فهرست مطالب عباسعلی وفایی

The grapheme “و” in the Persian written system signifies several graphs and linguistic signs. This grapheme signifies both “o” and “va” (=and) in the field of conjunction, and there is no noticeable difference between their grammatical categories, function and meaning in the Persian language system. Pointing to the lexical and conceptual changes of these two words from a diachronic study, this article has tried to prove from the perspective of the reduction process in perceptional semantics that the word “و” has only one linguistic meaning and does not belong to more than one grammatical category. Research corpus is the lyric poems of Saadi and Hafez. Studying this conjunction from the perspective of the process of reducing the signs in perceptional semantics showed that the types of meanings attributed to “و” in the tradition of Persian language and literature studies are related to the meanings of collocating units, or are related to the reduction of companion units in the intra-linguistic context. In this approach, the conjunction “و” does not have any other category, meaning, and function in Persian language; and it is necessary to observe this point in the pragmatic studies related to this conjunction in Persian language and literary texts.

Both Persian and Spanish are parts of Indo-European language family that despite the need to categorize and understand some grammatical points for learning, so far no comprehensive comparative research on the grammar of these two languages has been done. Mood of verb is a sample of the complexities of the grammar of these two languages. . In this article, after matching the structures of indicative and subjunctive moods in these two languages, We have examined the association of commonly used modal elements and indicators  in simple Spanish sentences with the verbs of these two moods and by dividing them into three groups, we have determined which mood is used with verb along with the elements of each group, therefore by systematizing them, it is easier to find the mood equivalents of the two languages and this helps the process of learning and teaching the field of research. Besides, during the research, it was found that without knowing the structure of the source and destination language, and just by emphasizing the translation of modal elements, it is impossible to transfer the exact modal meaning concept of sentences in translation.

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra-lingual factors. Discourses are a kind of language of power relations due to the use of language and linguistic power. Since coherent and common meanings and themes (Semantics-based) that are crystallized in language are also prominent manifestations of cultural power; the authors of this article sought to explain it on the basis of semantics and discourse analysis in the development of cultural relations. The most important findings of this study indicate that in the approaches of semantic discourse analysis based on common celebrities in the field of common (non-linguistic) civilization, themes, mental and especially mystical schemes between common Iranian and Turkmen celebrities are evident. It also has mystical and moral schemas for Iran and Uzbekistan, which can be of interest for the public. The themes and mental schemas of the Shahnameh and the themes of some of the love poems or even the themes of Omar Khayyam's poems, which have been most welcomed by Georgian scholars, can be considered in writing Persian language textbooks in Georgia to provide deep cultural ties with friendly countries in the field of common civilization.

One of the phenomena studied in archeology is the study of historical beliefs and documents about the spells of treasures. The science of spells deals with: how to keep treasures, bury them in the ground to protect them from thieves and enemies, put various spells on them, ways to detect and open spells in Burials place. In his Khamse, Nizami has used these topics in great detail. The need to revise the traditional works of Persian literature from the point of view of archeology and to discover the historical values ​​of a prominent literary work has created the need to explore how to use the themes of spells and treasures in Khamse. This research has been done by using field observations, by conducting interviews with cultural heritage experts and by using descriptive analytical method. The analysis of verses based on the  classification of the imagination in Coleridge's Theory and also two different functions of the image in the literature as the linguistic and the virtual function reveals that in terms of content, spells and treasures have been used in the field of fiction and also pride, allegory, description, lyricism, praise and mysticism. Among these themes, the field of fiction is the most visible due to the use of precise details, and in other areas, it reveals the poet's thematic power. In rhetorical analysis, the study of three different literary structures shows that Nizami has created beautiful literary arrays by discovering the same features between specific concepts and spells and treasures.

The verb is one of the important pillars of grammar, the structure of which is disputed by grammarians. Hence, research to remove ambiguity has become one of the most important necessities of grammar. In this article, with a comparative study of verb structure in both Persian and Spanish, with regard to the verbs of the book "El libro de los abrazos" and its Persian translation, first the cause of disagreement about verb structure, then the way out of them provide an appropriate comparative classification of verb properties in both languages. During the research, it was found that the main reason for the disagreement about the structure of the verb is related to the type of division of language morphemes by the experts and the position of the preposition in it. After reviewing, we put the preposition below the lexical morpheme and considered the result of noun / adjective / adverb / verb / preposition+ verb as "compound verb" and the result of noun / adjective / adverb + derivative verbs as "derivative verb". In addition to providing a comparative division of verb structure in two languages and removing ambiguities about derivative and compound verbs, it became clear what the reason for the frequency of compound verbs in Persian compared to Spanish was.

This descriptive-analytical study is a comparative study of the methods of providing details in the textual context of Sufi mystical experiences in selected texts of the period of discovery and intuition. Each of the Sufis, as an "experiencer", under the influence of the dominance of one of the language maps, has directly or indirectly represented their mystical experiences in various states, including awakening, sleep, and the state between sleep and wakefulness. "Details or peripheral elements" as one of the sub-elements of the sentence, play a significant role in transmitting the author's thought to the audience, drawing the space of experiences and connecting the audience with the narrative flow. Most of these experiences were written at the request of a group of followers of the great Sufis. Therefore, it seems that in the process of writing these experiences, what is important in the first place is the "audience's view of the text"; In later stages, factors such as "content and stages of experiences" and "perspective of the narrative" are completely influential in the way these elements are used. The method of the authors in the way of presenting details has a direct effect on how linguistic processes are used in the narration of mystical experiences; This means that some processes have more capacity to express details. Material and mental processes, compared to relational processes, give the author more opportunity to discuss the details of events. In the textual context of mystical texts of the period of discovery and intuition,..

This article is organized with a linguistic approach to the prominent texts of past and contemporary Persian literature and with the aim of recognizing the compound word (morakkab-e atfi) from the coordinating phrase, and representing its lexical structure. First, the words of both sides of the conjunction “و” (and) were examined, and those that were components of a compound word, and syntactically independent, as components of a lexical unit were extracted and collected with some examples. Then, by examining the data structure, the lexical structure of the compound words, was grouped together under the heading of the term (vâže-atf)  and examples of the most difficult evidence were presented to show that 1) "Syntactic independence" is the most effective way in identifying the compound word of the coordinating phrase, especially in identical forms, 2) vâže-atf in the text does not completely follow the compound irreversibility rule, and 3) it benefits from greater structural diversity than standard language.

Abdullah Mirza Dara was one of the Qajar princes and thirteen's century poet.He was the most talented fathalishah's children who was known as a poet in his time. He was one of the restoration period's poets. His odes literature are similar to 4th and 5th century poems and his lyric poems are like Hafez and Sadii's sonnets.His odes's contents are praise and his lyric poems's contents are amorously. He was distinguished from other contemporary restoration period's poet by his religious poems and elegy, that, some of them is in Turkish.This paper will investigate Dara's stylistic feature and also review his biography and his productions to demonstrate his position among the restoration's poets in his time. Although he is not the best but there are beautiful couplets in his book of poems. It should be noted that Abdullah Mirza's collcction has not been corrected completely yet. The writer corrected his collection for the first time. and this article is from that correction

Mega-metaphors or central images, as propositions, contain profound thoughts originated from the mystic's personal experiences. Hence, decoding and clarifying the secondary meanings of these mega-metaphors will help to have a closer look at the mystic's worldview. These epistemological images can be represented in both superficial and intuitive levels. The present study aims to explore the connection between sun and the philosophical and mythological concepts (Active Intellect and Light of the Lights), on the one hand, and some other images like Simurgh, tree, Keykhosro, and Pir (Wise Man), on the other hand, and to explicate the function of sun image as a symbol that has become unified with meaning. One of the findings of this descriptive-analytical research is that it is the intuitive representation of the sun phenomenon which makes Suhrawardi’s symbolic stories distinct. This makes the sun transcend the language levels and turn into a conceptual perception. This study also sheds light on the interconnection between image and meaning in Suhrawardi's intellectual and linguistic doctrine and presents two key findings first, the images create meanings and not the other way round; second, phenomenal images create a mutual identity between the mental perception and the outside object. Therefore, in addition to being elusive and convoluted, such images are unconditional and ever changing, and are deployed for diverse meanings.

In the present age, which is the era of the rule of history and historicism, the question of identifying the mythical time and historical foundations is a concern for research.Particularly, in Iranian studies,  pinpointing the border between myth and history of the national epic is arduous.For the first time, Bertles  stated about the three distinct parts of  Shahnameh with mythical , historical and athletic titles. According to this view,the age of Pishdadian era is mythical, but scholars disagree on the era of Kianyan. The existence of mythical elements in the stories of Kianyan dynasty raises the question of whether the Kianyan kings have historical characters or belong to legends and myths. In response to this question, scholars such as Windschmall and Spiegel and Darmstadt and Lommel and wikander and Dozmil have a mythical view that  Kianyan or some of the kings of this dynasty are mythical.The existence of marvelous elements in the story of Kikavus and Kikhosro is the basis of this thinking. Another group of historians  such as Henning and Mary Boevis and Chrirstensen, consider Kianyan  kings the kings of East Iran to have ruled in the historical period before Achaemenids appierance and attendance Zoroaster in the kingdom goshtasp is the basis of this thinking In the present research, the views, arguments and evidence of these two groups of researchers have been criticized.The results of this study show that historians' theory is more reliable and closer to reality.

Exploring Persian grammar books, we find that most of categorizations of adjectives are repetitive and similar to each other. Focusing on semantics, the present article, offers a new classification according to the assignment or non-assignment (generality) of the adjective to the nouns. Therefore, the adjectives are divided into two specific and general categories; specific adjectives are divided into two special categories (type 1 and special type 2) based on their belonging to a specific semantic domain, or just a to specific adjective. General adjectives are divided into three general categories: less active (based on the scope of belonging to words), semi-active general, and active general. To obtain a set of traits, three novels: Symphony of the Dead by ‘Abbas Maroufi, Suvashun by Simin Daneshvar and Her Eyes by Bozorg Alavi were selected to extract the traits. After extracting the traits, the adjectives are classified into the general and the specific. These two categories are, in turn, were divided according to the expressive adjectives (simple (absolute), active, objective, relative, merit). Finally, it was determined which of the expressive adjectives is more close to each of the new divisions. Accordingly, the active adjectives are more close to the active and possessive adjectives, and the passive adjectives are associated with the active and unauthorized adjectives; Relative attributes, especially when they convey the concept of gender, are specific to the semantic domain of inanimate objects. The attributes of gesture, ambiguity, number, etc. are common and are considered as general attributes.

Language is a means of communication between individuals that uses elements of both speech and writing to make this communication possible. When using the medium of writing, certain arrangements are required in order to bring the reader as close as possible to the mindset of the writer. One of such arrangements is using punctuation marks in the text. Punctuation marks greatly help the receiver of the message to understand the feelings and moods of the sender of the message when writing the piece. The common view is that all punctuation marks were borrowed from the Western writing tradition. Investigating the first Iranian press, the current research first reviews the history of such marks, and then shows that some of the marks used in writing were inherited from the Iranian manuscript illumination tradition while some others found their way into written language through different translations. However, sometimes the usage of some of the marks in the press differed from their original function.

Discourse analysis is one of the interdisciplinary trends in linguistics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and so on. This tendency has two main perspectives: first, it evaluates the formation of meaning and message in relation to the intricacies (including the physiological and structural aspects of language) and, in the second perspective, examines the exogenous factors (the relationship between language and all external features that include the knowledge of sociology, culture, etc.) Discourses are considered as the open language of power relations, and since language teaching concepts are also manifestations of cultural power, the authors of this paper have sought to criticize the concepts of second language teaching based on the second view of discourse analysis. The most important findings show that in meaning-based approaches, the reliance is on common prominent figures, for example, between Iran and Turkmenistan (Abu Saeed Abul-Khair, Abulfazl Sarakhsi, ...), Iran and Uzbekistan (Rudaki Samarghandi, Amir Ali Shirnava’i, Attar Neishabouri, and ...). Community-based approaches identify target communities by examining linguistic geography to transform communicative potentiality to communicative action. A culture-based approach which identifies common roots in literature, art, and language, and the obvious examples of which are the customs of Nowruz celebrations, Welcoming Spring and Seven Sin between Iran and its neighbors such as Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and ..., refers to the creation of common cultural themes for the teaching of language learners. The psychology-based approach deals with the use of mystical literature, as well as its link with the concepts of participatory learning such as improvement of attitude in Hafez poetry and self-esteem in Saeb.

Painting is one of the attractive and symbolic arts in Iran and the study of paintings confirms the transfer of significant individual and social concepts of such aforementioned works. Persian poetry and literature are one of the literary artworks that bestows an imperative value in conveying essential human concepts. One of Rumi's main concerns is anthropology and according to him the Quran is considered as the most influential book; the reflection of good and evil is one of such impacts represented in the Quran and on the verses of the Masnavi. This research has been done by "comparative-analytical" method. The research findings indicate that many of the models presented in Masnavi are consistent with Quranic models; the furthermost of these role models are either divine prophets or saints including: divine prophets such as: Adam, Ibrahim, Noah, David, Solomon, Saleh, Younis, Moses, Yusuf, Jesus and Muhammad (PBUH); and divine saints such as: Bayazid Bastami, Mansour Hallaj, Fazil Ayyaz and Shaqiq Balkhi among other figures. In addition; a number of human manifestations in the abyss of the oppressors of history are tyrannical kings and bloodthirsty rulers; including: Cain, Pharaoh, Nimrod, Qarun, Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, and Hajjaj Yusuf. Rumi has applied such human patterns through symbols and signs and has often made mystical interpretations regarding the figures and events related to their lives; in this regard, his objective was to display what moral virtues or vices each of these patterns partake. In the remaining paintings from the Safavid period, concepts and themes beholding the virtue and significance of human beings can be deliberated upon.

1. Scrutinizing the human face in Masnavi and its comparison with the Holy Quran. 2. Examining the pinnacle and depth of the human face in Safavid paintings.

Research questions:

 1. What is the pinnacle and depth of man from the point of view of Masnavi and Quran? 2. What is the reflection of the human face in Safavid paintings?

Cardiac tissue is one of the organs affected by thyroid hormones imbalances. Apolipoprotein D is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is expressed in various tissues including heart tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the level of apolipoprotein D protein in the heart tissue.

In order to induce hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in white mice, propylthiouracil (PTU, 100 ppm) and levothyroxine (L-T4, 8 ppm) dissolved in water  and were used for 6 weeks, respectively. ELISA method was used to measure the total T3 hormone in rat serum. After confirming the model, the mice were anesthetized and the heart tissue was removed and the ventricle and apex of the heart were used for histological examination. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression level of apolipoprotein D.

We showed for the first time that the expression of apolipoprotein D in the hearts of hypothyroid (P<0.05) and hyperthyroid (P<0.001) rats increased significantly compared to the control group.

It is suggested that the increase in cardiac apolipoprotein D levels due to thyroid disorders may be part of an inherent system to protect the heart against damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation in these disorders.

One of the common topics in Persian grammar is the topic of "citizens". It can be said that this issue is one of the cases that arises outside the control of linguists and completely with the direct involvement of people in the language, and its law and rule have not been chosen by experts and have not created a stereotyped system and style. The present article is a research to understand the process of formation and prevalence of citizens in Persian language and literature as a new style in people's speech. In this research, literary works after the Constitutional Revolution (which is the time of the rise and prevalence of citizens) have been examined and after comparing the use of citizens in the old style, a new division has been made and named for citizens; Also, the effect of human feeling in the use of such combinations has been studied for the first time and along with extracting the cases of nationalities in the works of contemporary writers and poets, the formation and creation of this language style and its prevalence have been stated.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method is documentary (library).

Citizens, before being a kind of compound in grammar, is a special style of speech that has entered the linguistic and literary styles from the colloquial language of the people in the present age.

The influence of people on social stories and articles - especially in the constitutional period when people were very involved in politics and reading articles and stories of that day - had a great impact on the prevalence of the use of negligent composition and also the effect of colloquial language on these works. Is. Works that have colloquial language and quotations from the language of the people of the street and the bazaar in their text, such as: Ebrahim Beyk's travelogue, Dehkhoda's nonsense articles, Jamalzadeh's works and other authors, have benefited more from national compositions, especially negligent ones. They had a language style.

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach that can be explained in the fields of linguistics, political science, cultural relations, international relations, soft power, and etc. This approach includes two different attitudes: the first one specifically deals with linguistics and intralingual studies; and the second one, which is the focus of this study, examines the extra-linguistic factors including culture and cultural geography. Through soft power towards implementing the policy of cultural induction, language and literature become the means of hidden power relations because each country tries to pursue its own cultural interests through specific policies of cultural influence on the culture of the target country and its cultural transformation. Furthermore, one of the most important cultural policies to influence other cultures is teaching language and literature and this goal is achieved in two ways. In the first way, the relation between the transcendent culture (domineering) and the audience of the sublime culture (domineered, obedient) is usually made by the preachers and introducers of the former through preaching and explaining that culture along with its intellectual and cultural attractions. In the second way, the linguistic domination and cultural influence are created and strengthened through teaching language and literature in different levels, depths, and to a wide target audience; accordingly, cultural diplomacy is achieved through the soft power of teaching language and literature. Using a documentary method and a descriptive-analytical approach, this research seeks to answer the basic questions of how the soft power of Persian language teaching is analyzed and, consequently, where Persian literature stands in the strategic relations of cultural diplomacy, and how it is evaluated.
One of the most important achievements of this research can be the impact of teaching Persian language and literature in the form of showing historical, civilizational, religious, and linguistic commonalities through explaining the discourse analysis of the common cultural-historical contexts, especially in geo culture (cultural geography) and presenting a strategy for cultural diplomacy.

One of the forms of Persian literature is lyrics, which affords the widest horizon in expressing emotion and receiving emotional and sensory experiences. Tone is the color the speaker adds into the words, and in Saadi’s lyrics there exist many different tones, which are intertwined. These tones play a crucial role in expressing his artistic and emotional message to the reader. Elements such as poetic form, rhythm, syllables, the meaning of words, sentence structures, and descriptive and poetic imagery are some of the items that form tone. Any literary work contains one or more tones and understanding them is so crucial that perceiving the expressed meaning depends on this understanding. The discussion of tone is related to the field of semantics, because the debate as to whether or not the tone is chosen in accordance with the audience’s mood goes back to that field. Each word is a unit of language that conveys a message from the speaker to the audience. To convey in the best possible way, the will of the speaker and the expectations of the audience should be considered. In order to speak in accordance with his audience’s mood, Saadi expresses the most difficult meanings in the simplest way. Bringing difficult meanings in the form of simple words is Saadi’s art, and understanding these difficult meanings depends on perceiving Saadi’s tone. The present article is an attempt to understand Saadi’s lyrics through his word choice, imagery, repetitions, and coordinating rhythm. The purpose of this study is to understand Saadi’s tone in two of his poems by extracting those tone-making elements from the text. Understanding the tone-making elements in the poetry of Saadi is possible by expanding the area of research in this field, while by ignoring some of the factors his message fails to be received properly.

Previous findings from our laboratory indicated that exercise alleviates the deficits in cognitive and anxiety disorders in healthy female rats. But the effect of exercise on cognitive and anxiety disorders induced by chronic morphine in experimental monopose of rats (ovariectomized) not known. Aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mild and modorate forced exercise on anxiety-like behaviors, and object location memory in ovariectomized of morphine-dependent rats during spontaneous withdrawal period.

Sham or ovariectomized rats were injected with bi-daily doses (10 mg/kg, at 12 h intervals) of morphine or saline over a period of 10 days. Then the rats were trained under mild and moderate exercises for 30 minute in a session of five days per week for four weeks. Then object location memory, and anxiety profile in elevated plus maze (EPM) were examined.

Chronic morphine induced the anxiogenic-like behaviours (reductions in time spent, and entry into the EPM open arm) in intact, but not ovariectomized rats, which alleviated by both mild and moderate treadmill exercise. Also, both mild and moderate exercise produced anxiolytic behaviours in the non-morphine depedent intact and ovariectomized rats. Chronic morphine did not change object location memory in the intact and ovariectomized rats. Meanwhile, moderate exercise enhaced spatial location memory in non-morphine dependent, but not morphine dependent intact and ovarietomized rats.

In general, our findings demostrate that sex ovarian hormones modulate the effects of chronic morphine on congnitive function and anxiety behaviour. It seems the nature of this interaction is complex and needs further investigation.

Neuritis is one of the causes of neuropathic pains. It is proved that turmeric and curcumin have anti-neuritis effect that may be reduce of neuropathic pain.

In this study, effects of turmeric and curcumin have been evaluated on behavioral response resulted from chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rat.

In this experimental study Wistar male rat (200-250 gr) were used. For create of CCI, Bennet and Xie (1988) method has been used. 2 weeks after neuritis occurrence, turmeric 60 mg/kg and curcumin 30 and 60 mg/kg injection have been begun and continued until 26th day as daily and Intraperitonealy. Animal behavioral responses have been measured by using of mechanical allodynia (Von Frey) test and thermal hyperalgesia test during 14, 17, 20, 23, 26 and 40 days after neuritis occurrence.

Results indicated that creation of CCI increases behavioral responses as significant. Curcumin injection with dosage of 30 mg/Kg leads to decrease of mechanical allodynia from 20th and thermal hyperalgesia from 23th day. This effect has been observed until 40th day. Curcumin injection with dosage of 60 mg/Kg leads to decrease of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in 26th day. Turmeric injection with dosage of 60 mg/kg had no effect on mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia.

Finding shown that curcumin has positive effect on decrease of neuropathic pain that induced by CCI. Previous study suggested that the effect of curcumin is partly attributed to attenuation of lipid peroxidation in the periphery that finally reduced of inflammation.

The term " fable” in dictionaries has been used as the synonym for words like ‘tale” and “myth”. It literally refers to the adventure or imaginary events, animals, birds, or illusory beings like demons and fairies. Fables include moral and instructive lessons told some times for enjoyment and the entertainment of the audience or readers. Fables in Iran are an important part of the rich folklores. This heritage has been descended to children and young adults of our time and it is present in the literature. Since the literature of kinds and teenagers has own goals, we aim to analyze some examples to compare them with the goals of children’s and literature through a case study.

This article examines a number of preferred words approved by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature (hereafter called the
Third Academy) despite the presence of widely-used counterparts. The article strives to provide explanations for such instances as the rejection by the Third Academy of the Tajiki /čarxbāl/ for the English [helicopter], on the grounds that it is structurally ambiguous, to opt for /bālgard/; replacement of /tārnamā/ [website], on the grounds that it is semantically inadequate, with /vebgāh/, in which the English [web] is borrowed into Persian and used in a word-cluster derived from it; preference of /porčarbī/ [fatty], due to its more common and frequent structure, over /porčarb/; selection of /dūrnegār/ [facsimile] preferred to /namābar/ for its greater semantic flexibility due to the syntactic relations between its constituents (i.e., /dūr/ [far] and /negār/ [scribe/ scriber]; the stringent rejection of the word-for-word translation /xodzendegīnāme/ for [autobiography] in favor of /zendegīnāme-ye xodnevešt/; selection of the less familiar /šodāmad/ [exchange of visits; traffic] at the expense of the more common /raftoāmad/; or, the simple /šomār/, generally meaning [number], selected as the equivalent for ‘tirage’ (<fr.) [circulation for periodicals or publications] to avoid the suffix /-gān/ that has been used in a specific sense in other cases. These explanations are meant to illustrate how the word selection principles and guidelines adopted by the Academy work in practice.

During his/her suluk (spiritual journey) and intuition, a mystic establishes a relationship between himself/herself and nature and God, revealing something beyond reason. It is called "mystical experience". This experience is ambiguity when it comes in the form of language; in this way, different narrators create different narrations from "a single experience". In mystical texts, on one hand, the author tries to convey her/his thoughts, and on other hand, to "hide the secrets from strangers (na-ahlān)". By using descriptive-analytical method and based on the ideational metafunction, the present article tries to study the role of "experiencer" in the philosophy of illumination (Falsafeh Eshraq). In his treatises, Suhrawardi, as the founder of this school of thought, refers to themes like separation from higher world, spiritual nostalgia, removing barriers to suluk and meeting the old wise man, and focuses on spiritual journey (suluk) to the world of light and releasing from the worldly prison. The findings show that by overcoming the illuminate (Eshraqi) worldview, the relational processes have become mentalistic processes in the verbal sphere. Suhrawardi, first, describes the symbolic concepts with the aim of creating a tangible space, and then, interprets them by creating a space for dialogue. Finally, as the old wise man, he expresses the abstract concepts.

Tajikistan contemporary poetry has been influenced by Russian literature as well as Persian literature. In the illustration of poetry, it has been inclined toward the history of Persian literature and they have used ancient techniques in the creation of the imaginary forms. Personification, metaphor, simile, paradox, pun, allegory, euphemism, etc are the most common figures of speech in Tajikistan contemporary poetry. Paradox has also been used in Tajikistan contemporary poetry frequently. Tajik poets such as Bozor Sobir, Dara Nejat, Ali Mohammad Moradi, Asgar Hakim , etc from the fourth generation and Gulrukhsor, Mohammad Ali Ajami, Nizam Qasim, etc from the fifth generation have been influenced by contemporary and pioneering Iranian poets such as Nimā Yushij, Akhavān-Sāles, Ahmad Shamlou, Forough Farrokhzad, Sohrab Sepehri, Siavash Kasrai, etc from the first and second generation of contemporary Iranian literature; therefore, they have presented their poems in an innovative forms.