فهرست مطالب شقایق هادیان

occupational hazards in nurses are very high, which leads to increased absenteeism from the workplace, more visits to the doctor, reduced service provision, loss of working hours and disability. Improper safety climate can be one of the causes of occupational accidents. This study was conducted to determinate the prevalence, causes of occupational hazards and the existing safety climate in Gorgan educational hospitals from the nurses' point of view.

This was a cross-sectional study and was conducted in teaching hospitals of Gorgan city. 267 nurses participated in the study by stratified random sampling. The data were collected using valid and reliable questionnaires on the frequency of occupational hazards, causes of occupational hazards, and safety climate and were analyzed using Spearman, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis correlation coefficient tests.

In terms of physical injuries, 94% of nurses had suffered from musculoskeletal disorders. 90.3% expressed that they were threatened and verbally and physically attacked by the patient and his companions. The large amount of nursing work (61%) was the main and most common cause of occupational injuries in the workplace of nurses. The average score of the existing safety climate was 3.10 ± 0.6.

A high percentage of nurses reported physical and mental injuries caused by work, and the safety atmosphere among nurses was relatively moderate. To reduce physical injuries, nursing managers must pay attention to injury prevention methods and how to deal with this problem.

Nowadays, transportation and logistics are considered as the drivers of economic development in the countries due to their impacts on the main variables of the country's economy such as production, employment, price, and cost of living Index. Statistics indicate that fuel consumption is a significant part of transportation costs. On the other hand, vehicles traffic is also one of the main factors affecting the travel time of vehicles between demand points in a supply chain, increasing fuel consumption and, consequently, damaging effects of greenhouse gases. In this paper, a novel model of vehicle routing problem (VRP) is presented with respect to different urban traffic conditions (no traffic, light traffic, semi-heavy traffic, heavy traffic) and fuel consumption, according to the time windows of services for perishable products. In order to solve the problem and validate the proposed model, CPLEX solver of GAMS software is used. Finally, a case study with a sensitivity analysis is solved and analyzed in order to investigate the applicability of the proposed model, and the optimal management policies are described.