شیرزاد خزایی

Historical novels borrow their characters, events, time and place from history. Therefore, it can be used as a tool to understand the historical mentality of the author and the ruling discourse of his time. This article examines the historical novel of Agha Mohammad Khan by Hossein Gholi Mirza Salvar (Emad al-Saltanah) and seeks to answer the question of how the history of the Qajar period and the rulers and princes of this dynasty are depicted in this fiction and what message does this illustration have for the current researcher? It is a public opinion that in Pahlavi era, there were propagandas against Qajars. However, some sources like Emad al-Saltanah’s book confirmed that this perspective is older than the Pahlavi era and it was accepted even by the Qajars’s authors. It was like an inheritance that was transferred to the Pahlavi era.

Punishment is one of the strategies of communities to negate behavior nonconformity that is threatened certain principles and traditions of societies. Execution of the oldest and most common has been Punitive methods as in all human societies has been applied to different forms and can be noted in most executions Full-scale torture and physical horrific violence. In the constitutional period because of the emergence of new attitudes was changed form of execution. Now the question is that in the transition from the Qajar era to constitutional and modern era what types of changes have been made in technology and techniques of execution? and is it necessarily this changes can assess to progress and excellence of the human species? It seams that we 're in transition from a public display to execution in prison, from severe physical torture to execution by hanging and Shooting, and long-term torture to immediate execution and instantaneous death. In such a turn, On the one hand in modern-day executions we are witnessing the presence of modern science such as medicine, psychology, and clinical methods and law and on the other hand new technologies like photography and firearm. Hence, modern executions are the corollary of modern science, and without modern science there will be no existential existence.

The aim of this article is that Afzal -ul-Mulk method and attitude in the historiography was discussed with the respect to his lived experience. We want to lived experience the historian are reflected in another form in the sphere of historiography. The Center of this lived experience is the transitional period that puts him in a limbo. Since he living in the beginning of the change, domination of the new lived experience that constitution is a symbol of its, is not evident. And hence it can be said that Afzal -ul-Mulk is involved between the two traditional and modern life world and feedback of this problem is evident in its writing, So sometimes conflicting concepts using like " tyranny" and "constitutional" and "Peasant" and "nation" and in the various positions of writing tend to find to one of those two. He lived due to breathing in the modern life world that is associated with the formulation of "Public Sphere " , different writing creating than the historiography of his several decades ago. Therefore, the basic themes of his writing takes paradoxical nature by the transition period. And this paradox show off in some positions in the field of defense and thinking of the past and in some other positions on the field side of the new system and puts its readers in a dualism .

Memberr of Iranian Democrats Party in the Three House of Parliament، Interior Minister Abdul Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma were impeached on 13 June 1915. in this impeachment were passed in different causes that in this article a cause has been neglected، are examined. this impeachment reason should be sought in nature records Farmanfarma relations with Democrat party. Farmanfarma was depend on to E’tedalion party and he was from the opposition of the Democrat Party. He never positive approach to Democrats، and his relations with the Democrat Party was cold and dark. In fact، The present paper seeks to address this issue، one of causes Farmanfarma ''s impeachment such as the kill of tireless warrior Yar Mohammad khan Kermanshah partial Democrat Party and the quality of the third period Parliament elections in Kermanshah by Farmanfarma of the cause، namely in the field of relations Farmanfarma with The Democrat Party is considered. This article is based on with descriptive and analytic method constitution role of Farmanfarma is analyzed.