فهرست مطالب طاهره سادات جوادی فر

This narrative review evaluates the intergenerational transmission of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) from father to offspring in families. PTSD is the most important mental disorders in persons rescue from war. This impairment causes many problems and stressful conditions. Recently, the definition of PTSD contains not only those affected by the catastrophe but also those who have witnessed it suffering from PTSD. This review focuses on which fathers have a more tendency to transmit mental distress to their offspring. According to accept transmission, we should find out, which factors make intergenerational transmission and what is the mechanism of transmission during generation. Moreover, some clues indicate some offspring are more potentiated to PTSD. Most of the studies aim to find a specific gene for PTSD were failed, but the studies showed the intergenerational effect of the PTSD. Epigenetic mechanisms that contain both genetic and environmental factors provide a wide psychological aspect in the intergenerational effect of the PTSD. The theory of epigenetics assumes that the biological and psychological factors act closely and there has been promising research on the role of epigenetic modification in reducing sustained environmental effects, especially in the early stages of growth. There is a great deal of information indicating that some offspring have a greater potential for the disorder. This review study shows that family members and extramarital systems play an important role in the intergenerational transmission of PTSD.

In this study, the effect of memantine administration into the nucleus accumbens on the metabolic changes induced by acute stress in female mice was evaluated. Intra-accumbens unilateral or bilateral canulation was performed. One week after recovery, a group of animals were given memantine (1, 0.5, and 0.1 μg/mouse) five min before stress induction intra-accumbally, and the other group received it (1, 0.5 and 0.1 mg/kg) 30 min before stress intraperitoneally. Food and water intake, weight of fecal material, and the delay time before eating were measured as metabolic parameters after stress induction. Acute stress reduced water and food intake, fecal matter, and the delay time before eating. Intraperitoneal memantine injections augmented the stress effect on water intake, but inhibited its effect on food intake at dose of 0.1 mg/kg and had no impact on defecation. The drug induced anorexia especially at dose of 1 mg/kg. On the other hand, intra-accumbens memantine injections reduced water intake when the drug was injected in the left side. Moreover, memantine injections inhibited or enhanced the effects of stress on water intake, food intake and defecation in a doseand location-dependent manner, and also increased the delay time before eating. Memantine inhibits or enhances the effects of acute stress dose-dependently. In addition, it seems that there is asymmetry in nucleus accumbens response.

Ischemia/reperfusion induced acute renal failure causes excretory functional disorders of nephrons. Ischemia/reperfusion injury is accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species that leads to dysfunction, injury, and death of renal cells. Antioxidants of plant origin minimize the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to determine the possible therapeutic potentials of Rosa canina L. in preventing renal functional disturbances during the post-ischemic reperfusion period. In this experimental study undertaken for evaluating renal excretory function in 30 male Wistar rats, renal ischemia was induced by occluding both renal arteries for 45 min, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. The rats received 2 ml of tap water or a hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa canina (500 mg/kg) orally for 7 days before induction of ischemia. In plasma samples, creatinine and urea nitrogen levels were measured, and in renal tissue samples, red blood cells were counted. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan tests. Renal ischemia for 45 minutes increased plasma levels of creatinine (P<0.001) and nitrogen urea (P<0.01) while reducing red blood cell counts in renal glomeruli (P<0.001). Rosa canina administration diminished the increase in creatinine (P<0.001) and nitrogen urea concentrations (P<0.01), and prevented reductions in red blood cell counts in renal glomeruli (P<0.001). Rosa canina seems to be useful as a preventive agent against renal damages induced by ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats.

Nitric Oxide is an important endogenous compound that acts as bronchodilator in trachea. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) affect nitric oxide level in different tissues. The interaction of nitrergic and cholinergic systems in airways has been reported. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the interaction of cholinergic and nitrergic systems in the trachea of rats that have been exposed to EMF. Adult male rats were divided into 3 groups: experimental group was exposed to 1 mT (militesla) EMF for 135 days, sham group was kept in the same condition but in off solenoid and control group was kept in normal condition. After 135 days, the mechanical response of transverse rings of isolated trachea to acetylcholine in the absence and presence of L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, were recorded using PowerLab-AD system. The results showed a significant increase in cholinergic contractions of trachea in the presence of L-NAME in control and sham groups (P< 0.05). However this enhancement of contraction was not detected in EMF exposed group. It can be concluded that nitric oxide has a modulatory effect on the airway cholinergic contraction, however this modulation is inhibited by prolonged exposure to EMF.