فهرست مطالب شهلا نوری

This study investigates the effect of facades on the changes in thermal comfort level in open urban spaces. Isfahan city is selected as a case study for warm climate. Brick, travertine, marble, ceramic, aluminum and granite with their own thermal properties were selected as covering materials of the vertical walls of urban valley buildings and data on air temperature, mean radiation temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity were extracted from Envi-met software. Using thermal comfort index of Riemann software, PET is calculated. The results of this study show that the change of the vertical wall-to-granite wall materials in the ratio of 0.5 and East-West facets reduced the air temperature to 1 to 1.1 ° C, 14.1 to 17.9 ° C mean radiation temperature and 8 to 8.3 ° C, respectively. Can be. The same change in materials ratio of 1 reduced the air temperature from 1.38 to 1.49 ° C, 16.45 to 20.92 ° C and 9.23 to 9.63 ° C, respectively. In addition, the use of granite instead of bricks in the aspect ratio of 2 reduces the air temperature to 1.35 to 1.36 ° C, the mean radiation temperature from 28.19 to 30.15 ° C and the PET index from 7.23 to 9.23 ° C. These divergences have also been calculated in the street with a north-south orientation. Finally, using regression method, it can be concluded that among the variables related to the material properties, the material release rate is the most effective material properties on PET index.

Early childhood development is one of the priority areas of social determinants of health. A wide range of factors influence a childchr('39')s development. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with developmental delay in children under 5 years.

This study was a case-control study that conducted from April to August 2019 in Hamadan city. 462 children under 5 years and their mothers participated (231 children that have a developmental delay in the case group and 231 healthy children in the control group). The risk factors assessed were demographic characteristics, mothers’ awareness, and childhood developmental care. The data analysis were performed using Logistic Regression by Stata11 software and a significant level of 5% was considered.

The results showed that there were statistically significant relation between the developmental delay with mothers’ age (OR=1.04, 95%CI:1.00-1.08), history of child hospitalization (OR=2.57, 95%CI:1.63-4.05), tobacco use by parents (OR=2.09, 95%CI:1.20-3.64), and mothers’ awareness (OR=0.44, 95%CI:-0.25-0.82).

Mothers with children under 5 years need to be educated on various aspects of development and caregiving behaviors that protect their children from developmental delays, and the Identify these factors can help planners to reduce developmental delays and their effects.

The impact of high-rise urban buildings on environmental conditions, including wind movement in urban valleys, is an issue that needs attention. Because wind is one of the important variables affecting the conditions of pedestrian thermal comfort as well as the scattering of urban outdoor pollution. The purpose of this study was to find the positive effects of such buildings on reducing environmental pollution.

In this study, texture around Imam Khomeini Square in Tehran was examined using Envi-met software. The tallest building in this context is a telecommunication building with 50 meters high. Therefore, in addition to the actual height of the building and examining the wind speed pattern at different altitudes of 50 meters, assuming the building has different heights (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 meters), was also simulated and the results of the wind flow distribution pattern of the different models was compared with each other.

By examining the relationship between elevation and geometry of this building with the pattern of current distribution and wind speed around it, it was found that by changing the height, the patterns of air turbulence around the building change and this changes the pattern of air pollution.

This study shows the significant effect of building height on the wind pattern around the texture and the higher air layers and the air pollution distribution of the adjacent passages.

The paper has focused on the verses of Ahl-e Zekr, those of mention. In the verses 43 of Nahl and 7 of Anbia, the addresses have been ordered to ask from Ahl-e Zekr. On the addresses, question, those questioning and those replying the questions there can be found different views. The most considerable problem lies in determining Ahl-e Zekr, those being questioned. Who are they? Ahl-e Ketab, those of book, those knowing the history of precedents, those knowing the holy Quran, pure Imams or those of knowledge? The appearance of the verses and traditions in the field is counted as the proof and document of commentators. The traditions in the field have been divided into three groups: 1. those on the situation of revelation, 2. those clarifying Ahl-e Zek, 3. those restricting Ahl-e Zekr to pure Imam. What is understood by the meaning of the third group, disagree with the appearance, the context and the state in which these verses have been revealed. One may not leave one or two sides of the disagreement. Yet many commentators have left the third. On the other hand, some have left first and second groups. The view taken in the paper consists in omission of restriction in the third. On this view, Ahl-e Bayt would be the most cases of Ahl-e Zekr not the only cases

As the most fundamental source of Islamic Sharia, the Holy Quran has dealt with some overviews of jurisprudential provisions. Therefore, the first source of citation and extraction of the provisions is among the Fariqain jurisprudents. The present study is a comparison between two jurisprudential viewpoints of Fariqain in jurisprudential verses of Hajj. Despite the fact that there seems to be outstanding and significant misalignments and inconsistencies between these two groups about interpretation of religious orders of the Holy Quran, but rigorous and precise analyzes is indicative of their alignment and consistency about provisions of Hajj so that there is no disagreement among the views of Imami Shia and some of the four Sunni religions. This correspondence is more prominent between Shia and Hanafi School; because foundations of this group's reasoning in jurisprudence, like Imami Shia is based on the received narrations from the innocent Imams and rational arguments; therefore, it could be claimed that this religion enjoys more equanimity and stability in relation to the rest of the four Sunni religions.

Introduction & Antibiotic resistance is a significant public health issue because of antibioticresistant pathogens is increasing. One of the most important factors in the spread of antibiotic resistance is excessive use of antibiotics. Upper respiratory infections are one of the most common antibiotic prescription in the children، while mostly upper respiratory infections are viral origin. Antibiotic prescription are affected by knowledge، attitudes، and pressure from parents. The purpose of this study was to assess parental knowledge، attitudes، and behaviors on antibiotic use for children with Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in Hamadan. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Hamadan to assess parents’ Knowledge، Attitude and Practices (KAP) concerning the role of antibiotics in children with URTIs. The questionnaire was made by the researcher. The subjects were selected by two stage cluster sampling (Proportionate to Population Sampling) of parents who were referred in 2012 to health centers in the Hamadan province 2012. A total of 1020 Parents were studied. Results indicated that approximately 43% of participants believe that the majority of upper respiratory infections are viral. About half of the parents (47. 3%) tend to choose the doctors to prescribe antibiotics early and approximately 30% of Participants request antibiotics directly. The results show that parents’ knowledge، attitude and practice regarding the use of antibiotics for upper respiratory infections in children are inappropriate. To reduce the indiscriminate use of antibiotics، in addition to Continuous medical education، parents need to be educated comprehensively by physicians and general media.

Dysmenorrhea or painful menstruation is seen in about 50% of women in reproductive age which is the most common gynecologic complaint of young women and is one of the most common causes of absence from school or work. Therefore، finding a treatment without side-effects for its control has always been a concern. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on the reduction of pelvic pain in women suffering of primary dysmenorrhea. This double blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 94 women suffering of primary dysmenorrhea. The women were randomly assigned into two groups. For case group (n=42)، vitamin E was prescribed as a dose of 400 IU daily starting 2 days before the beginning of menstruation and continuing for 3 days (total duration of 5 days)، for two consecutive cycles. For control group (n=52)، a Placebo was prescribed which was completely similar to vitamin E pearls in shape، color، taste and smell. Pain severity was evaluated using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for one month before the study and during 2 months of the study. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 15 and using T-test، Chi-square and pair t test. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in terms of blood group، age، family history of dysmenorrhea، educational status، and Body Mass Index. The mean pain severity before treatment was not significantly different between two groups (7. 15± 1. 75 in case group and 7. 47±1. 82 in control group، p=0. 3). Pain severity during the first (p=0. 001) and second (p=0. 001) months of treatment with vitamin E and placebo was lower than the pain severity before treatment. Pain severity after the first month of treatment with vitamin E was 5. 41 ±2. 4 and with placebo was 5. 76±2. 08 (p=0. 1) and after the second month of the study was 4. 73±1. 89 in case group and 5. 35±2. 05 in control group (p=0. 6). The mean reduction of pain during the second month of the study in the case group was (-2. 7±2. 1) and in control group (-1. 8±2. 4)، the difference was statistically significant (p=0. 04). Both vitamin E and placebo reduced the pelvic pain of dysmenorrhea، but vitamin E caused more significant reduction that regarding to its safety، can be a simple treatment of dysmenorrhea without side-effects.

Dysmenorrhea or painful menstruation is seen in about 50% of women in reproductive age. It is the most common gynecologic complaint of young women and is one of the most common causes of sick leave; therefore finding a safe treatment for its control, has long been a concern. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on the reduction of pelvic pain in women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea and to compare its effect with placebo. A double blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 140 women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. These women were randomly assigned into two groups and finally 94 women finished the study. In the case group (n= 42) Vitamin E was prescribed as a dose of 400 IU daily starting 2 days before the beginning of menstruation and continuing for 3 days (total duration of 5 days), for two consecutive cycles. In the control group (n=52) a placebo was prescribed which was completely similar to Vitamin E pearls in shape, color, taste and smell. Pain severity was evaluated using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for one month before the study and during the 2 months of study. The pain severity during these cycles was then compared using SPSS V.15, t-test, Chi square and pair t-tests were used for analysis. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups according to blood group, age, family history of dysmenorrhea, educational status, and BMI (body mass index). The mean pain severity before the study did not show any significant difference between the two groups (7.15± 1.75 in the case group and 7.47±1.82 in the control group, p=0.3). Pain severity one month (p=0.001) and two months (p=0.001) after treatment with placebo showed significant reduction as compared to that of " before treatment". Similarly pain severity one month (p=0.001) and two months (p=0.001) after treatment with Vitamin E showed significant reduction as compared to that of " before treatment"; thus both conditions led to a decrease in dysmenorrhea. Pain severity during the first month of the study was 5.41 ±2.4 in the case group and 5.76±2.08 in the control group (p=0.1); and 4.73±1.89 and 5.35±2.05 in the case and control groups, respectively during the second month of the study (p=0.6), not showing significant difference.The mean reduction of pain in the case group (-2.7±2.1) was more than the control group (-1.8±2.4), during the second month of the study (p=0.04), showing significant difference. Therefore Vitamin E can lower the pain severity of dysmenorrhea more than placebo. Vitamin E and placebo both may reduce the pelvic pain of dysmenorrhea, but vitamin E can cause a more significant reduction. With regard to its safety, the study indicates that it can be a simple and safe option for the treatment of dysmenorrhea.