سیدرحمان حسنی

One major issue in each country's economy is money, coins and bank. This issue undoubtedly due to its position in the economy and trade of the Qajar era is contemplative and thoughtful. Imperial Bank and debt Bank of Russian had the most influence in the economy and trade (domestic and foreign) in this period. Unknown status of Iran's money and coins and its mint in different regions from one hand, and frauds that has been done in this area on other hand, has caused Severe damage on the economy, particularly on the trade, and it has accompanied the recession and economic crises following itself. The involvement of British and Russian government on imperial and debt banking, Imperial Bank control on monetary- Credit and publication notes, gold departure of Iran, silver trading, prevention of establishment of any kind of internal Iranian bank that this type of activities had yielded economic stagnation and bankruptcy for Iran and prosperity and progress of trade for Britain and Russia. Thus, due to profound influence of money, coins and banks in the Qajar era, this research tries to, on the one hand, note to money and coins and its fluctuations in this period, and on the other hand, how the emergence of banks, in Qajar era and the impact of two imperial Iran and debt Russia banks in economy and trade of this period will be evaluated, analyzed and inferred based on the available documents of that era and research sources.

In this article an attempt has been made to briefly analyze the status of skin trade between Iran and Russia during the Qajar Era up to the Constitutional Revolution. This research is based on archival records of Iran’s Foreign Ministry. The appropriate status of animal products in Iran, especially skin and wool, on the one hand and Russia’s need for Iranian skin on the other hand, drew Russia’s special attention. After the Treaty of Turkmenchay and its commercial supplement, the trade between Iran and Russia gradually expanded and skin trade was also affected. The most important skin-producing centers in Iran were Shiraz, Khorasan, Esfahan, Qazvin, and especially Hamadan. In all these regions and other centers, Russian merchants worked beside Iranian merchants. In the first half of the 19 th century almost 65% of Iran’s exported skin was exported to Russia. This amount increased to about 90% during Mozafareddin Shah’s kingdom because of the expansion of trade between Iran and Russia, until Iran’s government gradually gained the concession of skin trade, especially trade of lamb’s skin. However, the trade of lamb’s skin between Iran and Russia continued.

In the past, wood was one of the most important trade items between Iran and Russia. Different kinds of trees growing in the north of Iran had an important effect on wood trade during the Qajar dynasty, especially the trade done via the Caspian Sea. In the middle of the Nasseri era, the volume of wood trade significantly increased due to the opening of new sea and land trade routes in the north of Iran. Cassius Brothers and Theophylaktos owned the largest logging concession in the Iranian Caspian forests and had the monopoly of the wood trade of northern Iran for more than two decades. This paper aims to describe Iran’s wood trade by Cassius brothers and Theophylaktos via the Caspian Sea in the Qajar era from 1883 to 1908 according to archival records. Firstly the status of wood trade before the Cassius brothers and Theopylaktos is explained. The article then discusses the granting of the northern forests’ logging concession to them. Finally, the consequences of the concession agreement arc presented

From a long time ago, especially from the Safavid era up to the late Qajar, Silk has been one of the exports of Iran. In the Qajar era, this product was subject to a lot of fluctuation in production, quantity and quality. However, its essential role in Iran’s commerce should not be overlooked. Together with other products such as skin and cotton, Silk has played an important role in Iran’s business relations. During the Qajar era silk was exported via different trade routes. From the south, Iran’s silk was traded via ports such as Bandar-Abbas and Bandar-Boushehr. From the north, Russia was near to silk-producing districts such as Gilan, which was the primary center of silk production in Iran. In this area, Iran’s silk was traded via Land routes such as Tabriz-Jolfa-Irvan-Teflis & Tabriz-Khoy-Arzroom-Teraboozan and a large amount of silk was also traded via the Caspian Sea and its Ports. Relying on records left from the Qajar era, Statistical data and also books about Iran’s silk written during that era, this research tries to evaluate and analyze the trade of silk in the Qajar era from 1828 to 1909, especially via the Caspian Sea.