صدرالدین شجاع الدین

Chronic back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders worldwide. This study aimed To Compare the effect of motor control training plus ‎pain ‎‎education and postural ‎restoration exercises on pain, disability, and ‎‎psychological ‎characteristics in people with non-specific chronic back pain.‎

99 men and women suffering from non-specific chronic back pain were randomly selected in 2 experimental groups and a control group (33 people in each group) using available samples. The indices of pain, disability, fear-avoidance beliefs, pain self-efficacy, and fear of movement were evaluated. Next, two experimental groups trained for 8 weeks. The control group only participated in the pre-test and post-test. The statistical method of composite covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that both exercise groups had a significant effect on pain, disability, fear-avoidance beliefs related to work and physical activity, pain self-efficacy, and fear of movement compared to the control group; although motor control exercises combined with pain training had more significant effect on pain self-efficacy and fear of movement than postural ‎restoration exercises. ‎‎ (P≤‎‏0.05‏‎). ‎

Considering the effectiveness of both exercise groups, therapists are advised to pay attention to these exercises when compiling exercise programs.

 People with postural malalignment such as tibiofemoral varus (TFRV) may experience movement patterns dysfunction during functional activities that are related to non-contact lower extremity injuries. Training protocols should be designed for these people to control and improve their functional dysfunctions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of posterior X-taping (PXT) and real-time external feedback (RTF) on kinematic and electromyographic indices of the lower extremities during the single-leg squat task in individuals with TFRV.

 Electromyographic and kinematic information of the lower extremities of 24 recreational athletes with TFRV (PXT=12, RTF=12) were recorded while participants in both groups performed single-leg squat 5 times consecutively and took a 2-minute rest between two different conditions (before and after the intervention). To analyze the data, 2-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used at the significant level of P≤0.05.

 The present study results indicated an increase in gluteus medius muscle activity (P=0.013) in the eccentric phase and a decrease in hip adduction (P=0.001) in maximal knee flexion (P=0.034) after the intervention compared to before the intervention in the RTF group. Also, there was a reduction in external tibiofemoral rotation of the knee after the intervention compared to before intervention in maximal knee flexion (P=0.034), eccentric phase (P=0.001), and concentric phase (P=0.001) in the PXT group. In addition, there was a decreased ankle pronation after the intervention compared to before the intervention in the eccentric phase (P=0.001) and concentric (P=0.001) in the PXT group and in the eccentric phase (P=0.004) in the RTF group. Besides, there was an increased ankle abduction after the intervention compared to before the intervention in the concentric phase (P=0.001), eccentric phase (P=0.001), and maximum knee flexion (P=0.004) in the PXT group, and in the eccentric phase in the RTF group (P=0.006). Finally, there was a decrease in ankle flexion dorsiflexion at maximum knee flexion after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P=0.017) in the RTF group.

 The results of the present study showed that PXT and RTF interventions can affect the kinematic parameters of individuals with TFRV malalignment in different ways and can be used to correct immediately postural defects during the single-leg squat task.

Chronic low back pain is one of the primary disorders in work and industrial environments. This study aimed to investigate the effect and follow-up of the combined protocol of occupational education and yoga on the pain intensity and endurance of trunk extensor muscles.

The current study is a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with follow-up. The participants were 24 men (employees of Iran Khodro Company) suffering from non-specific chronic low back pain, who were randomly selected into 2 equal groups of 12 people using available samples. This study evaluated pain with a visual analog scale and endurance of extensor muscles with the Bering-Sorenson test. Then, the experimental group implemented a combined protocol of occupational education and yoga for ten weeks. The control group only participated in the pre-test and post-test. After collecting the data, the statistical method of composite covariance analysis with a significant level (α ≤ 0.05) was used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that occupational education and yoga Intervention had a significant effect ‎on pain, and trunk extensor muscle endurance subjects with non-specific chronic low back pain ‎‎ (P≤‎‏0.05‏‎). ‎

Considering the effectiveness of the combined protocol of occupational education and yoga on the pain and endurance of extensor muscles, therapists are advised to consider the combined protocol of occupational education and yoga in compiling their training programs.

The aim of this research was effect of eight weeks of neuromuscular training (NMT) with and without cognitive-dual tasks (DTs) on proprioception and balance of athletes with ACL deficiency (ACL-D). 39 soccer players with ACL-D were selected purposefully and randomly divided into three groups of 13 (control group, neuromuscular training group and neuromuscular training with dual tasks group). Two training groups performed the exercises for eight weeks and three sessions per week. cognitive-motor dual tasks were performed in one of the groups along with neuromuscular exercises in the form of counting down numbers, memorizing numbers, calculating unexpected equations, specialized football skill movements.  The results of the current study indicated that there was no significant difference in knee joint proprioception in the open and closed kinetic chain after applying the intervention between the three groups, but there was a significant difference in lower extremity performance of the athletes based on the Y balance test in the anterior and posterior-lateral direction between the three groups (p<0.05). It seems that providing neuromuscular exercises along with cognitive-dual tasks can probably be considered as a useful approach to improve lower extremity performance based on the Y balance test in athletes with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency.

 The aim of this study was to investigate whether the application of the integrated neuromuscular inhibition technique combined with Electric stimulation can provide faster and greater improvement in maximum strength and isometric of the neck muscles in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain.

 The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pretest-posttest design. For this purpose, patients with non-specific chronic neck pain in Tehran were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n=17) and a control group (n=17). Pain, disability, strength and endurance of neck muscles before and after eight weeks of intervention were measured using visual pain index, neck disability index, dynamometer and craniocervical flexion test, respectively. Repeated measures analysis of variance and paired T-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.

 The results of the paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance did not show significant differences between the group and the out-group in the three groups, in contrast, the combined neuromuscular inhibition technique group with electrical stimulation showed a greater clinical effect size than the other two groups.

 According to the clinical effects reported for the combined neuromuscular inhibition technique with electrical stimulation in patients with neck pain, using this method as a complementary method in improving pain, disability and increasing the strength and endurance of neck muscles in patients with chronic neck pain Non-specific is suggested.

The aim of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs is to correct or eliminate risk factors and ultimately reduce injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of neuromuscular exercises on knee and ankle joint proprioception in male soccer player students prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury.

In this quasi-experimental research, 24 male soccer players prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury at Khorazmi University of Tehran in 2018 were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (n=12) and control groups (n=12). Two days before the commencement of neuromuscular training, knee and ankle proprioception assessment was performed on all subjects. The members of the experimental group participated in the neuromuscular training program for six weeks (3 sessions per week). Two days after finishing the training, all subjects were re-evaluated. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using Shapiro-Wilk, covariance, and paired t-tests.

In this study, among 24 students prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury, 12 cases performed neuromuscular training for six weeks. The results demonstrated that knee proprioception (P=0.013) and ankle proprioception (in inversion movement p=0.032, in eversion movement P=0.047) in the experimental group improved significantly after six weeks of neuromuscular training compared to the control group (P≤0.05).

As evidenced by the obtained results, the use of neuromuscular training can be recommended to improve the proprioception of the knee and ankle joints and ultimately prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Non-specific chronic back pain is the third known cause of disability in musculoskeletal disease. The prevalence of this type of back pain is very common among flight attendants and has been reported due to standing for long periods of time, doing repetitive tasks, and carrying things in different ways. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance exercises with and without motor skill exercises and pain reprocessing therapy on pain and psychological factors of flight attendants with non-specific chronic back pain.

The present research is a double-blind randomized clinical trial. 52 female flight attendants with non-specific chronic back pain were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group. In order to assess the level of pain, the visual analog scale of pain, DAS questionnaire for depression, anxiety, and fear variables, Tempa questionnaire for fear of movement, pain catastrophizing scale and fear avoidance beliefs questionnaire related to work and physical activity were used. All four groups performed the selected exercises for eight weeks. In order to maintain the permanence of the effect of the exercises, re-evaluation was done after three months of the exercises. T-test was used to examine intra-group changes, one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post-hoc test were used to examine inter-group changes, and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the interactive effect of time on the group (P≤0.05).

The results of one-way analysis of variance test for inter-group changes showed that the main effect of time is significant except for the anxiety variable in other research variables (P ≤ 0.05).

The results of the present study showed that resistance exercises along with motor skills training and pain reprocessing have a significant effect on reducing pain and improving psychological factors.

Sleep disorder and anxiety are among the most important problems of people with carcinoma. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of mind-body technique and exercise on sleep disorders and anxiety in patients with carcinoma.

30 volunteer patients with cancer (24 women, 6 men) were randomly divided into two control (15 people) and experimental (15 people) groups. This study was quasi-experimental and was conducted in 2021 in Isfahan. Sleep disorder was assessed with the Pittsburgh questionnaire and anxiety with the Beck questionnaire. Measurements of variables were recorded at before, 3 and 12 weeks after the intervention. The experimental group participated in a combined program of mind-body techniques and exercise during three months. Sleep disorder was assessed using the Pittsburgh questionnaire and anxiety was assessed using the Beck questionnaire.

The main effect of the exercise program on the variables of sleep disorders was significant (P<0.001). Also, the main effects related to repetition and the interaction effect of repetition in the group were significant (P<0.001). In addition, the main effect of exercise program on anxiety was significant (P<0.001). Also, the main effects related to repetition and the interaction effect of repetition in the group were significant (P<0.001).

The combined program including exercise and mind-body technique improved the symptoms of sleep disorder and anxiety in patients with carcinoma cancer.

An ankle sprain leads to a decrease in proprioception and awareness of the sense of motion and has motor consequences. On the other hand, damage to this joint is an important factor in reducing balance and consequently re-injury. Strengthening the effective factors in maintaining balance and controlling posture, including profundity, can be a basic strategy in the treatment of balance and postural problems, as well as injuries.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 patients with chronic ankle instability were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Both groups were pre-tested and the experimental group performed balance exercises against perturbation for six weeks. Post-test was retaken from both groups. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance. Statistical operations were performed by SPSS software version 22 at a significant level of α≤0.05.

Postural control index in the experimental group was higher in the first position and lower than the other in the sixth position. The mean of the postural control index in the experimental group was significant compared to the control group [α≤0.05].

Performing balance exercises or training on unstable surfaces with the involvement of sensory receptors is likely to cause the muscles to be more actively involved and the central nervous system to receive more appropriate and effective stimuli from the nerves of different sensory receptors, and thus this Exercises improve postural control.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise-mindfulness intervention on pain and quality of life in patients with carcinoma cancer in the chemotherapy phase.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study. 30 subjects were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n = 15) and control (n = 15). The exercise protocol was performed live on Instagram for 45 minutes as two sessions per week of training and one session per week of mindfulness. Quality of life was assessed with the World Health Organization (WHOQOL) Questionnaire and pain was assessed with the VanKroff Graded Chronic Pain Scale in before the intervention, during and after the intervention. 

The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that the main effect of the group on the variables of quality of life and pain was significant (P = 0.000). Also, the results related to the main effects of repetition on the two variables of quality of life and pain were significant (P = 0.000).

Exercise-mindfulness intervention seems to improve the quality of life and pain of carcinoma cancer patients. Due to the increasing trend of cancer patients, the results of this study can be useful for medical staff, especially nurses, in order to properly deal with patients.

Chronic nonspecific neck pain considered as a common problem which most of the time comes with changes in sensorimotor functions, beside high financial expense, its accompany with pain and personal concerns in society. The purpose of this research was to study and compare the effect and maintenance of breath training with and without yoga on Pain, range of motion and quality of life in women with chronic nonspecific neck pain.

The present study was a quasi - experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. For this purpose, 45 women (40 to 50 years old) with chronic non-specific neck pain and fulfilled the inclusion criteria has been selected by convenience sampling in 3 equal groups of 15 patients (randomly). Then two experimental groups performed the training protocol. The protocol was eight weeks of 45minute exercise program, three sessions per week, of breath training with yoga, breath training. In order to assess pain, range of motion and quality of life of subject, visual analogue scale, Universal Goniometer and whoqol-brief questionnaire was used. All variables were measured one week prior to the study, before, and immediately after the intervention and four weeks afterwards. After data collection, for data analysis Repeated measure ANOVA was applied at the significant level of (p≤0/05).

The findings of this study showed that both breath training with yoga and breath training has significant effect on pain, range of motion and quality of life of subject women with chronic non-specific neck pain(P≤0.05). Conducting a between-group comparison also showed that the pain, range of motion and quality of life variables had the highest variation, which was related to the breath training with yoga and breath training, respectively.

According to the results, breath training with yoga showed greater recuperation than breath training. The breath training with yoga are recommended as an adjunct method in treatment of subject with chronic nonspecific neck pain..

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and one of the deadliest diseases. Since the most important part of recovery from disabling side effects of surgery and treatment of breast cancer is the correction of a local deviations and imbalances. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a selected course of exercises on BOth Sides Up (BOSU) on strength, postural balance, range of motion and pain in women with breast cancer following chemotherapy.

In a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group individuals of 16 females aged 40-50 years with breast cancer. The subjects were selected as available samples and then randomly divided into an intervention group (8) and control group (8). Before and after 4 weeks of selected exercise, 60 minutes and 3 sessions per week were assessed on improving strength with Dynamometer, Postural balance by getting up and down, range of motion with a goniometer, and pain with the McGill Pain Questionnaire.

The results of the t-sample of the pair have a significant difference in improving strength factors (p: 0.001), postural balance (p: 0.72), range of motion in flexion (p: 0.54), and in abduction (p: 0.02) and pain (p: 0.15) in the pre- and a post-test group of the intervention group and the results of independent t-analysis showed a significant difference in the improvement of strength factors (p:0.001), postural balance (p:0.001), range of motion in flexion (p:0.001), in abduction (p: 0.18) and pain (p:0.001) in the intervention group were quite significant (p = 0.005).

Selected exercises on BOSU ball appear to improve strength factors, postural balance, range of motion, and pain in women with breast cancer. Experts advise performing the exercises could improve the mentioned factors and for alleviating the discomfort of the patients.

Gaze direction recognition is one of the new treatments method for neck pain. The positive effects of stabilization exercises in various studies on neck pain have also been confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding a gaze direction recognition program to common stabilizing exercises on neck pain intensity, muscular endurance and proprioception of women with chronic non-specific neck pain.

In this quasi-experimental study, 45 women with chronic neck pain were divided into three equal groups: stabilization exercises, combination group (stabilization and gaze direction recognition) and control. Research variables included pain intensity, muscle endurance, and Proprioception. To measure them in the pre-test, visual pain scale, PILE endurance test and neck joint repositioning error test were used, respectively. Then, after eight weeks of training in training groups, post-test were performed in pre-test conditions. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and paired t-test were used to evaluate the results. Significance level was considered in this study (α <0.05).

The results of the present study showed that performing exercises in two training groups had a significant effect on pain intensity and proprioception and adding a gaze direction recognition program to common stabilizing exercises led to more improvement in pain intensity and proprioception in female with chronic non-specific neck pain. (P <0.05).

Considering that Adding a gaze direction recognition program to stabilizing exercises can lead to better results in reducing the severity of pain and increasing the properioception females with chronic neck pain. The use of these exercises along with other exercises is recommended for female with non-specific chronic neck pain.

Aims and background:

LBP is one of the major costly health problems in many developed and developing countries which has many economic and social impacts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and duration of eight weeks of core stability and Pilates exercises on sensory function, quality of life and pain in women with nonspecific chronic low back pain.

Using a purposive and accessible sampling method, 30 individuals were selected randomly and divided into three groups of 10 patients with Pilates training, central stability training, and control group. Before the beginning of exercise protocols, quality of life questionnaire was completed and pain and sensory function measurements were performed. After eight weeks and one month thereafter, assessments were repeated, as in the pre-test steps. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to evaluate the results. The significance level was considered P ≤ 0.05.

Pilates exercises and central stability had a significant effect on a visual pain scale, sensory function, and quality of life in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain. The sensory function was maintained in the central stability training group after one month.

Pilates exercises and central stability had a significant effect on a visual pain scale, sensory function, and quality of life in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain. The sensory function was maintained in the central stability training group after one month.

  Abnormalities and muscular imbalance in lower limb can lead to poor performance in sports activities followed by injuries. The aim of the present study was comparison of the scores of functional lower extremity in active adolescents with normal and flexible flat foot. In the present study, 60 active students (16-18 years-old) with normaland flexible flat foot participated and were divided into two groups (30 each). The participants' navicular drop, using the method described by Brady, and lower limb function, using functional tests including control sequence, hop test sequence, and endurance sequence, were evaluated. To analyze the research findings, descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (t-tests) statistical methods were applied. The results indicated significant differences between the two groups with normal and flat foot in all functional tests of lower limb (p≤ /05) and, in comparison with the normal group, the flat foot group obtained lower scores. Based on the results, flexible flat foot as an abnormality can lead to poor performance in functional tests and sport activities that require balance, muscular endurance, and strength followed by sports injuries including plantar fascia inflammation, tibial stress fracture, anterior cruciate ligament rupture, and backache. So, it is recommended that flexible flat foot be considered as a risk factor in sports injuries.

Neck pain is a common problem in human societies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of functional cognitive training on the cognitive factors of people with non-specific chronic neck pain.

In this clinical trial study, 24 patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into two groups of cognitive functional exercise and control. Cognitive factors were assessed before and immediately after six weeks of cognitive training using pain self-efficacy questionnaire, pain catastrophizing scale, fear-avoidance believes inventory, and depression, anxiety, and stress-21 questionnaire. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and paired t tests.

Comparison of two groups after treatment showed a significant difference in all cognitive variables; so that all factors were improved in the intervention group (P = 0.001). Paired t-test results also showed a significant difference in all variables in the intervention group, before and after the test (P = 0.001); but no significant difference was observed for the control group.

The findings suggest that functional cognitive training can be used as a novel method to improve the cognitive factors among the people with chronic neck pain.</div>

Background Abnormal hip kinetics and impaired hip muscle performance have been associated with various musculoskeletal disorders, such as patellofemoral pain, iliotibial band syndrome, anterior cruciate ligament injuries, low back pain, and hip joint pathology. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of gluteal muscles specific strength training on kinetics (time and frequency domain) and pain in patients with chronic non specific low back pain.
Methods In the present study the before and after the implementation of gluteal muscles specific strength training, the pain, kinetics variables (time and frequency domain) in two (stable-without fatigue and instable- fatigued positions) and electrical activity of gluteus medius, maximus and tensor fascia lata muscles were done by using visual analogue scale, force plate and electromyography respectively and results analysed by analysis of covariance, independent and paired t test
Results 24 subjects with chronic nonspecific low back pain mean age 30.27±5.48 years old were selected and divided into two equal control and experimental groups The results showed that gluteal muscles specific strength training increases the activity of the gluteal muscles and decrease tensor activation, improve in the kinetics variables and pain decreases in patients with chronic non specific low back pain.
Conclusion After implementation of gluteal muscles specific strength training, significant differences was gained in kinetics variables (time and frequency domain) and pain that beside the findings of muscle activation discused in complementary results of this study, need to be mor investigated in future researchers.

  Patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain experience deficit in joint position sense acuity and two-point discrimination, and these deficits are associated with pain in these patients. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of hydrotherapy on pain, joint position sensee, and two-point discrimination in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain and motor control impairment. Material and 25 women with nonspecific chronic low back pain were selected using Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, and randomly assigned into 2 groups of hydrotherapy (n = 12) and control (n = 13). The experimental group performed an eight weeks of hydrotherapy exercises, and control group did not perform exercise. Before and after complementation of intervention, visual analogue scale, goniometer, and caliper were used to assess pain, joint position sense, and two-point discrimination, respectively. Within and between group comparisons were done using paired t and independent t tests. In hydrotherapy group, there were significant differences between pretest and posttest in pain (P = 0.007), joint positon sense (P = 0.005), and two-point discrimination (P = 0.008); whereas there was not any significant difference in control group. Hydrotherapy exercises result in decreasing pain, improvement in joint position sense, and two-point discrimination of women with nonspecific chronic low back pain and motor control impairment. So, use of these exercises is recommended for treatment of nonspecific chronic low back pain.

Thelower extremity pronation syndrome involves foot hyper pronation, knee internal rotation, and adduction. When sport exercises are properly designed and integrated, using a multifaceted training approach can help achieve goals without the need for other interventions. Ankle balance strategy restores balance by moving the body around the ankle joint. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight-weeks of combined corrective exercises on the activity of of involved muscles in girls’ ankle strategy with lower extremity pronation syndrome.

In the current semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group, 30 students, aged 13-16 years old, with lower extremity pronation syndrome were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). Prior to and after eight weeks of training for 60 to 80 minutes, three times a week, we evaluated flat foot using Navi drop test, knee valgus using tibiofemoral angle measurement, tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles Electromyography (EMG) activity on Biodex Balance while standing on dominant.

Covariance analysis showed a significant difference in tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles EMG between the two groups in the posttests. Also, corrective exercises was found to be significantly different on tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius amount of muscles activity at posttest compared with pretest and had approximately 94% and 62%, respectively, effects on the EMG of these muscles in girls with lower extremity pronation syndrome (p=0,001) (p=0,026).

It seems that corrective mixed exercises led to changes such as increased muscles activity in those responsible for balance control such as increase in the tibialis anterior muscle activity and decrease in the gastrocnemius muscle activity, which are related to the ankle strategy. So it is recommended that specialists and researchers consider corrective exercises in order to improve balance strategies in people with pronation syndrome.

Purpose & Anterior cruciate ligament injury is one of the most prevalent injuries in sport which has many potential causes and several studies have examined these causes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate relationship between core stability and isometric hip abduction and external rotation strength, and jump-landing biomechanics using Landing Error Scoring System (LESS).
Core stability/endurance and isometric lower extremity muscle strength of 30 active men (age of 21.27±2.12 years, height of 177.77±6.59 cm, weight of 69.42±6.94 kg) have been assessed through McGill core stability tests and dynamometry, respectively. Then, subjects have performed LESS test for analysis of their jump-landing biomechanics. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression tests were performed to examine predictive relationship between core stability and isometric hip abduction and external rotation strength values and LESS scores (P≤ .05).
There have been observed no significant relationship between trunk flexor (P=.4), trunk extensor (P=.46), plank (P=.49), side plank to right (P=.41), side plank to left (P=0.4) abduction (P=.44) and external rotation (P=.07) isometric strength and overall LESS score (P
The findings of the present study showed that there is no significant relationship between core stability/endurance and isometric strength measurements and dynamic biomechanics of jump-landing. This is probably due to the difference in nature of isometric and endurance measurements and dynamic functional movements. Conducting studies regarding screening at-risk athletes is essential in order to reduce serious injuries that threaten athletes career and life. Undoubtedly, using applicable metheods in high-risk technique assessment that can substitute expensive laboratory equipments and can be performed easily in large sample groups are very helpful for sports medicine professionals.

It is believed that dysfunction of the quadriceps muscle can be considered as one of the cause of patellofemoral pain syndrome with great emphasis placed on vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles imbalance. The purpose of this study was to compare the EMG activity ratio of vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis muscles in athletes with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome.
12 athletes with Patellofemoral pain syndrome (age 23.23±3.70 year, height 179±7.00 cm, and weight 73.86±12.00 kg) and 12 healthy male athletes (age 23.45±3.17 year, height 177±4.00 cm, and weight 68.84±8.53 kg) Participated in a quasi-experimental study. Numerical Pain Rating scale was used to assess the pain. EMG activity of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles during dynamic postural perturbation were collected using a 16- channel EMG System. To data was analysed by Independent-t test at the significance level was set as P≤0.05.
The mean vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis EMG activity ratio in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome were less than control group. No significant difference was observed in the vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis EMG activity ratio between two groups during forward perturbation (p=0.568) and backward perturbation (p=0.521).
Our findings suggest that vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis ratio was not differe between athletes with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome in postural dynamic perturbation and it is likely that long-term pain cause’s muscular balance reactions adaptation in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The results of this study would be useful for therapists to identify changes in motor control strategies and in a rehabilitation program design for athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

The role of noncontractile and wide elements of thoracolumbar fascia is miserable. Studies that examine the thoracolumbar fascia in living beings have often been used ultrasound techniques. Because of the variety of positions, we tried to identify base position to carry out these studies.
Fifty three voluntaries entered the study. Then we did sonography in prone, sitting, and quadruped positions, after inspiration and respiration and at both sides at L3 level.
Findings: Sonography findings showed that thoracolumbar fascia thickness at the end of inspiration was significantly more than thickness at the end of respiration at prone and sitting positions despite quadruped position at both sides. Therefore, breathing and position factors affected the fascia thickness. Lordosis angle in any of the studied states did not show significant and strong correlation with fascia thickness.
The findings show that thoracolumbar fascia behavior is different in various positions; in addition, breathing determines different fascia behaviors. So, ultrasound studies should have particular attention to these two factors. Besides, we suggest that thoracolumbar fascia may have changes by breathing exercises and posture correction at long time. This study introduces the end of exhalation, sitting position, and right side as base position in thoracolumbar fascia ultrasonic evaluation.

Despite special benefits of the theraband resistance in rehabilitative exercises for patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis (MS), only a few studies have been reported investigating this method of therapy. Thus, the current study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of theraband resistance training on the fatigue severity, the quality of life, and muscular strength of the lower extremity in men with MS.
A total of 30 patients from Tehran National MS Society (with the disability scale of 1 to 4, aged 25-35, and the ability to walk) participated in the present study on a voluntary basis and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, 15 each. Next, patient participants took part in eight weeks of resistance training, three times a week. Fatigue and the quality of life were assessed using the fatigue and 36-item questionnaires, respectively, and muscular strength was measured using a dynamometer. For data analysis, t-tests were run with the significance level set at P≤0/05.
Independent samples t-test showed a significant difference between the post-tests of the experimental and control groups (FSS: P=0/029, QOL: P=0/000, Plantar flexors: P=0/007, and Extensors of the knee and hip: P=0/000 and P=0/001, respectively), whereas no significant difference was observed between the pre-tests. Also, dependent samples t-test revealed a significant difference in the means of the pretest-posttest comparisons for the experimental group (FSS: P=0/019, QO: P=0/000, Plantar flexors: P=0/010, and Extensors of the knee and hip: P=0/000 and P=0/002, respectively), while comparison of pretest-posttest means did not reveal a meaningful difference in the control group.
Eight weeks of resistance training can significantly improve the fatigue, the quality of life, and muscular strength of patients with MS.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is among the most common musculoskeletal disorders in the athletes and active individuals. Observation of muscular responses to unexpected perturbations is one of the most common methods to evaluate the neural strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the EMG response of vastus muscles to dynamic postural perturbations in the athletes with PFPS.
Material and This study included 10 male athletes with PFPS and 10 healthy male athletes. NPRS scale was used to assess pain. EMG activity of VMO and VL muscles measured during dynamic postural perturbation. The EMG signals were collected using a 16- channel BTS-FREEEMG 300 system, manufactured in Italy. Independent-t test was used for data analysis.
RMS values for VMO and VL muscles in PFPS group, were higher than the corresponding values of the control group by 33.59% and 33.35% respectively, in the forward postural perturbation. There was a significant difference in VL muscle RMS values between the two groups (P=0.04). RMS values for VMO and VL muscles in PFPS group were higher than those of the control group by 38% and 49.52% respectively, in the backward postural perturbation and there was a significant difference in VL muscle RMS values between the two groups (P=0.04).
The results showed that valtus muscles were more active in response to dynamic postural perturbation in the athletes with PFPS in comparison to the healthy athletes. Patellofemoral pain syndrome and in general joint disorders can lead to dysfunction in the whole sensory-motor system. Therefore, instead of focusing on local symptoms we should examine the whole body in sensory-motor system dysfunction.