شاپور کریمی

Global databases provide complete source of required precipitation information for users. The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy of the TRMM, NCEP and MERRA global precipitation databases in estimating the daily and monthly precipitation in the Balkhaluchai catchment area of Ardabil province. Precipitation data of Nir station the three mentioned databases were extracted from 2002 to 2018. Mann-Kendall, Mann-Whitney and standard normal tests were used to check the trend and homogeneity of precipitation data. For three global precipitation databases, amount of R2, RMSE, NSE, RE and GMER were determined. The results of homogeneity test showed that all P-values were higher than 0.05 and the precipitation data were completely stochastic and homogeneous and no trends were observed in them. In both TRMM and NCEP databases, the R2 coefficient is good and is above 0.6. The MERRA database has had a weaker performance in this case. For the monthly period and the two TRMM and NCEP databases, the NSE index was higher than 0.5, which indicates the reliability of the precipitation data produced in these two stations. At the daily and monthly level, for all three global databases the GMER parameter values were obtained smaller than unity, which indicates that all global databases have overestimates. The overestimation of precipitation for the MERRA global database is much more severe than other two databases. MERRA database has a much weaker performance than NCEP and TRMM databases. In general, the TRMM database has a better efficiency than other databases.

The cooperation between sovereignty, the private sector and civil society is inevitable. Sovereignty is responsible for implementation of domestic and foreign policies. Civil society has consisted of public associations which try to develop the country for nonprofit and social ends. Civil society has faced with the challenges in Iran. From a struct-ural perspective, it has faced cultural, legal and economic obstacles. These institutions are inefficient due to unclear goals, weakness of management, lack of credibility and lack of social status and lack of awareness of these organizations about their role in society. The instit-utions have faced external challenges such as their ambiguous rela-tions with state, lack of common identity among non-governmental organization and lack of understanding and acceptance of the role of non-governmental organizations.