فهرست مطالب شیرین فریور

Prostate cancer is known as the second common cancer among men, and is introduced as the fifth cause of death. Apoptosis known as “Programmed Cell Death”, can be measured as a defense mechanism in response to cell damage, caused by diseases or exposure to toxic material, and has an important role in controlling cell population. For this, researchers are interested in studying cancer treatment for inducing apoptosis. Flaxseed, Linum usitassimum, has numerous benefits among other oilseeds. It contains a large amount of α-Linoleic Acid (ALA), dietary fiber, proteins, and Phytoestrogen.

The main goal of this research was to evaluate the expression of apoptotic genes induced with flaxseed extract in human prostate cancer cells in order to find out the cell death pathway induced by flaxseed extract.

In this study, PC-3 prostate cancer cells were cultured and the treatments were done using the flaxseed extract. The MTT test, IC50 calculations, Flowcytometry, and Real-Time PCR test for apoptotic genes were done and all the results underwent analysis.

The IC50 dose was obtained at 809 µg/ml (P < 0.05). Flowcytometry test was done for 600, 800, and 1000 µg/ml of extraction, and the result showed that most of the cells underwent necrosis. The Flowcytometry result was confirmed by qPCR test and showed the overexpression of TNF gene (P < 0.05).

The results showed the overexpression of all the studied genes after treatment by flaxseed extract. The Flowcytometry result was confirmed by qPCR and showed that the TNF gene was overexpressed.

Aneuploidies following in vitro culture is one of the challenges for application of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). There are reports that indicate more sensitivity of aneuploid cells to some anticancer drugs and probability of reduction of aneuploidy rate.Mosaic hESCs was obtained by mixing of normal hESCs and trisomic hESCs for chromosomes 12 and 17. The effect of 3 anticancer drugs, Bortezomib, Paclitaxel (Taxol) and Lapatinib on chromosomal status was studied by karyotyping. Stemness characterization was performed using alkaline phosphatase test and expression analysis of pluripotency genes using Real Time PCR. All treated groups were compared with controls. When cells treated with 0.01 μM of Bortezomib and 0.2 μM of Lapatinib for 24 hours, there was no significant difference between treated and the control groups. Paclitaxel treatment for 28 hours showed the most viability with no significant difference from control whilst shorter and longer exposure periods were cytotoxic. Treated and control groups did not have significant difference in karyotype and pluripotency genes expression. Aneuploid cells became dominant population in all of treated and control groups. All treated groups were alkaline phosphatase-positive.Mentioned treatments did not affect pluripotency. Insensitivity of aneuploid cells to treated anticancer drugs could be due to specific characters of each cell line and proliferation dominance of cells with trisomies 12 and 17.

Cancer cells release a complex of different factors into their environment that can lead to functional changes in cells within the tumor microenvironment and also farther away from the tumor region. The aim of this study is in vitro evaluation of the effects of conditioned medium derived from A375 human melanoma cell line on the function of human melanocytes.
The conditioned medium was prepared from A375 melanoma cell line after 48 hours of culture. Melanocytes in the test group were seeded in T-25 flask and treated with the conditioned medium for 22 days. The same number of melanocytes in the control group was cultured in complete medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS). The morphological characteristics by using inverted light microscope, growth rate by direct cell counting, expression levels of melanoma diagnostic markers (S100A4, S100A14, MITF, TYR) and also epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related markers (CDH1, CDH2, SNAI1, SNAI2, TWIST1, TGF-β) by real-time PCR and migration rate by scratch assay, were studied in both groups. A375 melanoma cell line was used as a positive control.
The results showed that melanocytes treatment with A375-conditioned medium leads to alteration of the cells morphological characteristics, 1.62 fold increase in melanocytes proliferation rate, significant increase in S100A14 (*p=0.003) and TGF-β (*p=0.001) expression, a significant decrease in CDH1 (*p=0.048) gene expression and also increase in migration rate of the treated melanocytes (*p Based on results of this study, secreted molecules derived from A375 melanoma cell line, can change the molecular and functional characteristics of melanocytes in order to induce malignant transformation.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of short non-coding RNAs which regulate protein-coding gene expression and often actbypairing withcomplementarysequences in the 3’ UTR of multiple target mRNA. MicroRNAs were discovered in 1993 and play very important and broad roles in different organisms. It was initially thought that the genes encoding miRNAswere located in intergenic regions. However، recent analyses of miRNA gene locations showed that the most of mammalian miRNA genes are located in defined transcription units (TUs) and transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Transcription product must be processed to become mature miRNA and ultimately effectson gene expression. The miRNA deregulation in breast cancer was first reported in 2005. Epigenetic، chromosomal changes، polymorphismsoradefect inproteinprocessing are the mechanismsthat maybecausingthelack ofproperexpression of mi RNA in cancers. In fact، these RNAs may act as oncogene or tumor suppressor. Scientistsarenow tryingtomakethediagnosis andclassificationofcancer usingmiRNA، and arealso usedinthe treatment. They have alsoachievedinthesefieldsto succeed.

This study was conducted on Iranian children with oligoarthritis subtype of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis to determine the association of HLA-DRB1 alleles in Iran. HLA-DRB1 alleles were investigated in 33 Iranian children with oligoarthritis juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and compared with 45 healthy controls. HLA typing was performed by PCR with sequence specific primers in either two groups and followed by direct detection of HLA polymorphism by sequence analysis in patients group. HLA-DRB1*11 was found to be the most frequent allele associated with negative rheumatoid factor oligoarthritis juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Iran, followed by HLA-DRB1 *08. The frequency of HLA-DRB1*04 and *13 were not significantly different between the two groups. It could be concluded that there was a significant difference in allele frequencies between patients and controls that might help with predicting the susceptibility to oligoarthritis juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Bisphosphonates are currently used in metabolic disorder of bone; however, there have been few studies that reviewed the role of anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory effect of this agent in in-vivo. Bisphosphonates were divided in two classes regarding the structure and mechanism, including amino and non-amino bisphosphonates. The effect of bisphosphonates on cytokine related to in-vitro was complex and related to type and dose of bisphosphonates, examination of cell type and cell culture evaluation system. However, amino bisphosphonates activated inflammatory cytokine regarding to in-vivo and chronic usage of this agent, can stop the production of these cytokines. Present study surveyed the anti -inflammatory and immune modulatory effect of bisphosphonates and clinical trial, along with recent knowledge about potential mechanism of this component.

Pi-GST and Mu-GST are subclasses of glutathione S-transferase that present on human sperm surface and play an important role against oxidative stress. Therefore, any defects in the enzyme activity may be associated with male infertility. In this study the polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTP1 in association with enzyme activity and sperm parameters were studied. This case-control study involved 95 men with oligoastenoteratozoospermia and 26 controls with normozoospermia. Semen analyses were carried out according to WHO guidelines. Blood DNA was extracted using salting out procedures. GSTM1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms gene were determined through PCR-RFLP and multiplex PCR

Cadmium is a heavy metal which has plenty of applications in different industries. Cadmium can penetrate from the sewage or waste of industry into the environmental soil and water causing damage to the environment and living organisms. In the present study different concentrations of cadmium (from 10-200 mg/L) was added into the media of plant Chlorophytum comosum and its effects were assessed. The results showed that treatment with 50 mg/L of cadmium did not have any effect neither on the leaves nor on the internal cellular components. However the roots showed some minor morphological alteration and the same slight changes in the nucleus was observed. In concentrations of 100 to 200 mg/L of cadmium some morphological alterations were seen in the leaves and the roots. In 100 mg/L, length of roots decreased and chlorosis was observed in some leaves. Morphology of nucleus and some mitochondria were also altered and the number of chloroplasts decreased. In 200 mg/L of cadmium, chlorosis was observed in almost all leaves and no roots were produced. Transmission electron microscopy showed a complete destruction of nuclei and internal organelles in the leaves.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disorder that almost involves all of tissues and organs in body. The etiology of Lupus is mostly unknown. It seems that both genetic and environmental factores contribute in the disease development. Numerous genes have been suggested as candidate gene for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, for example, the genes for apoptosis and genes for production of immune system. Linkage analysis is used to identify susceptibility genes for inherited diseases like Lupus. For this reason, the candidate genes and their polymorphism are evaluated in various populations. If finding can be repeated in an independent set of samples, the polymorphism causing genetic association with a candidate gene may identify the actual disease-causing gene. Linkage studies use a set of markers and different studies for the coinheritance of genetic markers with the disease phenotype in families lead us to the significant role of genetics in the development of SLE, disease association on a population basis, and once the power of the genetic analyses is correlated with the differences in the disease symptoms in different populations, we may have the ability to identify particular individuals as belonging to a specific subgroup with a predictable disease course. Finally understanding the genetics of SLE also should lead to more specific therapeutic interventions.