. The first limitation of this study is common method variance and mono-method since we utilized self-reported measures for all the study variables, which may inflate or deflate the association between study variables. Future researchers may utilize alternative data sources to reduce mono-method bias, such as manager’s appraisals for assessing employee energy level and peer/colleague rating of work motivation in order to verify our proposed model. The second potential limitation is that causality among the study variables cannot be drawn because this study is correlational. Therefore, future studies may try to examine the causation among the study variables by utilizing longitudinal and experimental study designs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between employee energy and subjective well-being in the form of a moderated mediating model in which flourishing as a mediator and prosocial motivation as a moderator were examined. The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The sample consisted of 193 nurses of Baqaei Hospital 2 in Ahvaz who were selected by the census method. The instruments used in the study were Energy Scale of Atwater and Carmeli, Flourishing Scale of Diener et al., Subjective Well-Being Scale of Diener et al., and Prosocial Motivation Scale of Grant and Sumanth. Evaluation of the theoretical research model and indirect effects was done by partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and using Smart-PLS3 software. Also, the moderating effects were investigated using the PROCESS v3.5 plugin in SPSS-24 software. The results showed that employees' energy at work has a positive and direct relationship with flourishing (β=0.61, p<0.0001) and subjective well-being (β=0.14, p<0.030). Also, the mediating role of flourishing in the relationship between energy and subjective well-being was confirmed (β=0.40, p<0.0001). Finally, the results showed that the interaction of prosocial motivation and energy has a negative and significant effect on the flourishing and subjective well-being of employees. According to the results of this study, the subjective well-being of employees, which is one of the indicators of mental health, is influenced by individual variables such as energy, flourishing, and prosocial motivation.

The Al-Buyids state has a special place in the social history of Iran due to its adherence to Shiism and its tolerant view of other religions. The main question of the present article was, "What theoretical logic does the historical model of the relationship between religion and state in Iran of the Al-Buyids era follow?" To this end, we used the case study method and the documentary data collection method to match the model based on historical experience with designed theoretical models that include the six aspects of caesaropapism, papacaesarism, hierocracy, erastianism, secularism, and laicitism. By analyzing the real examples of each of the theoretical models during the reign of the rulers of Al-Buyids, three periods of invasion, balance, and defense were inferred. The period of invasion saw the establishment of the model of  erastianism, the period of balance witnessed the stabilization of the model of erastianism and the period of defense saw a transition from the model of erastianism to the model of hierocracy.

Religious education is one of the most important parts of the religious community that has been considered by rulers and scholars. This education was important especially in the 10th and 11th centuries AH during the QutbShahid period, when the natives were not very familiar with the Shiite religion and its ideas. Religious education in this government was for strengthening the foundations of the Shiite religion. The rulers of this government used Iranian Shiite scholars who had migrated to the Deccan to strengthen the Shiite base among the inhabitants of Golconda and Hyderabad, (the capital of the QutbShahs) and their large number led to the dynamism and promotion of religious knowledge of the inhabitants of these areas. The main question of the research is what role did the Iranian immigrant scholars play in the development of the Shiite studies among inhabitants of the Qutbshahid government in the 10th and 11th centuries AH?

Shi'ite governments Adil Shahis (895-1097) and Nizam Shahis (895-1046) coincided with the Safavid rule in Iran. Because of their close relationship, Adil Shahis and Nizam Shahis used the Iranian immigrant Shiite scholars to spread Shiite knowledge in their controlled areas. With the efforts of these scholars and thinkers, the Shiite identity has been institutionalized among the inhabitants of these areas, where this identity is still a determining factor in the religious beliefs of the residents of the Deccan area. “What role did Iranian Shiite scholars play in spreading Shiite knowledge among the inhabitants of the territory of the Adil Shahis and Nizam Shahis governments?”, is the main question of the study. It is hypothesized that Iranian Shiite scholars have been used their scientific and religious abilities, including the training of Shiite rulers, the formation of classrooms, holding of debate sessions, writing Shiite books, and holding religious ceremonies to obtain this achievement. The result of this study indicates that the Shiite scholars have been able to make the most influence on the inhabitants of these areas, where had the least knowledge of Shi'ism, by concentrating on the mentioned approach; in a way that, each year, the number of people who eager to learn Shiite sciences and attend scientific and religious circles was increased. Due to the importance of this topic, it was done based on the descriptive-analytical and library-based method.

Virtual reputation is available to ordinary people who publish their private pictures, friendly texts and entertaining videos, and ask attention of other users through this. Celebrity culture researchers have described famous social media-based figures with different names, among them the term "micro celebrity" is more than the others. With the advent and the expansion of social media and the membership of millions of Iranian users in them, "earning of attention" has become a pleasant and desirable commodity, So that people from any group and from any age are demanding it. Some of these ordinary people are now celebrities of social media. But Iranian researchers have been less concerned with the reasons for their reputation. In this study, based on ethnographical approach to virtual pages, we identified some Iranian women who have come to fame on the Instagram for various reasons in recent years. We found the similarities and differences between them. Dividing Iranian micro celebrities into seven categories and describing the characteristics of each category are the most important findings of this research.

The government and the people's reciprocal rights are among the issues that have been a mental concern of many rulers and statesmen; However, its observation in practical terms is very small and limited. By referring to the biography and words of Imam Ali (A.S.), it is possible to examine and evaluate the examples of justice in its military dimension and achieve significant results. In the short period of his governance, by refraining from democratization, Ali (A.S.) sought justice. According to the basic principle of Islamic sovereignty, he believed that human beings are created equal, and the supremacy of the Arabs over the non-Arabs as maintained by the Qur'an is null and void. In the face of his political opponents, he never deviated from political justice. He did not force them to pledge allegiance due to their breach of covenant and refusal to pledge allegiance. Explaining, evaluating, and reviewing the political-military life of Imam Ali (A.S.), relying on Nahj al-Balaghah, can be considered because while comparing his practical life with other rulers, we can use it as a criterion for today's society. Due to the importance, this research is descriptive-analytical and relies on library resources.

In order to evaluate the effect of zeolite and Piriformospora indica fungi inoculation on wheat growth and yield under irrigation cut off condition, a field experiment was conducted in a split-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, during 2016-2017 growing season. Experimental factors were three levels of irrigation cutoff (without irrigation cut off, irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage and irrigation cutoff from flowering stage) as the main plot and four rates of zeolite (0, 4, 8 and 12 ton.ha-1) and two levels of Piriformospora indica fungi inoculation (inoculation and non-inoculation) as sub plots. The results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained under full irrigation condition and application of 12 tons of zeolite per hectare (3849 kg. ha-1), and the lowest was obtained from irrigation cut off at flowering stage and no application of zeolite (1947 kg.ha-1). No significant difference was observed between different levels of zeolite under full irrigation conditions, while in the mild and severe drought conditions application of 8 and 12 tons of zeolite per hectare was advantageous. In irrigation cutoff at milky-dough stage condition, by fungi inoculation, seed yield increased from 3129 to 3647 kg.ha-1. Application of the fungus was effective in irrigation cutoff at flowering stage, such that the grain yield was raised from 2161 to 2917 kg.ha-1. The results of this study indicate that the use of zeolite in combination with soil and inoculation with Piriformospora indica fungi can somewhat compensate wheat grain yield damage in water deficit stress conditions.

In order to study the response of morphology, yield and yield components of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) cultivars to different sowing dates, an experiment was carried out using a split-plot design on the basis of a randomized complete block design with four replications, in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan, south-west of Iran at 2016-2017. Experimental factors were four sowing dates (11 November, 2 December, 5 January and 3 February) in main plots and five safflower cultivars (Sina, Goldasht, Soffeh, local Esfahan (Kooseh) and Faraman) in sub plots. The analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of sowing date and cultivar was significant on all measured traits except plant height and grain oil percent. The mean comparisons showed that the highest grain yield (3722 kg/ha) and oil yield (837 kg/ha) were produced in sowing date of 11 November by Goldasht cultivar, and the lowest grain yield (351 kg/ha) and oil yield (71 kg/ha) were observed in sowing date of 3 February by Faraman cultivar. The highest amount of measured traits were achieved in the first sowing date (November 11) and  delays in sowing date and, hence, occurrence of a terminal heat stress in flowering and grain filling phase decreased the grain yield and oil yield

Introduction According to statistical yearbook of agriculture in cropping season of 2015-2016, Khuzestan province with wheat area harvested about 535 thousand hectares, production of 1.86 million ton and average yield of 4.4 ton per hectare had the first place between other provinces in the country. In recent years there was a shortage in water for irrigated wheat farms, therefore irrigated and rain-fed farms have drought stress. In water stress conditions, reduced yield and yield components of wheat. One of the important ways to reduce the negative effect of drought stress on plant is using animal manures and zeolite in the soil. Using animal manure in agricultural soils lead to increase nutrient elements and conserving the soil water. Also using zeolite in soils cause increase soil water and decrease the negative impacts of drought stress on plant. Generally, manure and zeolite contribute to preserving the moisture storage of the soil and to supply the nutrients required by the plant. In this study, the most important aim is to study the effect of cattle manure and zeolite on bread wheat yield and yield components under water stress condition in Ahwaz condition. Materials and methods In order to evaluate wheat response to using cattle manure and zeolite under drought stress condition, a field experiment using split-factorial design based on randomized complete block with three replicates was conducted in research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan (in 31º N, 48º E, 35 Km north-east of Ahwaz, and 20 m above the sea level) during 2016-2017 cropping season. Experimental factors were three levels of irrigation cutoff (without irrigation cutoff (control), irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage to physiological maturity and irrigation cutoff from flowering stage to physiological maturity) in main plots and three rates of cattle manure (0, 15 and 30 ton/ha) and three rates of zeolite (0, 6 and 12 ton/ha) in sub plots. Results and discussion Results showed that the effect of irrigation cutoff, cattle manure and zeolite and interaction effect of cattle manure and zeolite were significant of more measured traits. The mean comparison of interaction effect indicated that using 30 ton/ha cattle manure and 12 ton/ha zeolite than control increased grain yield by 70 percent in complete irrigation and 72 percent in irrigation cutoff from milk-dough stage to physiological maturity. Also, in irrigation cutoff from flowering stage to physiological maturity, using 15 ton/ha cattle manure and 12 ton/ha zeolite increased grain yield by 82 percent. Therefore, in regions with irrigation shortage or lack of rainfall in the milky-dough stage, 30 tons per hectare manure and 12 tons per hectare of zeolite are recommended for increasing grain yield. Conclusions Generally, the results showed that drought stress decreased grain yield of wheat but using cattle manure and zeolite decreased the negative impact of drought stress. Means comparison of interaction effect showed that in full irrigation condition could use 30 ton/ ha of cattle manure and 12 ton/ha zeolite to producing the highest grain yield. In irrigation cut-off from milky-dough stage to physiological maturity, using 30 ton/ ha of cattle manure and 12 ton/ha zeolite decreased the effect of drought stress on wheat yield. Also, in areas with irrigation shortage or lack of rainfall at the beginning of flowering stage, 15 tons per hectare of manure and 12 tons per hectare of zeolite are recommended for maintaining grain yield.

To study the effect of zinc sulfate rates on response of bread wheat cv. Cahmran to terminal heat stress conditions in Ahvaz, Iran, this experiment was conducted at the research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Sciences University of Khuzestan, Iran in two cropping cycles (2015-2016 and 2016-2017). The experimental design was split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental factors were three sowing dates (29 Nov., 14 Dec. and 30 Dec.) assigned main plots and five zinc sulfate rates (0: Control, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg.ha-1) randomized in sub plots. Combined analysis variance showed that year had a significant effect on measured traits. Mean comparison of traits in different sowing dates showed that grain yield decreased with delay in sowing date, due to occurrence of terminal heat stress. The highest (6726 kg.ha-1) and lowest (2884 kg.ha-1) grain yield were obtained in the first and last sowing dates, respectively. The results showed that grain yield increased with increasing zinc sulfate rates and the highest grain yield (6724 kg.ha-1) was obtained from application of 30 kg.ha-1 zinc sulfate. Mean comparison of interaction effect of sowing dates × zinc sulfate rate on studied traits showed that the highest grain yield (6508 kg.ha-1) was in the first sowing date and 30 kg.ha-1 of zinc sulfate application, and the lowest grain yield (2958 kg.ha-1) was in the last sowing date and no-zinc sulfate application (Control). In conclusion, the result of the experiment showed that delay in planting of bread wheat cv. Chamran imposed late heat stress and application of 30 kg.ha-1 zinc sulfate reduced heat stress effect and improved grain yield.

Generational object is a phenomenon related to the epistemic system of generations which differs from one generation to another due to rapid changes and fresh contacts of each generation to emerging phenomena. The introduction and expansion of mass and social media in the recent history of the country and how various social groups have dealt with it, along with the restrictions imposed on these technologies by the state, have been such that the emergence of the media has become a form of historical fact and remained in the memory of those generations. So, these facts can be considered as one of the most important events that, as Mannheim puts it as the "fresh contact" with new objects for generations in which periods were continually entering the cultural stream of society, and it can be claimed that each of these media are generational objects. Although Mannheim has spoken of socio-historical events as a generational object, he refuses to empirically identify them. Christopher Bollas frequently refers to instances of generational objects and considers generations to be a set of human beings that share generational objects. In his view, these objects are explainers of the individual's generation, and remembering them generates a sense of his generation in his mind. Bollas begins his essay by mentioning some of the famous authors' biographies and mentions Kim Newman's generational object as "television and later horror videos and movies". Therefore, he is one of the first who introduces the media as a generational object. In the sociology of media, recently, the concept of generation has been widely discussed, with some scholars discussing the approach of the media generation. For these researchers, generational identity formation is linked to media technologies at two levels: First, media experience in the years of identity formation through media consumption culture; second, representations made through media produced works help to define a particular generation's identity and sense of belonging to a particular generation. The purpose of the present study is to describe and explain the intergenerational differences in media use and to investigate whether media can be considered as an object for different generations. To this end, by the use of Mannheim and Bollas's theories, as well as the theory of use and gratification, and the theory of displacement and complementarity effects of media, it is explained whether there is a difference between generations in terms of media consumption.

The research method was survey based on a researcher-made questionnaire. The population of the study was all citizens of Rasht in the year 2017. Sampling method was stratified and 400 persons were selected as the sample size.
 

The findings showed that there is a significant difference between generations' media objects and increasing social media consumption caused differences in the thoughts and values of the younger generation with those of the previous generations. Each generation, focusing on their need for news or entertainment, uses the media they are interested in and remember it as one of their generational objects. Since the media are the communicating mediators in a society, their use during the formative years of generational identity and through the generational fresh contact has made generations, especially the younger generations who are aware of the community around them, and by increasing generations' knowledge of other individuals and groups, they have been able to influence intergenerational interaction and intergenerational norms. It can therefore be acknowledged that generational media objects have created common elements in generations' memories. The media objects that were adopted and consumed during the 1980s in Iran, as part of the lived experiences of the Islamic Revolution and the imposed war generation and the interpretation of this generation's life and social life were the print press, especially the domestic newspaper and domestic radio. With the end of this decade and the end of the war, media such as domestic television and foreign satellites and video became the focus of attention by the next generation (middle-aged generation). Despite the opposition of the official community space to the use of foreign satellite and video media, these media continued to be used until the arrival of new media (Internet and virtual social networks, especially telegrams). They attracted the attention of the younger generation, and this fresh contact to the new media has witnessed many widespread changes in the generational mindset. For this reason, and with the increasing use of the media in the social life of different generations, along with other economic, social and cultural developments in the past decades, more research is needed to understand the generations and objects that shape their mentality and identity.