فهرست مطالب شهربانو جلیلیان

In lack of modern equipment and as a result of limited income in villages¡ conceiving energy efficient resolutions for rural housing is a top priority. In recent years¡ the only rural buildings that can receive state loans are those with urban design and construction methods. The resulting housing style and construction methods are the cause of energy deficiency and construction cost increase on one hand and in the loss of vernacular identity and rural landscape on the other.
This article presents the results of research completed in the Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution under the title of “Energy saving strategies in rural housing of Semnan Province”. Careful analysis of climatic strategies used in vernacular rural houses in Semnan province was done to uncover the conventional passive energy saving principals in rural setting. The results were accumulated through the information of 18 Semnan meteorology stations to recognize the climatic zones of this province. Field study data was gathered from 24 villages that were studied by The Housing Foundation. 40 villages were selected by the research group to clarify the climatic zones. The results of this research show three main climatic/architectural zones due to topographic diversity between Alborz Mountain and desert plain with special architectural characteristics of each zone. Design strategies¡ materials and construction methods used in rural housing of each climatic zone provide human thermal comfort in addition to the controlling of the harmful climatic conditions. These strategies cause energy saving and sustainability of natural resources and the ecology of the villages. While introducing these strategies¡ this article will also present the passive principals of climatic rural housing in these three zones.

Pavement materials have great impact on heat island control under the urban canyon layer. Understanding the properties of pavement materials can help to reduce the heat island effect. Introducing the main properties of pavement surfaces affecting sol-air temperature and mean radiant temperature - such as albedo, permeability, conductivity, thickness, emissivity, irradiation and convective air flow – is the main scope of this article. The result of an outdoor microclimate case study that was done in the site of Kashan University in summit summer and winter is introduced in this regard. Using climatology equipment`s such as portable weather station, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature and infrared camera, the local and microclimate weather condition and surface temperature was measured in shaded and sunny walkways with different pavement surfaces. A weather station was fixed on the roof of a building in the site to represent the local climate condition. A portable weather station and other equipment`s where moved in the walkways in different paths of the university site. The data of surface temperature, mean radiant temperature, dry bulb temperature and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) in different points of the walkways were gathered in morning, noon and afternoon in two days of hot summer and cold winters. The observed points where chosen according to their different conditions such as coffee shops, rest places, bus stations, building entrances and so on. the gathered data were analyzed using Microsoft excel and were compared with heat stress cards of WBGT to show thermal condition for pedestrians. The information of each observed point is presented in tables to show the place condition, time and date of observation, weather temperature, surface temperature of the surrounding materials, and Local climate temperature at the observed time in each place. the results show the important effect of the sunlit pavement surfaces to increase ambient temperature comparing with local temperature. It was clear that sunshades are the most important parameters to moderate ambient temperature. Sunshades prepare favorite shadow in summer days while they have ability to reduce night irradiation in winters. Therefore they can decrease daily and yearly temperature swing. In summer midday the difference between sunny and shaded places reached to 12-14°C in asphalt surfaces. In all shaded pavements except asphalt under white iron shades, the ambient weather was 2-7°C less than local temperature. Green surfaces as heat sink materials will modify the ambient temperature in hot and cold conditions. In grass surfaces the ambient temperature was 10-13°C less than local climate in summer midday in sunny and shaded condition respectively. It was only 2°C less than local climate in winter day in shaded condition and 2°C more in sunny condition. Therewith green surfaces, cobblestone with permeability property and soil surface showed the best heat sink ability. Dark asphalt and soil surfaces in sunlit vast areas produce the worst condition in summer and winter by increasing the temperature swing rang. Wet surfaces will modify thermal condition by reducing absorption factor and increasing evaporative cooling effect.

Daylight as the only light source in the past was not considered only for its illumination in Iranian traditional architecture. The visual qualities and aesthetics of daylight were other considerations for architects. A good example of fantasy of daylight in Iranian architecture can be found in traditional houses. Diversity of different wall and ceiling openings is a testifier for this claim. To find out the effects of different design concepts in quality and quantity of light related to its specific space, a research has been conducted in Ameri House in Kashan with several central yards and spaces. Discovering the relation between architectural decisions and quality of daylight is the aim of this research. In this article the specifications of daylight in some spaces of this house are studied according to their location in the house, geometric shape of the place, location and condition of their openings related to their functions. Using luminance meter, the field data of several spaces were gathered and it was extended to a year by radiance simulation. Lighting Handbooks were used to analyse lighting conditions such as amount, uniformity or diversity of illumination, visual amenity and visual quality related to the function of the space. The information were analysed in four steps: 1- Room specifications: by calculating “Room Index”, “Room Depth Criteria”, “Perimeter Zone” and “Orientation Factor”. 2- Geometry and neighbourhood conditions: by drawing “No Sky Line” area, “Visible Sky Angle” in section and façade and “Shading Mask” of the window. 3- Analysing the field data: by drawing the “Illumination” contours in plan (on the reference height) and section of each room. 4- The illumination condition of each room in a whole year was simulated using Radiance Software. In steps 3 and 4, the data were analysed by “Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI)”. It shows the percentage of the room area which is in “UDI Achieved” (100-2000 Lux), “UDI Autonomous” (300-2000 Lux), “UDI Supplementary” (100-300 Lux), UDI Exceeded” (> 2000 Lux), and “UDI Fell-Short” (

This paper examines the environmental conditions of basements in the hot arid city of Kashan. To this end, basements of traditional houses were chosen with depths ranging from 3 to 14 meters. Environmental data measured for these houses was then compared with the baseline data measured for the roof. A comparison was then made with thermal comfort conditions using Givoni Diagram. The results indicate that while the outdoor summer temperatures vary between 27º to 43ºCelsius, the average indoor temperature of the basement is always in the comfort range of 23º to 29º. The temperature fluctuations decrease with the depth of the basement. In deeper basements with little infiltration, the fluctuations are as small as only 1º. Connecting the wind-catcher shafts to the basement is a clever solution to balance humidity and temperature for further human comfort.

Because of its long term civilization history، Iranian traditional architecture has seen a great amount of daylighting experiences، including 6 daylighting systems with 26 kinds of wall and ceiling windows. In this regard it has some valuable lessons to give to architectural community. Using field data collection and computer simulation، this article tries to find out the distribution and diversity of daylight in traditional houses to give some recommendation to contemporary architecture of Iran. To achieve this aim، “Ameri House Complex” in Kashan with 7 yards، 85 rooms in different sizes such as “3-door room”، “5-door room”، “7-door room” and halls located in north، south، south east and south west directions، has been chosen as a case study. In two days during spring and summer of 2011، and winter of 2012 the field study was performed to gather daylight data from 14 different chosen rooms of this house. A digital Lux meter data logger was used to gather the illumination data on the roof as the reference point. The exact size، dimension and the ceiling shape of each room were measured. Other properties of each room such as its location in the House and geographic orientation، its place in the yard، the location of the window in the room wall، ratio of the window area to the room area، ratio of the window glazed area to the frame area، and other details such as the materials، colors and shapes of the frame and glazed part of the window were recorded. Subsequently، using the criteria and calculating methods introduced in handbooks of lighting and daylighting، all the information were analyzed in four steps: 1- Room specification. 2- Geometry and neighborhood condition. 3- Analyzing the field data. 4- The illumination condition of each room in a whole year was simulated using Radiance Software. The results show the relationship between shape and condition of windows and space with interior daylighting distribution and quantity. These principles will be useful for architects to improve daylighting design in modern buildings.

Traditional architecture of the historical cities in Iran contains valuable lessons related to architecture and urban design. A considerable group of these strategies are those that are used in outdoor urban spaces in desert cities providing a safe and sustainable microclimate to live in the harsh desert for more than thousands of years. This article will decode these strategies by doing field study in hot summer and cold winter of Kashan، a historical city of Esfahan Province by nearly 7000 years of civilization in the edge of “Dasht Desert” in the centre of Iran. The weather data are collected in 11-12 July 2011 and 11-12 Jan 2012; the summit of summer and winter. A mobile Kestrel Personal Weather station is used to collect the data in the traditional part of the city such as Bazar، mosque yard، wide and narrow streets، covered streets (Sabat) and squares. The data are collected for every 30 second to clarify the differences in microclimate condition in each outdoor space. A Kestrel weather station that is fixed on the roof of a historical house is used to collect the reference data as local climate. All the data are analyzed by UTCI (Universal Temperature Climate Index) as one of the most reliable and newest outdoor thermal index. The collected weather data are compared in four levels of: 1) long-term city climate، 2) short-term city climate، 3) local climate and 4) microclimate. The long term meteorology data of Kashan is used to show the ordinary climate condition of the city in different years. The hourly meteorology data of kashan in the days of observation is used to show the short term city climate. The data collected on the roof is used to show the local climate of the traditional part of the city. The data collected by the moving Kestrel in the observed outdoor spaces is used to show the microclimate changes. To speed up the analyzing process a new software is designed called SIKRON that is able to convert the meteorology data of temperature and humidity on the psychrometric chart of the outdoor thermal index UTCI. The results of this research has shown that the effect of architectural strategies used in different outdoor spaces، have very good ability to modify the microclimate providing a better thermal condition for pedestrians in hot summer and cold winter of the city.

Nowadays energy conservation in all building sector is one of the basic requirements of the government. It has a dual importance in rural housing because of their shortage in energy sources and family budget in comparison with cities. Low level of life style in rural areas, being far from urban facilities, transportation problems, livelihood shortages and; make this necessity multiple. According to the research that had been carried out in “Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution” by the name of “Energy Saving Methods in Rural Housing of Gilan Province”, four climatic zones have been recognized. Shore and plane land zone with moderate and humid climate, High land zone with semi cold and humid climate, Humid Mountainous zone and semi arid mountainous zone with cold climate. In this research it was found that in old rural settlements of Gilan – there was no modern facilities in using mechanical systems, therefore special vernacular strategies for every climatic zone was performed in architecture to provide thermal comfort in building. Some similar local climatic strategies in different zones show that in spite of four climatic zones, there are three architectural zones in Gilan which are: shore / plane land zone, mountainous humid zone, mountainous semi arid zone. These strategies are based on design, materials and construction methods which are supporting thermal comfort inside the house in addition to guard the building from harmful climatic phenomena. Therefore, vernacular architecture of rural housing has provided energy conservation and preserving environment with the lowest use of fossil energy. These characteristics have made the rural architecture of this province an obvious example of sustainable architecture. According to the mentioned field study this article will introduce the climatic zones of Gilan and architectural strategies which have been used in vernacular rural housing in every architectural zone. Then according to this knowledge, the climatic architectural indicators for energy saving in rural housing will be provided for each recognized architectural zones. Research method in this study is based on two different data: 1- The meteorology data of 23 existed meteorology stations in Gilan province. These data will give a prediction of the climatic condition of different parts of the region. The needed data are temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation, freezing days and etc. 2- The information of the villages that are far from the meteorology stations. This information is gathered by field study which is used as a complementary for the station data to analyze local climatic conditions and to recognize the climatic zones. Field study data are climatic, geographic and cultural data of 139 selected villages that are gathered by the questionnaire and 80 villages that are gathered from library resources. Finally, climatic indicators are explored for designing low energy rural houses in each architectural zone. This information is provided in two main groups. The first one is the general subjects such as architectural space arrangement, shape and texture of the settlement, buildings’ accumulation, neighborhood conditions, building characteristics, mass and void size and relationship. The other group is the secondary elements such as open, semi open and indoor space characteristics, opening and envelops materials and construction technology of the building.