صبا مجیدی

The response surface statistical model developed via the central composite design (CCD) is a tool for optimizing manufacturing processes. Phrmaceutical plants depend on many such processes and i is essential to remove medicinal compounds from their effluents before they are discharged into the environment. The objective of the present study was to employ the response surface model for the optimization of the removal of the pharmaceutical compound ciprofloxacin from aqueous media via the electrochemical coagulation process. In this study, a reactor containing two iron electrodes used as the anode and two titanium ones used as the cathode was employed to remove ciprofloxacin from municipal effluents. The electrodes were connected in a monopolar fashion to a DC power supply. Parameters such as pH (4‒8), current (0.5‒1.5 A), initial ciprofloxacin concentration (15‒40 mg/L), and reaction time (15‒30 min) were introduced into the Design Expert software as the main design parameters. FT-IR analysis was conducted and SEM images were prepared while COD removal and changes in UV-VIS spectrum were determined under optimum conditions. Process modeling was accomplished using the response surface methodology (RSM) which is a statistical model for process optimization drawing upon central composite design (CCD). Modeling results showed that process efficiency was affected by the above parameters and that the optimum conditions for a process efficiency of 85.91% at an initial CIP concentration of 15mg/L would include pH=7.68, a current of 1.5 A, and a reaction time of 30 min. Under these conditions, COD removal efficiency would be 64%. FT-IR analysis and SEM images indicated changes during the process. Wavelength scanning also indicated reducing concentration of the contaminant due to mineralization. The results of the study indicate that optimization by RSM reduces the number of tests required and enhances their accuracy. It was also found that electrocoagulation has a high CIP and COD removal efficiency which makes it capable of being successfully exploited for the removal of organic pollutants from effluents before their discharge into the environment

Furfural is an organic compound which derived from a variety industrial, including petrochemicals, pulping, pharmaceutical, food. Also is a main agent in many industries and aromatic organic compounds entrance in the environment. There are several methods of treating including physical, chemical, biological and physicochemical for remove this matter. Among advanced oxidation methods can be combined ozonation process with persulfate catalytic are noted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of ozonation process with the use of persulfate in removal furfural from aqueous solution.
In this study, the efficiency of the process with a concentration furfural 5 to 30 mg/L, concentration persulfate 4 to 15 mM, pH = 3-11 and reaction time of 35 minutes in the semi-continuous reactor with a capacity of one liter was obtained.
The results of this study have been shown in conditions of operation optimal , pH =,3 persulfate dosage 12 mM, ozone dosage of 1 g/min and the initial concentration of furfural 5 mg/L, this process is capable remove of %93/34 percent Furfural and %70 of the initial COD.
The results of this study showed that the ozone/persulfate process can be a suitable process for the removal of organic aromatic compounds including pollutants of interest.

A newly emerging environmental problem is the discharge of pharmaceutical effluents containing antibiotic compounds. Compared to common methods, the ozone/persulfate process is a novel measure for treating persistent pollutants. This process is highly efficient in removing pollutants by using the free radicals of sulfates as powerful oxidants. In this study, a semi-continuous reactor with a useful volume of 1 L was used to evaluate the performance of the ozone/persulfate process in treating the ciprofloxacin antibiotic at concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/L in the presence of 0 to 15 mM of persulfate in 30 min. The results showed that under the optimized operating conditions of pH = 3, persulfate dose = 10 mM, ozone dose = 1 g/h, and an initial antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/L, this method was capable of removing 96% of the contaminant. Moreover, the efficiency of the process was found to be a function of experimental conditions. Based on the results of this study, it may be concluded that the ozone/persulfate process can be considered as an appropriate process for treating persistent and non-biodegradable pollutants.

Among the growing concerns over recent decades in the field of environmental pollution, is the use of antibiotics increase bacterial resistance to antibiotics used in human body. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Ciprofloxacin antibiotic removal from the aquatic environment.
Material & This empirical study was performed at useful volume of one liter, using 4-electrode reactor made of iron with area of 40 cm2 , in the ultrasonic device with fixed frequency 40 KHz. The effect of variables such as pH, antibiotic concentrations, the amount of hydrogen peroxide, current density were studied. was studied concentration of ciprofloxacin antibiotic was determined using HPLC wavelength of 275 nm, and due to the experimental and in laboratory condition, studies have been conducted, finally the average of the results were used. The concentration of COD was measured to ensure optimal efficacy of the process.
Findings: The results showed that all variables can be effective on ciprofloxacin removal. The removal efficiency in the optimal conditions of pH=3, H2O2 concentration 150 mg/L, current density of 15 mA/cm2, the initial concentration of antibiotics 10 mg/L and a reaction time of 15 minutes was 97% and COD removal of 40 percent. Evaluated ion concentration was about 157 g/m3. In these conditions, the removal efficiency of electrofenton and ultrasonic was 75 and 3 percent respectively.
Discussion & Based on the results of this study, the electrofenton is a suitable process for the removal of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The simultaneous use of this process with ultrasonic , namely sono-electrofenton, has enhanced its efficiency.

Electro-Ozonation process (EOP) has a good potential for the removal of persistent organic pollutants. This process is a combination of ozonation process and electricity for producing hydroxyl radical and removal of pollutants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the EOP for SDBS degradation in aqueous media. In this experimental study, a semi-batch reactor with four graphite electrodes of 120 cm2 area was used. The effects of pH (3-11), the inlet of ozone (6-30 mM / s), current density (16-85 mA/cm2), the initial concentration of SDBS (0.02-0.3 mM/L) and radical scavenger dose (0.2 mM/L) were studied.SDBS concentration measured by spectrophotometer (DR5000) by instructions provided in the standard method book. The results indicate the high efficiency of this process in the removal of SBDS and COD. In optimum conditions of pH = 3, current 85 mA/cm2, ozone flow rate 30 mM/s and initial SDBS concentration 0.02 mM/L, more than 99% removal was observed in 50 min. By changing the parameters of the optimum conditions, the process performance was decreased. High efficiency of COD removal in this process was obtained in 80 min. Influence of TBA in solution was the efficiency decrease of process to 80 %. Electro-ozonation process as an advanced oxidation process can reduce organic pollution industry and can be considered as an environmentally friendly process.

Advanced oxidation processes such as catalytic ozonation are efficient for the removal of antibiotics. Calcium peroxide is one of the catalysts that can be used as a source of hydrogen peroxide. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of ciprofloxacin removal by ozonation process with calcium peroxide from aqueous solutions. This experimental study was conducted in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 2013. The process consisted of ciprofloxacin with a concentration of 10-100 mg/L, calcium peroxide with a concentration of 0-0.1 mg/L, 1 gr/min ozone (O3), and 30 min reaction time in a semiconductor reactor. In the optimal condition, at pH 3, calcium peroxide 0.025 mg/L, O3 1 gr/min, and initial antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/L, 92% of ciprofloxacin was removed and 45% of chemical oxygen demand was reduced. With regards to the results, the ozonation process with calcium peroxide can be suitable for removal of ciprofloxacin contamination.