فهرست مطالب طاهر علمی

inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduction of cell antioxidant activity are among the most important causes of Parkinson's disease. In traditional medicine, Malva sylvestris L (M. sylvestris) is known as an immune system enhancer and anti-inflammatory compound. In this study, the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of M. sylvestris on the histological alterations of the mice brain of an experimental model of Parkinson's disease was investigated.

In the present study, 40 mice were divided into four groups: negative control (recipient of normal saline), drug control (recipient of hydroalcoholic extract of M. sylvestris at a dose of 200 mg/kg), positive control (induced parkinsonism by injection of neurotoxin MPTP at a dose of 25 mg/kg with 24-hour intervals for 4 consecutive days), and finally the treatment group (induced parkinsonism along with a daily intraperitoneal injection of hydroalcoholic extract of M. sylvestris at a dose of 200 mg per kg for 28 days). At the end of the treatment the brain samples were taken, fixed in 4% buffered formalin solution, entered the stages of tissue passage and slices with a thickness of 12 micrometers were prepared. Slices were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and evaluated with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical staining.

The results showed that the number of cell bodies of neurons and astrocytes in the dense part of the substantia nigra significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the negative control group However, the number of microglial cells significantly increased in this brain region. This was despite the fact that in the treatment group, all the investigated parameters were similar to the negative control group, and no statistically significant difference was observed.

It seems that the use of M. sylvestris can play an effective role in reducing the histological changes in the brain of an experimental Parkinson's disease model.

In endemic areas, some parasitic infections may be related to cancer induction or induction of immune responses against cancer. In some cases, parasites cause disease in their host, and in other cases, they reach a biological balance with them. Parasite invasion of the host depends on some factors such as parasite species, life cycle, enzyme production, and host immunity. The results of various studies in different parts of the world have shown that some parasites such as Schistosoma, Opisthorchis, Clonorchis, Strongyloides, Leishmania, Blastocystis, and Cryptosporidium could induce cancer in their host under certain conditions. However, others like Toxocara, Hydatid cyst, Mesocestoides, Taenia crassiceps, Fasciola, and Plasmodium initiate an anti-tumor immune response in the host. Some others, such as Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, and Toxoplasma, have both tumoral and anti-tumoral activity. A better and more complete understanding of these interactions could lead us to a clear future in the treatment of cancer, therefore, in this study, the role of parasites in the induction and prevention of cancer has been investigated.

Most histotechnical methods and preparation of tissue sections were invented and used in the 18th and 19th centuries. Due to the colorless nature of most cells and tissues in the body, tissue staining methods were used from the beginning to differentiate cells and tissues. Materials & Methods According to sources and reports in this field, the time required for each hematoxylin-eosin staining period is approximately 80 minutes. In the present study, a method of hematoxylin-eosin staining is reported that reduces the time required for staining by maintaining the quality of sections and staining from 80 minutes to less than 40 minutes. Also, considering the existing problems regarding the cost of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry kits, the Low amount of kits and the problems that exist in the drip staining method of this type of staining, the present report tries to present three creative methods in this regard. These methods increase the quality of the prepared slides, in addition to reducing consumables. Optimization of tissue staining steps can reduce expenses spent and increase the quality of tissue sections.

War's nature is constantly changing over time with the progress in military technology and weapons of war, which has led to a diverse pattern of tissue injuries. Developments in personal protective equipment and body armor, rapid transfer from the battlefield to medical centers, improved resuscitation measures, bleeding control, and wound management have increasingly contributed to the wounded survival. However, the injured suffer tissue injuries of various degrees, thereby undergoing complicated and prolonged treatments. An increasing incidence of injuries caused by explosive devices in modern wars has more complicated treatment and recovery of the injured, highlighting the need for modern treatment methods based on stem cells in military medicine. Stem cells can be harvested from various sources such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, skin, umbilical cord blood and Wharton's jelly, placenta and amniotic fluid, and with the ability of self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation into functional cells of different tissues, anti-inflammatory, paracrine and immune system modulating activities have been considered as a promising therapeutic approach to many battlefield injuries and their complications. Recent research in this area reveals the development of solutions to reduce critical consequences when facing the injuries caused by warfare. Thereby, in this review, in addition to outlining the most important tissue injuries in modern combat, recent developments in the use of stem cells for the regeneration of injured tissues have been highlighted.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite causes toxoplasmosis. The parasite has two forms, noninvasive bradizoites and invasive tachizoites. The present study, for the first time, aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamins C and E on nitric oxide (NO) elevation to promote killing invasive tachizoites by macrophages in susceptible BALB/c mice.

Seventy BALB/c mice were recruited and randomly divided into fourteen groups of five (n=5). Control groups: one group left intact. Two groups were given saline or methanol. Two groups were infected with 104 or 5×104 parasites. The other groups were administrated only vitamin C, E, or both. The rest of sample and control groups were infected with either 104 or 5×104 tachizoites and supplemented with 100 µl vitamin E every other day, or 200 µl of vitamin C daily. Vitamins were intraperitoneally administered up to five days. On sixth day mice were intraperitoneally infected with tachyzoites. The blood samples were taken three days post infection, serum collected and stored at - 20 Cº until examinations. The peritoneal macrophages were isolated for counting phagocytised tachyzoites and nitric oxide assays.

Tachyzoites were significantly decreased after vitamin C & E administration in the infected mice compared to the controls. In mice supplemented vitamins NO levels were significantly higher compared to controls.

Our findings showed that administration of vitamin C, E or both significantly enhanced killing invasive parasites through NO elevation produced by activated macrophages and may have therefore, complementary therapeutic effects.

Considering the resistance of the Plasmodium parasite (the causative agent of Malaria) to antimalarial drugs, it is essential to find an alternative medicine for treating patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the antimalarial effect of Zingiber Officinale hydroalcoholic extract on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. In this experimental study, a number of 40 mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei and treated with different concentrations of the hydro-alcoholic extract of ginger plant (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg/ml) for four consecutive days. Toxicity testing was performed on liver and kidneys (hepatic and renal tissues) of mice. Finally, Data were statistically analyzed using the paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of this study showed that the hydro-alcoholic extract of ginger at a therapeutic dose of 250 mg/kg, had a suppressive effect (62%) on the growth of parasite in the mice, which was significantly different from the control group (p<0.05). The highest survival rate in the mice was at a concentration of 250 mg/kg with an average of 24± 2 days, which was significantly different from the other treatment groups (p<0.05). Comparing liver and kidney of mice with the negative control group showed that the extract had no toxicity for these organs (p=0.071). Considering the treatment effect (62%) of Ginger plant on the mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, further researches on the use of this plant in the treatment of malaria parasite with increasing the therapeutic dosage of the drug or preparation of various chloroformic and water extracts of the plant is recommended.

Giardia is an intestinal protozoan parasite in humans and various mammals. Chemical drugs that are prescribed to treat this disease currently have adverse effects and no proven efficacy. So it seems necessary to find a drug with fewer side effects to treat this parasitic disease. Therefore, the aim of present study was investigated the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves and onion of Allium paradoxum on Giardia lamblia in Balb/ c mice. In this experimental study, 2×105 cysts were fed to 50 Balb/ c mice in 10 groups except negative control group. After confirming contamination, they were treated for 3 days with hydroalcoholic extract of leaves and onion of Allium paradoxum (doses of 20, 50, 100 mg/ml) and Metronidazole as a controlling drug. According to the results of this study, Costumes onion extract at a dose of 100 mg/ml is capable of removing G. lamblia cysts. This effect is significant compared to the control group (P<0.05). It also became clear that leaves of Allium paradoxum have no significant effect on G. lamblia parasite, but it may increase the effect of onion of Allium paradoxum. In other words, it has a synergistic effect. Due to good effect of Allium paradoxum in in vivo conditions on the parasite G. lamblia and many side effects of drugs which have been reported, it can be introduced as a natural compound against Giardiasis.

Giardiasis is a common disease in several parts of the world. Due to the importance of this disease, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of parasitic infections in the stool samples from admitted people to Karaj laboratories. In this descriptive study, 2500 human fecal samples were randomly collected from admitted people to Karaj laboratories in 2013. We analyzed the data by using SPSS. Totally from among 2500 samples, 252 (10.1%) cases were infected with Giardia. Most of the cases (69.8%) were asymptomatic. Based on the prevalence (10.1%) of giardiasis infection among people admitted to Karaj laboratories, early diagnosis and treatment of the patients and public health promotion could be effective to prevent and control this infection.

Nanoparticles are dispersed droplets or solid particles with a size of 10-100nm which are made in different shapes. Nanoparticles have received more attention as antiparasitic drugs in recent years since current antiparasitic drugs have some side effects and their efficacy is not proved yet. Nanoparticles are currently used in cancer treatment and gold and silver nanoparticles have a long history in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However، far too little attention has been paid to the potential use of gold derivatives against parasitic diseases. In this paper recent developments in the use of gold nanoparticles as anti-parasitic drugs، with emphasis on the major tropical diseases such as Malaria، Leishmaniasis، Schistosomiasis and Trypanosomiasis are reviewed. These diseases affect millions of people worldwide and are involved with many limitations in treatment methods. Some researches indicate that silver nanoparticles، gold، chitosan، and oxidized metals have growth inhibitory or cytotoxic effect on various parasites، including Giardia، Leishmania، Malaria، Toxoplasma and insect larva. Some studies also evaluated the health effects of nanoparticles، such as gold and silver on particular protozoa specially Leishmania and Malaria. Nanoparticles could be used against parasites individually or in combination. Therefore، nanoparticles are recommended for destroying parasites (cytotoxic and inhibitory effect)، making more effective and less harmful drugs and also beneficial vaccines for the prevention and control of the parasites.

Determination of detention dam construction priority is important for selection of optimized method of time schedule for the construction. Since Tajrish watershed is in upstream of populous city of Tehran, its flood control is very important. It is necessary that detention dam priority indices be evaluated for studying the effect of flood control structure construction time scheduling. Therefore, the watershed flood has been simulated using HEC-HMS model and it has been calibrated by recorded rainfall and flood data. The 200 year-return-period flood was used to optimize the outlet of detention dam in according to the recommended water standard of Iran. In this paper, different indices are studied for determining detention dam priority, as follow: area, peak discharge, specific peak discharge, peak discharge reduction percentage due to omitting of a sub basin runoff (FI), specific peak discharge reduction percentage due to omitting of a sub basin runoff (fi), peak discharge reduction due to operation of a detention basin in a sub basin (Fm), specific peak discharge reduction due to operation of a detention basin in a sub basin (fm), total cost and unit flood reduction cost(ΔQC). The detention dam construction priorities have been determined using these indices. Fm and fm are new priority indices proposed in this paper. Furthermore unit flood reduction cost (ΔQC) index was used to rank priority indices. The results show that fm index has the minimum sum of absolute priorities differences (PIMC) with standard index (ΔQC) and the cost index has been the maximum one. fm and cost indices have PIMC equal to 6 and 80, respectively. So, they are the best and the worst indices, respectively.