طیبه جعفریان_محمد جواد زارع _عادل سی و سه مرده

This study the effect of seed preparation (priming) with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on the anatomy of the flag leaf and spike two wheat genotypes( Cross Sabalan ( bread wheat) and Saji(durum wheat)) and its relationship with grain yield, under dry land farming system condition, Experimental design was factorial, arranged in randomized complete block. Results showed that the number of grains per spike, grain yield, grain weight per spike 4-8, leaf area, number and length of stomata and the anatomic characteristics of flag leaf and spike studied in this research affected by seed preparation with hydrogen peroxide. Seeds of plants that were pre-treated with hydrogen peroxide more leaf area and stomata length, area and diameter of xylem and phloem, mesophill, bundle sheath, the upper and lower epidermis of the flag leaf, As well as influenced by hydrogen peroxide, anatomical features of spike including area xylem and phloem, the vascular bundles was greater than control. also, the seed treatment with hydrogen peroxide through a positive impact on anatomical features thereby increasing the number seeds per plant, grain weight per spike 4-8 and grain yield in both wheat genotypes. Finally seed priming with concentration of 80 Mm hydrogen peroxide than other concentrations positive impact on anatomical characteristics of flag leaves and spike because increased grain yield in both cultivars of wheat

In this experiment the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum on the flag leaf and spike rachis anatomical features and also on grain yield and grain weight was investigated for the first time in bread and durum wheats during 2015-2016 growing season under semi-arid condition. The crop yield increased due to the inoculation with Azospirillum with a maximum yield increase of about 8.0 per cent for bread wheat. Azospirillum led to an increase in grain weight per spike. Yield increase due to Azospirillum inoculation was higher for bread wheat than durum wheat. The two wheat species exhibited differences in flag leaf and spike axis anatomic features. Although Azospirillum inoculation decreased the number of flag leaf stomata by 11.5% irrespective of the wheat type, stomatal length of the inoculated plants increased by about 3.6 and 11.5% for bread wheat and durum wheat, respectively. Azospirillum inoculation significantly enhanced the area and length of xylem and phloem vessels by about 12.5 and 12.39% and 14.42 and 33.33%, respectively. Area of the bundle sheath and mesophyll layers of inoculated plants was increased by 20 and 31.5%, respectively. Azospirillum inoculation enhanced the area of upper and lower epidermis of the bread wheat much more than the durum wheat. Anatomic changes due to Azospirillum was not limited to the flag leaf but also extended to the spike rachis and, therefore the inoculated plants had higher area of vascular bundle, xylem vessel and phloem vessel. Overall,the effect of Azospirillum on anatomical features and grain yield of wheat was slightly species specific and it was more pronounced in the bread wheat as compared to the durum wheat.