فهرست مطالب صلاح الدین مرادی

Rapid technological advances in recent decades are despite the many benefits for human, exposed the natural resources and environmental components to various contaminants such as heavy and toxic metals.

In order to evaluate the potential of azolla, to absorb cadmium and micronutrient from solution contaning different concentrations of salinity, a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and three replications were conducted in the greenhouse. Cadmium was used from cadmium sulfate at the levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/liter using Epestin nutrient solution. The concentrations of NaCl in Epestin nutrient solutions were 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mM.

The azolla accumulated high concentration of cadmium solutions in their tissues. Assessing the effect of salinity on cadmium of the azolla indicated that increase in salinity levels of nutrient solution, increased cadmium concentration. Cadmium solutions increasing concentrations of cadmium (in plant), sodium, manganese, copper and decrease iron and zinc. Salinity treatments increased cadmium and sodium and decreasing concentrations of iron, zinc, manganese and copper. Mutual effects of cadmium and salinity treatments increased cadmium and sodium and decreasing concentrations of iron and zinc.

Aplications of cadmium and salinity decreased the growth rate of azolla and even caused death where their concentrations were high.

Salinity is an environmental problem in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. High amounts of salts like sodium chloride (NaCl) in the soils and water have destructive effects on yield of plants. The harmful effects of salinity on plant growth are related to the low osmotic potential of the soil solution (water stress), the nutritional imbalance, the specific ion effect (salt stress), or the combination of these factors. The relationship between salinity and plant mineral nutrition is complicated. Under salinity stress, occurs the sodium and chlorine accumulation, resulting in ionic imbalance and the deficiency symptoms of nutrients in plants. The sodium (Na+) competes with the uptake of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) by plant, and the chlorine (Cl-) with the uptake of nitrates (NO3-), phosphates (PO43-) and sulfates (SO42-).
In order to evaluate the tolerance of spinach cv. “virofly” to salinity levels in application with different nitrogen rates, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as completely randomized design based on factorial arrangement with three replications at Shiraz University Agricultural Faculty. Treatments include four levels of salinity (without salinity, 1, 2 and 3 gr of sodium chloride per kg of soil, equivalents to 0.7, 4.5, 8 and 11.5 dS/m in saturated solution extract of soil, respectively), and five levels of nitrogen (unfertilized, 75, 150, 225 and 300 mg N/kg of soil) as urea source. Nitrogen treatments were applied in two installments in water soluble (half before planting and another half, 20 days after planting). In order to prevent sudden stress, saline treatments were applied gradually after complete plant establishment with irrigation water. The irrigation of the pots was carried out with distilled water and at field capacity. After 56 days of sowing, in every pot the spinach shoots were discarded near the surface of the soil and the required parameters were measured.
The application of 4.5 and 8 dS/m salinity had no significant effect (≤0.05) on the relative yield and spinach leaf area, but 11.5 dS/m salinity significantly (≤0.05) decreased relative yield and spinach leaf area compared to without salinity level, 4.5 and 8 dS/m. Nitrogen application (75 and 150 mg/kg of soil) alleviated negative effect of salinity on yield and leaf area. Application of 225 and 300 mg N/kg of soil with 11.5 dS/m salinity significantly decreased the relative yield of spinach. The highest and lowest shoot water content changes in salinity conditions were observed in no-nitrogen application and 150 mg N/kg application, respectively, which shows that the application of nitrogen in the medium level controls the water changes in the spinach plants. In this study, increasing the amount of nitrogen at all levels of salinity, elevated the shoot water content. The tolerant plant species in the face of environmental stresses maintain the water content of their cells in the higher levels. Therefore, it can be said that the maintenance of high leaf water content is an important mechanism for tolerance to salinity, and the cultivars that can hold more water in their leaves under stress conditions, will have more tolerance to salinity stress. Linear regression (R2 = 0.8198) showed that in the salinity levels of 4.5 to 11.5 dS/m, there is a negative relationship between the yield and the chlorine to nitrogen ratio (Cl/N) of spinach shoots, so that with increasing Cl/N, the spinach shoot yield decreased by gradient of -3.077. Application of nitrogen up to 225 mg/kg of soil gradually reduced the ratio of K/Na, Ca/Na and Mg/Na, however, the application of 300 mg N/kg of soil had no significant effect on these ratios. The application of different levels of salinity gradually reduced the K/Na, Ca/Na and Mg/Na ratio.
The threshold of salinity of spinach cv. “virofly” was about 8 dS/m in our study, this was above the threshold mentioned (2 dS/m) for spinach in most sources. The application of nitrogen in medium level as urea can improve the negative effects of salinity in spinach but intensive nitrogen fertilization may increase the negative effects of salinity on plant yields.

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological fertilizer and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in four levels (without biological fertilizer, Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae and vermicompost) on growth and shoot mineral nutrients composition of two strawberry cultivars (Parus and Kurdistan) in factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The results showed that the application of vermicompost and AM fungi significantly increased the shoot dry weight of strawberry in comparison to control but there was not a significant difference between two species of AM fungi. Total uptake of nutrients was significantly increased by inoculation of strawberry with AM fungi in comparison to the control but inoculation did not leave significance effect on shoot nutrients concentration. Vermicompost application significantly enhanced the uptake and concentration of phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, and copper compared to control. Dry weight, zinc concentration and uptake, phosphorus, manganese and copper uptake in shoot of Kurdistan cultivar were significantly higher than Parus cultivar but there was not a significant difference between the cultivars in root colonization. Mycorrhizal dependence (Md) percentage by Rhizophagus irregularis was significantly higher in Parus cultivar than Kurdistan cultivar but Md (%) by Funneliformis mosseae in Kurdistan cultivar was higher than Parus cultivar. In conclusion, application of biological fertilizers will increase the growth of strawberry plant through an increased nutrient uptake, in which the role of vermicompost is more pronounced than that of AM fungi due perhaps to the presence of nutrients and useful soil organisms.

The salt-affected soils are widely distributed in arid and semi-arid areas including Iran. In the soils affected by excessive salt, physical, chemical and biological changes in coupling with the low levels of organic matter (OM) resulting from the weak growth of plants, cause the deficiency of such nutrients as nitrogen (N) on the one hand and ionic toxicity (sodium and chlorine) on the other hand. The lack of vegetation in arid and saline areas results in the return of small amount of plant residues, so that the content of soil organic matter and thus the amount of nitrogen and other elements is reduced. One of the ways to increase the vitality and efficiency of elements in saline conditions for plants is to use organic fertilizers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of organic carbon and salinity levels on nitrogen and carbon mineralization and nutrient concentrations in soil.

An completely randomized design (CRD) experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of organic carbon levels from the source of cow manure on the mineralization of carbon and nitrogen and nutrient concentrations in soil salinity conditions in a completely randomized design (CRD) by factorial arrangement with three replications. Organic carbon factor included (0, 1.5 and 3% organic carbon) and salinity factor consisted of 1.5, 4.5 and 9 dS/m. To create salinity levels a combination of MgSO4.7H2O, NaCl, Na2SO4 and CaCl2 was used in the ratio of 42.82, 0.91, 36.20, and 36.91, respectively. The treated soils were incubated at 25 °C under 70% field capacity for 70-day period. To determine the nitrification rate (Rn), the ammonium and nitrate concentrations were monitored during the incubation period at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks since the time of incubation. To address the carbon mineralization rate, the soil basal respiration was determined weekly since the beginning of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the macro and micro nutrient status was determined in the treated soils.

The results showed that both salinity and organic matter application significantly affected the basal respiration, concentration of ammonium, nitrate, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Fe (P<0.01). Salinity increased soil Ca and Mg concentration. Organic carbon treatments have a significant effect on soil total nitrogen and soil organic carbon. The interactional effect of organic matter and salinity was significant on the basal respiration concentration of ammonium and nitrate and K, Na, Cl, Fe. Salinity in 9 dS.m-1 level compare to 1.5 dS.m-1 decreased basal respiration, NH4+ and NO3- concentration by 47%, 27% and 76% respectively. The basal respiration in 3% of soil organic carbon treatment, higher by 24% compared to control treatment (without organic matter addition). Furthermore, the ammonium and nitrate production after 70 days in 3% of soil organic carbon treatment, was 10% and 37% more than control.

Salinity had a negative effect on the process of carbon and nitrogen mineralization. The use of organic compounds, by creating a balance in nutrient status, could create more favorable conditions for the processes of mineralization of carbon and nitrogen. Organic compounds may have an easy source of carbon, which, if placed on the soil, stimulate and increase microbial activity, increase the mineralization of carbon and nitrogen to some extent.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of cadmium application on growth and nutrient concentrations in the duckweed under salinity conditions. The experiment was factorial arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Factors were cadmium levels (0, 5, 10, 20,40, and 80 mg L-1 cd as cadmium sulfate) and salt concentration levels (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mM as sodium chloride) that added to Epstein nutrient solution. The results showed that cadmium and salinity, both alone and in combination, decreased relative growth rate of watercress. Cadmium concentration of duckweed increased by application of cadmium. Salinity increased cadmium concentration of duckweed. The application of cadmium and salinity, both alone and in combination, decreased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, sodium concentration. Manganese concentration increased by cadmium but decreased by salinity. In conclusion, duckweed accumulated the high concentration of cadmium, as is a cadmium accumulator plant, although high concentration of cadmium and salinity were causing plant death.

Organic matter is one of the most important factors in soil fertility. Different sources are involved in the supply of organic matter, including municipal solid waste compost, poultry and cow manure. These fertilizers often contain toxic substances and heavy metals which are extremely harmful for human and animal health. Toxicity and hazard of heavy metals in the soil is dependent on the form and amount of heavy metal. This research was conducted in a based on design completely randomized with three replications in Hamedan province. In this study, three types of soil texture (sandy loam, clay and loam) along with three types of organic fertilizers such as municipal solid waste compost, poultry and cow manure have been used in 5 levels (0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 Ton/ha). Availability and total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Mn were measured in each treatment. The results showed that soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) as well as availability and total amount of heavy metals were increased by enhancing the amount of organic fertilizers. The availability of heavy metals was much less than the total amount of elements. Overall, it was observed that increment of heavy metals caused by organic fertilizers was more in the clay soil compared to other soils because of the fact that clay texture showed high capacity for the uptake of heavy metals. Solid waste compost revealed the greatest effect on increasing the concentrations of heavy metals in the soil among other fertilizers while poultry manure was in the second place.

Rapid technological advances in recent decades despite the many benefits for human, exposed the natural resources and environmental components to various contaminants such as heavy metals. In order to evaluate the potential of Azolla, to absorb arsenic and nutrient from solution contaning different concentrations of salinity, a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and three replications were conducted in the greenhouse. Different levels of Arsenic were 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/liter. Arsenic was provided from source of sodium arsenate and was added to the Epestin food solution. The concentrations of NaCl in Epestin nutrient solutions were 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mM. Nutrient solutions with different concentration of arsenic and NaCl were used to growth azolla, for a period of 30 days. The result showed that existance of Arsenic heavy metal and salinity decreased the growth rate of azolla and even caused death where their concentrations were high. The azolla accumulated high concentration of arsenic solutions in their tissues. Assessing the effect of salinity on arsenic of the azolla indicated that increase in salinity levels of nutrient solution, decreased arsenic concentration. Arsenic increasing concentrations of calcium, sodium, manganese and decrease nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper. Salinity treatments and mutual effects of arsenic and salinity treatments increased sodium and decreasing concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper.

Forests are the most important genetic reserves in the world and are considered to be the main sources of water and soil, which, in order to play their role, requires a biodiversity factor. Alborz province has an appropriate species diversity due to the special climatic conditions, diversity of topography, and a large part of its area located in the folds of Alborz Mountains. In this regard, studying its tree and shrub genetic reserves is very important. The present study was conducted in two phases of justification and detailed. In the first stage, information about tree species and shrubs in Alborz province and their districts were obtained based on valid sources. Then, the Landsat 8 satellite image (2014) was prepared for Alborz Province. After calculating the vegetation index and writing the minimum-maximum functions, fields with trees and shrubs were separated from the empty areas. Entering the arena began with recording geographic location, identifying tree species and shrub species and developing distribution maps. The results showed that in less than 3 percent of the province Rosaceae families with 49.12 percent, Cupressaceae with 24.56, Berberidaceae with 12.28, Elaeagnaceae with 5.26, Betulaceae with 3.5, Aceraceae with 1.75, Leguminosae with 1.75 and Rhamnaceae with 1.75 percent, respectively, in terms of species form tree and shrub cover.

In recent decades, industrial, agricultural and urban activities have caused pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in soils and plants which directly or indirectly affects humans and animals lives. Nowadays, pollutant accumulation in most agricultural products is much higher than the permissible limit due to the excessive use of fertilizers.
In this study, the accumulation and distribution of heavy metals were investigated in different organs of rats under various nutritional conditions. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with greenhouse strawberry treatments in three groups. Different groups of rats (27 rats) were fed strawberries infected with heavy metals by oral gavage within a three-month period.Regarding the average weight of rats, 0.5 gram of fresh strawberry was considered for each rat.
Results showed that the concentration of studied heavy metals in the strawberries were 7.7, 26 and 3.2 mg / kg for cadmium, lead and copper respectively, which were higher than Iranian standard level. The statistical results showed that there was a significant difference between the different organs in the intake of the heavy metals, so that in the infected treatment, the most and lowest amounts of cadmium were in the kidney (0.41 g / day) and the brain (0.24 g / day), respectively. Heavy metals caused reduction in the rate of weight gain of rats. The accumulation of these elements were higher in the kidney, liver and pancreas than other organs. The least accumulation of heavy metals was related to the rat’s brain, while highest amount of the heavy metals accumulation was in the kidney

This investigation was carried out to study the karyotype diversity of five garlic (Allium Sativum L.) varieties in Isfahan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources. Karyotype of mitotic cells in metaphase of root apical meristem in germinated seeds was studied. The base number of chromosomes was x = 8 and all populations were diploid. Experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with five replicates and mean comparison with Duncan's multiple range test (at 5%) among the five varieties of garlic. Based on Stebbins two-way table the Isfahan and Jiroft populations in class 3B and Bam, Kerman and Hamedan populations were located in class 2B. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for the total chromosome length, long and short arm length and the relative length of the shortest chromosome (p

In order to investigate the effect of intercropping corn and cucumber on weeds, a research project was carried out in a controlled field at Payame Noor University in Marivan (Kurdistan province) in 2013.The main plots consisted of two treatments (weeding and control) and sub-treatments including six treatments, i.e. 100% corn, 100% cucumber, 100% corn 100% cucumber, 50% cucumber 100% corn, 50% corn 100% cucumber and 50% corn 50% cucumber. After the preparation of the land in accordance with the patterns of different combinations of cultivation, was taken at the appropriate time.In weeding treatments, weeds were mechanically removed from the designated plots. In the time of harvesting of corn and cucumber, the land equity ratio (LER), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and dry biomass were measured. After corn harvesting, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were calculated.The results showed that the effect of different planting treatments on grain yield was not significant. The effect of different weeding treatments and different planting combinations on corn and cucumber LER was not significant.On the other hand, the effect of weeding and different planting combinations on dry weight of weeds was significant.The highest dry weight of weeds was obtained in no weeding and 100% cucumber treatments, and the lowest dry weight of weeds was related to 100% cucumber, 100% corn and hand-weeding treatment.In general, PAR was the lowest for pure crop (corn), and the highest PAR was for mixed crops (corn and cucumber).

The use of municipal solid waste compost has been considered as an appropriate method for the improvement of soil quality in spite of having heavy metals. For this study, three types of soil textures including clay, loam, and sandy loam soil were used. These soils were mixed with five levels of compost treatments (0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 ton/ha) and this research was done using factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications. After some basic experiments, the content of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Mn were measured in the various sectors. The results showed that increasing the amount of compost application increased the concentration of heavy metals in all solution, organic, carbonate and residual parts of soils as well as soil pH and EC. The increase in the concentration of these elements was more in the clay soil compared to the other two soil textures. Furthermore, the highest amounts of these elements in decreasing order were as follows: residual fractions> carbonate> organic> dissolved parts, respectively. The maximum amount of heavy metals in the solution part belonged to Mn, while Zn accounted for the minimum amount of heavy metal in the sandy loam. According to the results, it is recommended that, in the application of such compost fertilizers, in addition to measuring the heavy metals contents of these fertilizers, the necessary monitoring should be implemented with regular programs.

To evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) and Mesorhizobium Ciceri bacteria at three soil moisture levels [28% (field capacity, FC), 15% (-5 bar suction) and 9% (-10 bar tension) by weight] on morphological properties of root and aerial parts of chickpea, a greenhouse factorial experiment, arranged as a complete randomized design, was conducted in a sterilized soil. Results showed that moisture treatment had significance effect on number of pods, number of seeds, fresh and dry weight of root and aerial parts, plant height and root length and volume. Application of Mesorhizobium was effective on number of nodes, number of pods, number of seeds, fresh and dry weight of root and aerial parts, plant height, root length and volume. Glomus mosseae had significant effect on plant height. Interaction of moisture and AM fungi was significant on fresh and dry weight of root and aerial parts. Interaction effect of Mesorhizobium and soil moisture was only significant on number of nodes. In general, the highest fresh and dry weight of aerial parts (44.6 and 10.53 grams, respectively) was obtained by inoculation of chickpea by rhizobium bacteria and Glomus mosseae at FC moisture level, and AM fungi Glomus mosseae was more efficient compared to Glomus intraradices in both drought stress and without stress conditions.

Drought, High and low tempratures are the most important abiotic stresses in chickpea cultivation. Improving plant root characteristics (root length and root volume) is one of the ways to increase drought tolerance in chickpea. Mycorrhizal symbiosis increases drought resistance of host plants through different mechanisms. To study the effects of water stress and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on chickpea, a greenhouse experiment as split plot was carried out in Maragheh Agricultural Research Station. Field capacity soil moisture, moderate drought and severe water stress were considered as main plots and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, G . intraradices both fungi and un-inoculated control) and also inoculation with mesorhizobium ciceri( with and without bacteria) were as sub-plots. Results indicated that the effect of moisture on number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, shoot and root dry weight, plant height and root volume was significant. Mesorhizobium inoculation significantly increased all of measured parameters (except flowering time) compared with the control, While mycorrhizal inoculation was significant on plant height. Chickpea shoot dry weight decreased by 47.3% and 78.5% with decreasing soil moisture from field capacity to -5 bar and -10bar respectively, while this decrease was by 40.5% and 71.2% in G. mosseae inoculation and by 37.7% and 72.5% in G. intraradices. In case of co-inoculation of two fungi, the decrease was by 78% at -10 bar, while at -5 bar tension, shoot dry weight not only did not decreased but also increased by 22%.