شهناز قلاوندی

The aim of this study was to translate and psychometrics the Cervical Cancer Screening Self-Efficacy Scale.

A standard forward-backward translation method was used to develop the Persian version of the cervical cancer screening self-efficacy scale. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through face validity (qualitative and quantitative), content validity (qualitative and quantitative) and construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) in 400 women. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by test-retest method (calculation of intra-class correlation coefficient) and also internal correlation (calculation of Cronbach-alpha coefficient). Statistical analyzes were performed by SPSS24 and lisrel 8.8 software.

The range of calculated CVR and CVI of scale items was (0.92-1.00) and (0.92-1.00) impact score of all items was more than 1.5. The range of Cronbach's alpha and ICC were calculated for the reliability of scale items respectively (0.66 – 0.85) and (0.846- 0.977). The three factors of "Confidence in controlling tangible barriers of Pap Smear test ", "Confidence in following Pap Smear test Instructions" and "Confidence in controlling intangible barriers of PAPS". In confirmatory factor analysis the fitted model based on these factors explained 58.29%of the self-efficacy in performing Pap Smear test. These factors confirmed by CFA (X2/df =3.3, CFI=0.91, GFI= 0.96, RMESA=0.081).

  Psychometric of Persian version of the cervical cancer screening self-efficacy scale with 8 items and 3 domains has proper validity and reliability to evaluate the cervical cancer screening self-efficacy in females.

Tuberculosis is an emerging and reemerging disease and standard tre-atments are used to control this disease all around the world these days. If TB trea-tment side effects are not early diagnosed, these side effects can be costly and very dangerous. The aim of this study was the assessment of TB treatment side effects and its determining factors.

This study is desc-riptive-analytical and cross-sectional. Do-cuments of all patients diagnosed with TB were used from the beginning of April 2005 to the end of the September 2012 in Kh-uzestan province. The instruments for data collection included a checklist and demo-graphic variables for collecting the required data. The collected data was analyzed thr-ough SPSS-16 software by Chi-square, Ind-ependent t and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

The overall 6363 TB patients with the mean age of 18±39.3 years were identified and studied. Side effects in 106 (1.66%) patients were associated with TB treatment during the treatment period. The most common complication was Hepatitis in 52 cases (49.05%). Side effects incidence had a significant relationship with gender, kind of disease, HIV infection, and result of chest radiography (P˂0.05). Discussion &

High incidence of complications in TB treatment among patients with over 65 years age and less than 4 years age and HIV infection cause disorder in TB controlling. Thus, training and protective measures and periodical as-sessment is recommended.

Distribution of Tuberculosis (TB) has a special template affected by geographic and social factors. Nowadays Geographical Information System (GIS) software is one of the most important and useful epidemiologic devise for identifying geographic areas and high risk population for infection by TB. Aim of this study was assessment of Tuberculosis distribution by GIS in Khuzestan province, Iran. In this retrospective cohort study, documents of 6363 TB patients identified in Khuzestan province at the beginning of 2005 until the end of the September of 2012 were assessed and sampling method was census. The data was gathered by TB-Register Center. TB incidence was evaluated by GIS maps according to climatic and vegetation with 1:25,000 scale. The data was analyzed in SPSS software and means plot and Independent’s t-test, ANOVA with a significance level of less than 5% and Eta Correlation. Spread of Tuberculosis in climatic and vegetation were plotted in GIS maps, cumulative incidence rate was calculated separately for each area. There was a statistical significant relationship between cumulative incidence rate of disease and climatic (P=0.017) and the Eta correlation coefficient was 0.379 (P=0.011). There was a statistical significant relationship between cumulative incidence rate of TB and vegetation (P=0.004) and the Eta correlation coefficient was 0.388 (P=0.188). Mean age and median age of patients were 39.3±18 and 35±6.5 years respectively. For women, mean age was 2.1 years older than men and this difference was statistically significant. (P=0.0001). The risk of TB infection is closely associated with the climatic and vegetation. So the risk of TB in extra-dry climate and vegetation of highland meadows is more than other areas. Special care and services to high-risk areas is recommended.

Tuberculosis is still one of the main causes of mortality and disability in developing countries. Despite of socio-economic development of communities and controlling majority of communicable diseases, With respect to importance and high incidence of Tuberculosis in marginal provinces, the present study was aimed to assess the epidemiology of Tuberculosis. In this Descriptive-Analytical Retrospective Study, documents of 6363 patients diagnosed with TB in the beginning of March 2005 to the end of the September 2012 in Khuzestan province, Iran, by used census sampling size, were used. Demographic variables and other necessity data were recorded by TB-Register software and then these data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software and Chi-square and independent t-tests with a significance level of less than 5%. For comparison Tuberculosis incidence in consecutive years used by Poisson tests (with a significance level of less than 5%). mean age of patients and median age of patients were 39.3±18 and 35±6.5 years, for women mean age was older 2.1 years than men and there was significant relationship to age (P=0.0001). Of all patients 75.7% were pulmonary tuberculosis, 2.7% were infected with HIV and 91.2% were new cases. Cumulative incidence in province was 148.84/100,000. Most prevalent in Non-pulmonary TB was Lymphatic glands. Poisson test showed that changing trends of TB incidence in study years was statistically significant (P<0.05). Increasing concurrent of HIV infection and TB and decreasing patients mean age (39.3±18) and median (35±6.5) in southwest of Iran has high prevalence. Screening, training and preventive activities for controlling of disease is highly recommended for the whole country and in margin provinces in particular.

Nowadays despite of socio-economic development of communities and controlling most of contagious diseases، Tuberculosis still is one of the most important causes of mortality and disability in developing countries. Regarding to importance and high incidence of TB in marginal provinces of Iran، the aim of this study was epidemiologic assessment of TB in Ilam province during 2005-2012.

In this descriptive - analytical and Cross-sectional study، Documents of all patients diagnosed with TB in the beginning of April 2005 to the end of the September 2012 were used. Demographic variables and other requisite data were recorded. Obtained data were analyzed by spss-16 software.

In this survey 361 TB patients were diagnosed. Of the total patients 42. 4% were male and 52. 6% lived in urban areas. Among these patients 76. 7 % were pulmonary TB and 23. 3% were non pulmonary TB. Among pulmonary TB suffering 76. 1% had positive sputum smear. the most involved member of non pulmonary TB patients was lymph nodes with 6. 9%. The time interval between the Beginning symptoms to diagnosis in 41% positive sputum smears was more than 2 moons. Discussion &

Due to the high rates smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (76. 1%) and also the time interval more than 2 moons between the Beginning symptoms to diagnosis (41%) to prevent further transmission of TB and its control، public education، preventative measures and early screening recommended.