عاطیه صفردوست

Considering the importance and necessity of strategic planning to respond to a competitive environment, the purpose of this research is to formulate and prioritize the strategies of a large manufacturing company in the field of household appliances. To answer the research questions and identify internal and external factors and company strategies, all managers and senior experts related to the field in the company, approximately 70 people, were selected as the research community. To compile the SWOT matrix, some senior managers of the company were selected through purposeful sampling. In the next step, 65 questionnaires were distributed through random sampling, and finally, 57 questionnaires were collected and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis in Smart PLS software. The findings of the research indicate that the company is in an acceptable position in terms of its strengths, but at the same time, the environmental threats are significant. Therefore, the proposed strategy for the company is a competitive strategy, which includes four sub-strategies: designing and developing new products with a focus on strategic and exclusive products, leveraging the experience and technical knowledge of experts to establish companies that produce high-end foreign spare parts with the aim of internalization, defining product quality improvement projects in line with customer needs, and increasing financial investment in the research and development department for product development.

The rapid growth of biopharmaceutical fields and the expansion of interactions between firms, has led to the formation of innovation networks around big biopharmaceutical companies, which as a hub, have the task of leading and orchestrating other Network-based firms. On the other hand, biopharmaceutical firms need networking capabilities to be successful in networking. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effective dimensions in developing the firms' network capabilities, especially large companies (hubs), and their role in the consequences of networking in the Iranian biopharmaceutical industry. To answer research questions, while interviewing experts in three areas of government, industry, and academia in biopharmaceutical field, with the data approach of the Foundation, the dimensions of the issue were examined, and finally, in addition to the main factor or phenomenon, "network capabilities", antecedents and consequences of these capabilities is identified. According to the results; network capabilities have three dimensions: individual capabilities, general capabilities of network members and the capabilities of hub companies. Also, it can be acknowledged that the network capabilities of biopharmaceutical firms are influenced by causal factors or antecedents, and the network capabilities of these firms, sometimes lead to positive consequences for them and for the network when leading to the presentation of strategies and practical actions appropriate to the capabilities of the network.

 The field of small home appliances is one of the strategic areas of the country, and unfortunately, in recent years, the position of this industry has faced many challenges due to internal and external threats. Given the country's need to develop industries in this area, in line with the country's development and demographic goals and the expansion of households, it seems that applied research in this area increased. This industry is important due to the technological power and capacity of the country and many years of experience in this sector, as well as because the development of technology in this area often leads to lower costs than other areas (including large home appliances). This research seeks to identify the company's position and select the most appropriate strategy for the company. Complexity and delicacy in organizational work and business decision-making necessitate strategic management. Strategic management is the art and science of formulating, implementing, and evaluating multidimensional decisions with an emphasis on integrating management, marketing, finance, service production, and more. Many approaches and techniques wil be use in the analysis of strategic factors in the strategic management process. SWOT matrix analysis; is one of the most famous models. Using this, we can distinguish strengths and weaknesses in the field of internal factors and threats and opportunities in the field of external factors and formulate relevant strategies. In this research, this tool used to formulate strategies in the home appliance industry. In addition, in order to decide on the most appropriate strategy, the comprehensive strategy formulation framework is used. The main purpose of this study is to identify the strategic components of a small home appliance company using a comprehensive strategy formulation framework. The information required for research in the thematic literature section obtained using the library method and the study of books and articles. In the second part and achieving the research objectives, a company in the field of small appliances examined. This company is one of the companies of a large holding in the field of home appliances and all kinds of small home appliances including ironing, fruit dryer, blender, vacuum cleaner, rice cooker, meat grinder, cane broom, juicer etc. It is also an international company with a foreign partner. The size of the company is medium. In the first step of this study, a list of internal and external factors obtained during meetings with experts in the field of home appliances and industry (through the Delphi technique). In the next step, the relevant questionnaire was prepared that the respondents could choose their answer based on a range of options in the two sections of determining the importance of dimensions (Likert scale) and the effectiveness of the current situation of dimensions. This questionnaire first reviewed by several experts and professors, and after applying their opinions, it distributed among the company's managers and after completion, and the necessary information collected. In this study, after evaluating the dimensions of the subject in the literature, in order to review and present the desired strategies and analyzes, the Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE), External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE), Internal-External Matrix (IE), SWOT Matrix and the Quantitative Strategic Planning (QSPM) matrix is ​​used. According to the findings, the strategic position shows that the evaluation score of internal factors is more than 2/5 (IFE = 2/53): It means that the company has a strong point in terms of internal factors. In addition, the evaluation score of external factors is less than 2/5 (EFE = 2/44): it means that the company is under threat in terms of external factors. Accordingly, the company's position is competitive. This situation is due to the dominance of internal strengths over weaknesses and environmental threats over opportunities. Therefore, appropriate strategies for this situation; Competitive and diversity-based strategies, which means how can the strengths of threats be eliminated or reduced using strengths.  Globalization and presence in international markets require the production of home appliances with quality and competitive price on a global scale. It seems that taking an effective step in this direction requires strategic analysis of this industry and formulation of appropriate strategies. Findings of the internal factors evaluation matrix showed that the company's strengths outweigh its weaknesses. The evaluation matrix of external factors indicates the dominance of threats over opportunities. The results obtained from the SWOT matrix and the status matrix show that the company is in a competitive position and should make the most of its strengths to reduce the impact of environmental threats. In general, in both internal and external factors, the first priority related to competitive strategies, and the company, while having acceptable strengths, tries to overcome environmental threats, while overcoming its strengths and their superiority over their weaknesses. Considering the first priority of company managers is to benefit from competitive strategies, the most important company strategies, which derived from SWOT matrix analysis, described as follows: Since the company has, a design center and specialized staff, design and development new strategic and exclusive products can be one of the most important competitive strategies of the company. The company can also use the experience and technical knowledge of experts in setting up companies producing high-consumption foreign spare parts with the aim of internalizing parts and reducing dependence on foreign companies (which is very important given the current situation in the country and the issue of sanctions). According to company executives, this collection has a powerful customer relationship system, which can help define product quality improvement projects tailored to customer needs. Another case is that the managers of the company can use the increase of investment in the realization and development of the company as a suitable lever to increase the development of products, which is possible due to the benefit of the specialized force in the company.

One of the most important fields of biotechnology is the pharmaceutical industry, which is of special importance due to its intertwining with public health. Biomedicines, in the production of which biotechnology has been used. They are known as targeted drugs to treat patients in difficult medical conditions. Networks, as a special type of communication, connect a set of people, objects or events and are a very good model for corporate communication.  Innovation networks include government, research and industrial institutions working together for a common innovation goal. Companies need networking capabilities to make the most of the networking platform and benefit from external resources, capabilities, and knowledge streams. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of network capabilities of large and small firms in the biopharmaceutical networks of the country

 The present study is an applied-descriptive research. The research method used in this research is a combination and research strategy of thematic analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In this research, first, the literature and theoretical foundations and some existing documents in the field of biopharmaceutical companies were reviewed, and in the second step, in order to complete the data, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 experts in government, academia and industry. Sampling in this section has been judgmental and purposeful. Regarding sample size, sampling continued until the theoretical saturation stage. Accordingly, after the fifteenth interview, no new data and information were identified by the researchers, and in fact, the coding process took place until the realization of theoretical adequacy. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner and without directing the interviewee in person. Given that the statistical population of the research in the second phase, biopharmaceutical companies are active in innovation networks, the number of companies is equal to 70 companies and the sample size was determined based on Morgan table equal to 58 companies. 60 questionnaires were distributed among bio-pharmaceutical companies and finally 32 questionnaires that could be analyzed were received.

  In this research, observing the ethical principles of qualitative research, the text of the interviews was transcribed and by carefully studying these texts, open coding was done sentence by sentence. The concepts and codes extracted, considering the duplicate codes, are 37 items, which were reduced to 9 sub-themes in the first step and four sub-themes in the second step by categorizing similar and well-understood items, and finally, According to the research findings, network capabilities can be divided into two categories: general capabilities of active presence in the network and networking or network management capabilities. The results of confirmatory factor analysis show that "active presence in the network" is more related to the network capabilities of companies than "network management" in terms of factor load. Also, other findings obtained from factor analysis show that among all the dimensions related to the network capabilities of companies, extra-organizational capabilities have the highest priority. Findings also show that small firms have more general capabilities of active presence in the network and network management capability is related to larger firms, which are often known as hub.

In general, the role of large and central companies (hubs) is very important in networks, both during and after their formation. In fact, the networks studied in the country show that in the field of biopharmaceuticals, networks have been formed around these companies and have continued their activities and even expanded their activities, and considering the recent significant developments. In this area, the findings of this study can be a good model for other technological areas and provide useful lessons for companies. For future research, it is suggested that the role of corporate network capabilities, including general capabilities and managerial and orchestral capabilities in the development of corporate performance and outputs in innovation networks in other areas. To be examined technologically. Another suggestion of the research is to investigate the role of effective variables in the development of corporate network capabilities in networks and according to the theories of relationship between industry and academia, followed by the three-helix theory of the role of regulatory institutions. And the facilitator should be considered in the networks. It is also suggested that the challenges of corporate cooperation in innovation networks and how the role of network capabilities in solving them be examined.

Innovation networks refer to a set of firms and other institutions that work together for a common goal، which is the development of knowledge and innovation. The importance of these networks in technological fields such as biomedicine is significant. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of network heterogeneity on network capabilities and knowledge performance of firms in biopharmaceutical networks. For this purpose، while identifying the main dimensions and components through theoretical foundations and interviewing 15 experts in the field of biopharmaceuticals، to answer the research questions، a model was developed. In order to test the research hypotheses، questionnaires collected from a number of biopharmaceutical knowledge-based companies across the country were analyzed using structural equation modeling and Smart Pls software. According to the obtained results، the role of network heterogeneity on network capabilities and knowledge performance of firms in networks was confirmed. Findings also showed that network heterogeneity has a more effective role on the knowledge performance through the development of network capabilities and network capabilities have a mediating role in the relationship between network knowledge heterogeneity and firm knowledge performance in the network. Accordingly، it is suggested that companies to successfully participate in innovation networks to communicate with a wide range of network members of different natures and develop their network capabilities.

Knowledge-based economy increases competitiveness, economic growth and income. Social capital is moral values, habits, customs and traditions, procedures and institutions that allow for community members provides a forecast and planning. In an economy based on knowledge and intellectual capital to create organizational value and success of an organization depends on its ability to manage this scarce resource. One of the most important organizational capabilities that can help organizations create and share knowledge, and create sustainable to their great advantage compared to other organizations organizational is social capital that can increase the level of interaction between individuals and organizations in knowledge production. And Provide the realization of knowledge-based economy in the country. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of social capital in the knowledge-based economy. The findings of structural equation modeling show that all hypotheses are confirmed and components of social capital and, Intellectual capital are an effective role in the knowledge-based economy. The results also show that social capital by improving intellectual capital can play a more effective role in the knowledge-based economy.

Innovation networks refer to a set of companies and institutions that work together for a common goal, which is the development of innovation. The purpose of this study is to identify the heterogeneity of cooperation and innovation networks in the field of Biopharmaceuticals.

Considering that the present research is applied and descriptive in terms of purpose and nature and is mixed in terms of method, at first the theoretical foundations were examined. Then, in the first step, with a qualitative approach, the statistical population of government, academic and industrial experts active in innovation networks was determined and some of these people were interviewed by purposeful sampling method and the main themes of network heterogeneity were identified by content analysis method. Took. In the second step, with a qualitative approach, the statistical population, bio-pharmaceutical companies of the country were determined and 32 questionnaires were collected from those companies by random sampling method. Finally, by confirmatory factor analysis method and using Smart-Pls software, Themes were approved.

The results show that the three main categories of network heterogeneity include structural, relational and cognitive heterogeneity. Also, according to the amount of factor load, "power and centrality" in terms of structural heterogeneity, "partner selection" in terms of relational heterogeneity, and "the extent of benefiting from all kinds of tacit and explicit knowledge" in terms of cognitive heterogeneity have a higher priority in Networks heterogeneity.

Innovation in technological networks is influenced by actors of different natures, and the heterogeneity of network members can affect the achievements of the network. Also, based on the ambidexterity approach, organizations must consider two categories of exploration and exploitation activities to succeed and develop performance. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of heterogeneity in the development of the performance of innovation networks in the biotechnology industry with an organizational ambidexterity approach. In this research, first, by examining the theoretical foundations and through interviews with a number of experts in the field of biopharmaceutical networks, the dimensions of heterogeneity of innovation networks were identified. A quantitative approach was taken in the distribution of questionnaires among senior managers of biopharmaceutical companies active in innovation networks and the findings were analyzed by structural equation modeling using Smart-Pls software. The results show that heterogeneity has a positive and significant effect on firm performance in innovation networks. The findings also show that the effect of network heterogeneity on the future performance of companies is greater than the current performance.

The aim of this study was to delineate the institutional mapping of innovation in the rail transportation industry in the country. On the basis of centered concept of national innovation system in the form of six dimensions of Economic Cooperation and Development Organization Approach, we identify effective institutions in any sector and institutional mapping outline was drawn railway industry. In order to draw institutional mapping while taking advantage of expert opinions, six major steps in this article were evaluated, including identification of existing organizations in the field of rail transportation, understanding the relationships among competitors between institutions in this industry, providing institutional matrix-function for the status quo of the industry, providing an initial institutional mapping for the industry, and providing an overview on the outline of the institutional mapping of the railway transport industry.

Aim of current research is to investigate the effect of innovation strategy on innovative performance of organizations for Knowledge-based companies of biotechnology area. For this purpose, investigating the relationship between tendency to learning, firm entrepreneurship, research and development innovation strategy and functions of national bio-organizations were considered. Statistical community of the research is all Knowledge-based companies which are 250 in number. In accordance with findings attained of 142 biologic Knowledge-based companies as research sample and using modeling structural equations, the research hypotheses were investigated. With regard to the research findings, all of the research hypotheses were emphasized. Furthermore, the role of research and development innovation strategy as mediator was supported.

The effectiveness of technology transfer is defined as fulfillment level of organization goals. Organizational culture, which affects from national culture, can underlie the success or failure of the technology transfer process. For this purpose, this study examined national and organizational role in technology transfer effectiveness. Accordingly, in order to validate the model, managers and experts in technology-oriented companies that have related experience in international technology transfer, determined as statistical population. 89 managers and experts in various fields of technology transfer were analyzed as the study samples. Findings of the hypothesis reflect national and organizational culture role in technology transfer (to determine the success and failure). Results also showed that organizational culture has mediating role in relationship between national culture and technology transfer effectiveness.

Benefit from the spin off companies as practical strategy for commercialization technologies especially high technologies in recent years, has a special place among experts and policy makers. Based on this goal, this paper examines the concepts and important issues regarding the formation and the development of spin off companies and the factors affecting the process. Studying the theoretical concepts associated with these companies shows the different approaches to the issue. Beside the definitions and the different patterns of commercialization, such as spin off companies, also there is an important issue that is essentially business processes and patterns of new technologies and products have been developed in advanced countries and do not necessarily use them in less developed countries for leading to technology commercialization, because agents and numerous challenges in developing countries on the way to technology commercialization and, in particular the creation of spin off companies, that there is not in developed countries.

In this paper, diagnosing the technology transfer contract of a hunting weapon is studied. To the belief of the experts, the complete process of technology transfer consists of three steps; (1) selection and acquisition, (2) adaption, absorption, and application, (3) development and dissemination. Therefore, the questions related to each area extracted, and they are studied through the interviews with eight experts and former managers in the field of hunting weapon production; and finally, by distributing the questionnaires among 100 technology transfer experts the compilation of the main components and project model was done. The studies show that the most challenges happen in the first instance in technology selection and acquisition, and then in development and dissemination. Also, the findings indicate that many managerial changes in implementing the contract have caused the senior managers of all the factories producing this weapon to pay attention to short term economic results, and to neglect the long term goals in mind from signing the contract. Furthermore, by holding the predicted training courses incompletely, the company has not succeeded in achieving the design knowledge of similar hunting weapons.

In the modern business environment whose two main characteristics are ambiguity and complexity, the competitive advantage of organizations depends more on their knowledge and technology rather than their physical resources. One of the concepts related to the knowledge and technology in an organization is the absorptive capacity one which in this research, is divided into two dimensions of employees’ ability and motivation at individual level, and their learning processes at organizational level. The purpose of this research is to study the strengths and weaknesses of organizations in absorbing knowledge and technology. In order to answer the research questions, the managers of pharmaceutical companies and banks were studied, as the two important manufacturing and service industries listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. First, the fitness of the models related to the variables was verified by confirmatory factor analysis. And finally the single-sample t-test results revealed that despite the weakness in some of the sub-variables, the absorption status of knowledge and technology in organizations surveyed, was desirable. Also, based on Friedman test, the indicators of knowledge and technology absorption have significant differences.

In the process of technology transfer are many elements that affect the effectiveness of this process. One of these cases, organizational culture. Organizational culture that affect from national culture can underlie the success or failure of the technology transfer process. For this purpose this study examined, the role of organizational culture based on Hofstede's framework in the effectiveness of technology transfer. Accordingly, in order to check the model, managers and experts in technology-oriented companies that have experience of participation in international technology transfer, particularly as Statistical population were examined. A total of 89 managers and experts in various fields of technology transfer as the study samples were analyzed. Findings of the hypothesis reflects the role of organizational culture on technology transfer (to determine the success and failure). The results also showed that Normative/pragmatic and open/closed system are the most role in the effectiveness of technology transfer.

This study investigates the impact of information management capability on organizational performance and the role of organizational capabilities (including customer management capability, process management capability and performance management capability) in relation to these two variables. Analysis of the findings of 95 questionnaires distributed among managers and experts of the companies located in Guilan science and technology park shows that the information management capability plays an important role in development of customer, process, and performance management abilities. These three capabilities are effective on human and financial resources, customers and organizational performance efficacy. As a result, managers must focus on creating the necessary conditions for the development of IT infrastructure and data management capability; because these capabilities play a major role in the production of the other ones needed to develop organizational performance.

One of the main solutions to commercialize intellectual assets of universities and research centers is developing spin off companies. The main objective of this article is identification and prioritization of the challenges which these firms confront with to become successful. To address the objective, we used exploratory mixed method. After investigating the related literature, we made eleven interviews with biotechnology commercialization experts and some key chllanges were extracted by using thematic analysis. In the quantitative section, we prioritized these challenges using confirmatory factor analysis, t and Friedman test. According to the research results, 41 challenges were classified into six dimensions. The most important challenges included a) lack of information and, precise understanding about market and customer needs, b) lack of supportive pricing mechanisms and c) ultural gap between research centers and industrial firms.

Today''s the main concern for many manufacturing organizations is that¡ they cannot engaged in an activity that accustomed to it (For example¡ utilization of existing resources and capabilities)¡ and the ability to perform other work on their own (For example¡ the discovery of new opportunities) at the same time. It is difficult to achieve such a transformation¡ and it requires serious attention to building the capacity of ambidexterity in the organization. On the other hand¡ creation¡ growth and success of spin offs (as a form of commercialization) affected by ambidexterity capabilities of the organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ambidexterity in creation¡ growth and success of spin offs. This paper explore the role of capabilities of the spin offs in the field of discovering new opportunities and exploiting existing opportunities¡ in the success of this type of companies. Findings show that the five function of small and medium businesses¡ involved on success of spin offs. These functions include Adopt an ambidextrous leadership style¡ Outsource one of the two functions¡ Attract and retain employees who can both explore and exploit¡ Attract executives who can act as leaders¡ managers¡ and entrepreneurs and Shift resources across projects regardless of whether their goals are to explore or exploit.

Systematic Attitude to triple helix, combines interactions between industry, university and government in the form of innovation system and covers structural and functional concepts of innovation system. In this study, we have tried to investigate the systematic approach to triple helix, , a gap analysis of this system in the country's defense industry. The research is descriptive. The study population consisted of experts of three areas of university, industry and government in the defense industry and 30 were selected for the survey. In the present study, for studying the triple helix system, and a gap analysis was used and to determine the significance of differences by Student's t test of SPSS software and spider diagram. The results show that there is a significant difference between the average situation (perceptions of respondents) and the average optimal situation (expectations of respondents). The gap between the functions of the triple helix is more significant than others that require more serious attention to these domains.

There are many elements in the process of technology transfer that influence the effectiveness of it. One of these cases is the corporate culture. Organizational culture that impact of national culture can underlie the success or failure of the technology transfer process. For this purpose this study examines the role of organizational culture based on Hofstede's framework on the effectiveness of technology transfer. Statistical population of the research was technology transfer projects during recent two decades. Accordingly we selected 53 projects and the questionnaires were fulfilled by these projects’ managers and experts. We used structural equation modelling to analyze data. The research results showed the key role of organizational culture on technology transfer (.to determine the success and failure). The results also showed that results-oriented, employee-oriented, Professional view, Open systems, Loose control and Normative view are more impact on the effectiveness of technology transfer.

Error management culture is emerging concept which facilitates transferring and sharing the knowledge which obtained from organizational errors among employees and organizational units. This culture leads to improve learning processes among organizational units which denotes the concept of absorptive capacity. Knowledge gained from errors leads to improve organizational innovation which upgrade long-term organizational performance. This study examined the relationship between error management culture and organizational performance with consideration of the absorptive capacity role and innovative performance. All managers of pharmaceutical companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were selected as statistical society for this survey. Hypotheses were tested based on 153 collected questionnaires by structural equation modeling and regression analysis. Findings prove a positive relationship between variables. Absorptive capacity and innovative performance play the roles of mediators between error management culture and organizational performance.

Nearly two decades، organizational failures are considered as an effective source of promoting organizational learning. Error management culture in the organization is established as a mechanism to facilitate organizational learning from errors that improves long-term and sustainable innovation and organizational performance. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relation between error management culture and organizational innovation، and to explain the role of organizational learning in this regard. Pharmaceutical and insurance companies in Tehran Stock Exchange were selected to data collection. More than 200 questionnaires distributed in 16 pharmaceutical companies and 3 insurance companies، 151 questionnaires were returned. Using a one-sample T-test and correlation analysis proved that error management culture has good position in these companies. Furthermore، its relationship with organizational learning and innovation was confirmed. Hierarchical regression results suggest that organizational learning plays as mediator in the relationship between organizational innovation and error management culture.

Knowledge absorptive capacity refers to a set of organizational processes and procedures which help organization to acquire, simulate, transfer and extract knowledge in order to develop dynamic capabilities. These capabilities enhance the organization's ability to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage. The study examines the role of knowledge absorptive capacity (individual and organizational) on the innovative performance of organizations. In order to evaluate the research hypotheses, two important industries Including pharmaceutical companies and insurance in the Tehran Stock Exchange were selected and 151 questionnaires were collected from these companies to analysis. Correlation and regression analysis support the relationship between individual and organizational absorptive capacity as well as the relationship between them and innovative performance. Also, according to the results of the hierarchical regression analysis, the role of Organizational absorptive capacity was verified as a mediator in the relationship between the variables of individual absorptive capacity and innovative performance