فهرست مطالب عباسعلی احمدیان

Emerging sciences and technologies have huge potential in the field of innovation; therefore, they should be protected against large uncertainties caused by unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate biotechnology forecasting innovation pathways based on its convergence with other technologies. In this systematic review, by the future-oriented assessment of biotechnology innovation pathways, future biotechnology strategies were developed at the national level. All potential applications of the future innovation pathways of this technology were identified in the combination and convergence with nanotechnologies, information, and cognitive science and technology. The strength and weakness of the effects and barriers in all areas of biotechnology were considered in terms of the short-, mid-, and long-term; in the same timeframe, the barriers to these technologies were identified in the field of combined dual technologies and ultimately for biotechnology itself, and future strategies for biotechnology were proposed based on 4 strategies, including ignorance, investment, exploitation, and opportunism. In the field of biotechnology- information technology- in the mid-term, the greatest impact was on improving the quality of human life, improving social outcomes, and increasing the level of innovation, and in the field of biotechnology- nanotechnology and biotechnology- cognitive science on improving the quality of human life, increasing security and defending power, and improving the positive social consequences. The highest number of applications is the mid-term. The "exploitation" strategy should be used in biotechnology- cognitive science and biotechnology- nanotechnology, respectively. The "investment" strategy should be the most widely used in the common areas of biology with information technology. In the common areas of biotechnology with nanotechnology and cognitive sciences, the most application is the “opportunism" strategy.

Techno-entrepreneurship is a multidisciplinary and new field which is growing. In this paper, firstly the theories related to entrepreneurship and technology fields are reviewed, and then the techno-entrepreneurship is studied in detail. Also, a model for techno-entrepreneurship known as Pradon model is presented. This model comprises seven key elements including: technological entrepreneur, universities, corporations, capital, market/customers, government and finally advisors. Secondly, the entrepreneurship in the biotechnology as one case of techno-entrepreneurship is investigated. Bioentrepreneur is defined considering the characteristics of biotechnology. Opportunity assessment of biotechnology companies through the feasibility process (macro-level analysis), technology assessment (micro-level analysis) and finally the alternative commercialization options and pathways to their markets are stated, by using the related tools such as Spin-off companies, traditional out-licensing of technology, IP, trade sale and internal development. This article helps the researchers form the basis for future research and serves as a guide for governments and regions willing to develop and stimulate biotechnological entrepreneurship. At the end, after summing up the results, some suggestions in the related areas are presented.