فهرست مطالب عبد الرضا فرجی راد

The presence of a notable and conflicting connection between the Shiite-Sunni geopolitics within the Islamic world, as they vie for leadership of the Islamic world, and the geopolitical rivalries among regional nations and global powers in the Middle East, has had an impact on the patterns and aspects of regional security. This influence has been further compounded by the rise and expansion of religious fundamentalist groups, such as ISIS. This article initially elucidates the geopolitical origins behind the establishment of Salafi Islamic extremist factions, with a particular focus on the rise and existence of ISIS in the area. Subsequently, an analysis is conducted on the impact of the aforementioned phenomenon on the regional security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The primary focus of this study is to examine the geopolitical factors that contribute to the emergence of religious fundamentalist groups and assess their influence on the regional security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The historical and identity backgrounds in state-building and incomplete modernization in influential geographical areas play a significant role in shaping the formation of religious fundamentalist groups. These findings are based on explanatory and analytical methods that investigate the cause-and-effect relationship between two independent and dependent variables in geopolitics. The geopolitical rivalry among regional entities and global powers is also a significant determinant. These groups have presented problems to the regional security of Iran by establishing their radical ideology in specific territories, affecting Iran's geopolitical, geostrategic, and geocultural spheres.

The purpose of this study is to address the Geo-economics of energy in Russia, which is interested in penetrating and controlling the consumer markets of East Asia (Japan, China and South Korea) in order to expand its hegemony by formulating the energy strategy in 2035. Therefore, an attempt is made to answer the question by the analytical-descriptive method and using the latest statistical data, as follows: Are Russia’s Geo-economic relations in the field of energy can control the discourse and strategy of consuming countries in favor of Russia’s economic hegemony? To answer this question, the first Russia’s 2035 energy strategy and the amount of Gas and Oil production and exports of this country, and finally the amount of consumption and import of oil and gas in East Asian markets and Russia’s and the cooperation of Japan, China and South Korea with Russia in energy field will be discussed. The conclusion indicates although the territorial proximity of the East Asian markets to Russia can greatly strengthen the Geo-economic relations of Russia with these regions in the economic and energy fields, still the measures adopted by the east Asian countries in order to reduce greenhouse gases and the pressure of traditional energy supplier competitors can reduce the Russia’s energy hegemony and affect the future of cooperation between these Regions. Considering the diverse purposes of supplying energy to East Asian markets and the operationalization of the energy strategy of these countries based on the reduction of greenhouse gases as well as the replacement of renewable energies with oil and gas energy, it seems that Russia is facing obstacles in reaching the goals of the 2035 energy strategy. In this way, Russia’s geo-economic relations with East Asian markets will be influenced by the policy of serious competitors supplying energy to East Asian markets and strategic considerations about the use of renewable energy, as well as their Anti -Russian policies, rather than benefiting the development of Russia’s economic hegemony.

The creation and expansion of rural settlements is influenced by various factors, these factors are divided into two categories of natural and human factors, whose impact on the construction and pattern of these settlements is undeniable. Changes in the pattern and architectural style of rural housing have occurred in many different ways. The present study has examined all the factors affecting the rural housing model in Khalkhal county. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of natural and human factors in the rural housing model and determine the degree of correlation between these factors and rural housing. The research method in this study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive -analytical in terms of method. In the first part, the results of studies show that natural factors have played a very effective role in the pattern of rural housing in this region. Therefore, the role of factors such as water resources, climate and, most importantly, the specific topography of the region have played a more colorful role than other environmental factors. In the second part, the effects of human factors in rural areas on the rural housing model are examined. The statistical population of the study is 5 villages of Khalkhal city with a population of 10,650 people in the form of 1940 households. The sample size is 320 rural households, which were interviewed by random sampling. For data analysis, Pearson and Spearman and multivariate regression methods were used using SPSS software. The results show that there is a significant and relatively strong relationship with a coefficient of 0.675 between human factors and the rural housing model in the study area, so that the socio -cultural index explains about 58.8% of the housing model .

By reviving the ancient Silk Road as part of the Belt & Road Initiative, one of the largest projects of the century, China intends to challenge the US unipolar international economic system by participation in the global economy. China's purely economic approach has encouraged many countries along the route of the Belt & Road Initiative to participate in this project. This plan will have a great impact on the countries along the plan, including Iran. Since Iran is geographically in the middle of the Belt and Road Initiative map, it can actively participate in this project to restore its former position on the Ancient Silk Road and improve its geographical position toward a geopolitical position. The present study seeks to answer the question of what is the position of Iran in the belt and road initiative project and what consequences this project will have on Iran's geoeconomics.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

Within the paradigm framework of global marine-based and land-based strategies competitions, today two large geostrategic faults have formed on a spherical scale in western and eastern Eurasia, which seems to be the source of current world policies. In fact, the level of global geostrategic confrontation is wide-spreading on both sides of the Eurasian land so that on the one hand in the east (on the surface of the land fault of Eurasia with the Pacific) and on the other hand in the west (on the surface of the fault of the Eurasian continents with Europe and Africa).These collisions have spread on the one hand in the east (on the surface of the land fault of Eurasia with the Pacific) and on the other hand in the west (on the surface of the fault of the Eurasian continents with Europe and Africa). On either side of each of these faults are major global power actors. On one side of this strategic fault lies China, which claims to be a world power. Although Chinese leaders have repeatedly stated that they have no motive to be the world most power, the China's Road & Belt initiative project shows that China is seeking to expand its spatial influence and the plan will bring many countries under its control.In the introduction of the plan document, the One Belt-One Road project is introduced as a system project based on consultation and collective interest between China and the countries involved in the project, which integrates the development plans of the participating countries and creates a new kind of mutually beneficial cooperation between the countries of the three continents (Asia, Europe and Africa), and the spirit of the project is "open regional cooperation" that does not seek to limit any country.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The data collection has been done using library resources, internet, researcher-made questionnaire, and interviews with experts. This research uses the Active Geostrategic Faults in the World theory in order to review the Belt & Road Initiative. Academic experts were consulted about the accuracy of the findings and the effectiveness of each of the variables, and after receiving their comments, the questionnaire items validity was confirmed. The statistical population in this study is foreign affairs experts and specialists in various fields such as political geography, international relations, political economy and so on. The questionnaire was completed by 70 experts from the different fields. Data analysis was evaluated in the first stage using SPSS software and in the second stage using MICMAC software.

The Belt & Road Initiative is an opportunity for development for Iran as it encourages further cooperation and development with China and other members of this plan. Iran is at the heart of the Belt & Road Initiative, and the path to achieving the goals of the plan will be difficult without Iran's cooperation. Since the Belt & Road Initiative is not just an economic project but also has broader dimensions, it is assumed that China's proposal, given its potential to strengthen regionalism, will be effective shaping the new arrangements of the Eurasian region including Iran and its surrounding region.This multilateral plan will bring good achievements for Iran, which, in addition to these achievements, will face many threats and harms to Iran. As the most important strategy of this plan, it can be pointed to definition and stabilization Iran's position in the plan, which is the most important and basic strategy for Iran. The issue of proper management for the implementation of this plan is the second most important strategic issue for Iran to prevent the harms of Iran being excluded from the plan and being deprived of the benefits of the plan, and on the other hand, the cost and inconsistency of internal organizations should be prevented and the confusion and damages caused by it should be avoided.The most important opportunities: expanding the regional both cooperation and convergence and reducing Iran country's geoeconomic isolation, attracting foreign investment and entry of plan involved companies into Iran, establishing infrastructure links between Iran and key Eurasian countries, increasing Iran's geopolitical weight, and using Iran's transit position etc.Major threats: China's loans-debts trap, sanctions and pressure from plan rivals, economic dependence, concerns of major powers (US, Russia, India, Japan, EU, etc.), Chinese military (incompatibility with Iran's interests), and increasing regional competition etc.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

Iran must define and consolidate its special geopolitical and geostrategic position and economic advantages for China and the world in such a way that it can play a pivotal role in the road & belt initiative. If the plan is successful, it will increase economic cooperation in the region, revive Iran's geoeconomic position and make Iran more active in non-Western cooperation. And if the one belt & one road initiative in Iran fails, it will cause serious damage to the environment, create double pressure from China on Iran, impair Iran's stability due to increased debts arising from the plan, make rates competitive in Iran, and lack of Iran government control on the rates, the excessive import of cheap Chinese goods and the inability of Iranian goods to compete, the surplus of Chinese economic output toward Iran and unemployment and factory closures.

Today, climate change, in addition to poverty and lack of food resources in rural areas, has caused an increase in the number of immigrants.Drawing the issue of climate change as a security concern has caused 70% of the world's countries to openly declare that the issue of climate change is considered a security issue for them. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to Study of the impact of climate change on the security of rural areas(Case study: Kurdistan province).The approach that governs the space of quantitative-qualitative research and the type of applied research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Research information has been collected through two methods library and field (questionnaire).In this research, 10 Extreme under climate change have been used along with 4 security dimensions that make up a total of 40 indicators. In this research, in order to evaluate the future climate conditions of Kurdistan province, the HadGEM2-ES model based on the MARKSIM micro scale method has been used during the period from 2010 to2095under two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. SPSS software was also used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results of the study of climate change scenarios showed that in the two stations of Sanandaj and Saqez, the trend of summer days is increasing and freezing days are decreasing. The results of the precipitation indices in Kurdistan Province showed that the changes in the climate and the amount of rain, which previously rained sporadically throughout the year,will rain intensively and heavily in a few days and most of this rain goes out of the region in the form of floods and with great damage.Finally, the results showed a strong relationship between climate indices and profiles with security dimensions at a significant level(0.05),considering the level of confidence and providing upper and lower limits

the distribution utilities should be such That provide social justice in different areas of the Ilam city, this case study (14-field areas of the city of Ilam in 8 type utilities) has been investigated.In recent research assumptions upon which of the indicators of social, economic and cultural disparities between regions, 14 wings, there is a remarkable fact about direct away distribution utilities and has a population distribution.. results of this study show that the distribution of public services assessment develop quantitative models of different areas, the areas 13, 10, 9, 4, 3, and at higher levels are more developed.The areas 12, 11, 8, 6 and 5 in the semi-developed or are moderate. Thus, areas 14, 7, 2 and 1 very little development and few facilities have.Despite the inequalities resulting from the lack of equitable distribution of facilities and utilities, the lack of social justice in the city of Ilam in distribution Public Utilities has.The findings of this study is consistent with the view that Giddens moderate intellectual inequality of urban services and facilities are the main cause lack of social justice in the distribution of urban public services as

Since the withdrawal of Britain from the Persian Gulf in the 1970s, the United States in the Cold War atmosphere as One of the world's two superpowers has played a significant role in the formation of security arrangements in the Middle East and especially in the Persian Gulf. In order to dominate the region and prevent actions against their interests, they had to impose a special security order on the region in order to implement their military strategy. Therefore, the special importance of the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf due to important reserves such as oil and Gas is of strategic importance and Iran, with the longest coastline, is considered one of the main players in this field. Considering the high importance of the Persian Gulf, factors such as the presence of extra-regional powers such as the United States threaten the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Trans-regional powers seek to meet their needs, which are economic in nature, but mostly show a security interpretation of it. This article tries to answer the question of what has been the central role of the United States of America in the Persian Gulf region and its impact on Iran's national security since 2003.

Rich energy resources and transit through Russia in Commonwealth of Independent States have attracted the attention of regional and supra-regional power and it created tensions. Thus, the attempt to integrate the geo-economic space and integrate it with geopolitical games is interesting for Russian strategists in order to change the situation in favor of their policies. Considering the volume of energy reserves  of  Commonwealth of Independent States, Russia’s transit line will be extensive and the influence of Russian oil and gas companies on Commonwealth of Independent States is obvious through energy geo-economic strategy while ensuring mutual political economic security. There is a common interests between them, Of course, this issue is a geostrategic and geopolitical importance for Russia’s issue because Russia will achieve its goals, which are the expansion of economic and political hegemony, through oil and gas energy tools It forms a subset of geo-economic thinking.

The research method of this article is analytical-descriptive. The information was collected and translated using valid scientific- specialized articles from academic and research sites, also the concept of geo-economic thinking, the role of oil and gas energy and routes are explained. Transit in this region is assessed, according Russian’s  maintenance and monitoring the region in global level. Monitoring and intervention through geo-economic considerations are discussed too.

Competition over the control and supervision of oil and gas extraction centers and transition lines are an important factor for the hegemony of energy-owning countries. Meanwhile, rivalries and conflicts between Russia and foreign countries, especially those with oil and Gas energy reserves, over capacity building for investment and maximizing national-commercial interests have led to geopolitical conflicts by trans-regional countries and it caused the creation of new structures to improve infrastructure. It will affect trades and the movement of goods and services, as foreign countries in which do not have close access to ports and open waters, this will pave the way for new opportunities for Russia to remove such barriers.

Russia’s approach to foreign countries is nothing more than a fundamental change in its economy ,and it efforts to resolve local-regional problems and  conflicts. In this regard can involve the broad  participation of these countries. Russia and foreign countries are close to each other in economic-trade matters, and membership in alliances such as the shanghai cooperation Organization which has largely allayed Russia’s concerns about foreign influence, but the influence of the United States and its allies in the region couldn’t be ignored. However, it creates a security vacuum that could challenge Russia’s geo-economic goals.

Today s city is an environment that in which adults should manage hereditary facilities and talents of children and this is planners who decide where and how to do that. But, managers and urban planners don’t pay enough attention to children and their needs. In this regard, when there is no attention to children, their software and hard ware needs, so the future of their lives is pndangered. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the child s deprivation in shiraz and the impact of city building elements on moderating the effects of urban deprivation of children. The research methodology of this paper is descrivptive analytical in parallel.

China has launched the Silk Road Rehabilitation Project, a "one-way belt project," as a comprehensive regional project. The main goal of this project is to enhance the level of development of the countries between the eastern and western borders of Eurasia by facilitating regional cooperation and developing the infrastructure of the transit countries. The project has two routes: the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The one-way belt project has various geopolitical, economic, political and commercial dimensions. Areas of non-economic cooperation within the framework of this project include: ensuring the security of trade routes, strengthening counterterrorism cooperation at the regional level, designing mechanisms for resolving disputes over land and sea disputes, developing marine resources, and cooperating in the field of environmental protection and increasing in cultural exchanges. This study using the descriptive- analytic method explains the geopolitical position of Chabahar port in China’s Maritime Silk Road in the 21st Century.

The need to interact with the global economy and realize development in the new world facilitates and accelerates national development. From 2021 to 2013, China launched a world-wide operation in the Silk Road Reconstruction Program, creating a win-win and ambitious environment in political, economic and security dimensions, with the Belt-Road Initiative. As one of the main pillars of power in the new structure of the international system, China is defining and consolidating its regional and global position. By implementing this plan, China seeks to achieve the following: increase the efficiency of internal borders, improve trade Between economic corridors, deepening trade agreements, improving access to the European market, increasing exports of products, expanding banking, financial and insurance cooperation, capital development in the field of tourism, etc. This article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method to explain and analyze the geopolitical plan of the Belt-Road Initiative between Iran and China and the great powers and to explain the effects and consequences of this plan on Iran. The information was obtained by referring to library resources, internet, interviews with experts and was explained and analyzed by content analysis method. Iran, as one of the important points in the Silk Road route and due to its special geopolitical position, has significant effects on the belt-road initiative and is affected by it. By joining the Belt-Road Initiative, Iran can turn its geographical location into a geopolitical opportunity

Addiction is a physical-mental illness that, due to its progressive nature in all aspects of life, endangers the health of the individual, family and society. In order to prevent and resolve this destructive phenomenon, it is necessary to provide and implement comprehensive and appropriate programs in the rural area. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the predictors of substance abuse of rural immigrant.

The statistical population included all addicted prisoners who migrated from rural to urban areas. Using cluster sampling method, 360 people were selected as the study sample. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze data.

The results showed that only the quality of life component can predict the drug abuse of migrant rural men and women, while the components of access to facilities, rural management performance, and individual participation, as well as marital status, age and education cannot predict their substance abuse (p <0.05).

According to the results of the present study, since the quality of life is a predictor of substance abuse in migrant villagers, and this problem, in fact, indicates the basic infrastructural problems in preventing the migration of villagers and their substances abuse, related planning and policies in the field of social health are suggested in this regard.

Today, the world's greatest environmental threat is global warming and climate change. The consequences of climate change are water and food shortages, disease, unemployment and migration, poverty, resource crises and instability. The aim of this study is to zoning the country's regions of Iran based on geopolitical indicators of the effects of climate change. The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and method. Data collection and documentary and survey information have been done with questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the research is purposeful and includes experts and specialists in the field of climate change working in meteorological organizations, the environment and passive defense. The questionnaire was designed based on the indicators of the effects of climate change and geopolitics and after distribution, 60 questionnaires were collected. Friedman's comparative test then prioritizes the impact of climate change on geopolitics, which are: 1- Poverty and Unemployment, 2- Dryness, 3 - Social security 4 - Production of strategic agricultural and livestock products 5 - Health and public health and 6 - Maintaining the balance of the ecosystem will have the greatest impact on the country's geopolitics. After that, the country's zoning was drawn using GIS software to validate the effects of climate change in the country's regions. According to the research findings, according to the prioritized geopolitical indicators, the effects of climate change in Sistan and Baluchestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces, Qom, Bushehr and Alborz will be most affected. For this purpose, the government can use a medium-term and long-term plan to reduce the geopolitical challenges caused by the effects of climate change in these areas. Finally, it is necessary to implement effective methods such as watershed management and use of clean energy to reduce Greenhouse Gases emissions to adapt to the effects of climate change.

Iran and Turkey are the two most important players in the Middle East and the Islamic world with a long-standing relationship with each other. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey was formed from the remains of the Ottoman Turks as a modern nation. In this new era, Iran-Turkey relations entered a new phase. With the advent of the Islamic Revolution, relations between Turkey and Iran were on the ups and downs. With the rise of Islamists led by Najmuddin Arbakan in the early nineties, relations between Iran and Turkey became very close. Relations fluctuated from 1995 to 2002, when secular power restored. But with the victory of the Islamist Justice and Development Party (AKP) Iran-Turkey relations entered a new phase in their history. In the new era and with the AKP's particular attention to its neighbors, particularly Iran. Many experts, meanwhile, believe that realistic theories provide the best explanation of the relationships and equations in the area. One application of this theory is its use to explain the balance of power in the region and efforts to maintain or change it by regional and international actors. In the discussion of the balance of powers in the region, we will also see how in support of specific hegemony in order to prevent another hegemony. The point is, of course, that this does not mean that they intend to limit their power or their goals for the sake of the system, but rather they seek to maximize their power or security, but in such a way that a balanced distribution of power among them also takes place. This study, using a realistic approach, tries to investigate the geopolitical trend of this period of Iranian-Turkish relations and to identify and analyze the aforementioned factors and areas.

The research is descriptive-analytic, and tries to explain the relations between Iran and Turkey based on the theory of geopolitical realism in the AKP era. In the present study, the factors affecting the conflicts, competitions and cooperation between Iran and Turkey during the period of AKP were extracted from library and documentary data and in order to determine the weight of the factors ECHP is used. The matrices were designed as a questionnaire and provided to four scholars in the field of science and three scholars related to the researcher's presence to respond. The software Expert Chase is used to analyze the data.

Research findings showed that areas of geopolitical competition between Iran and Turkey are as follows: Competition in Iranian and Turkish Self-Orientation; Competition in the Islamic and Iranian Islamic Model; Competition for leadership in the Islamic world, Iran-Turkey Competition in Syria; Iran-Turkey Competition in Iraq; Competition in the defense of Islam and Hamas. Also, areas of Geopolitical Conflict between Iran and Turkey are as follows: Hydro-politic Conflicts; Conflicts in the economic field; Pan-Turkism Conflicts; Shiite-Sunni Conflict; Conflicts in the field of diplomatic interactions; Conflicts over expanding the area of influence. Also, areas of geopolitical cooperation between Iran and Turkey are as follows: Cooperation on the Kurdish issue; Cooperation in the field of energy; Collaborating on the Nuclear Case; Security Cooperation.

The findings of the study indicated that among the factors affecting Iran-Turkey relations, competitive factors such as competition over Syria, Iraq and the sphere of influence are the most important. On the other hand, factors such as cooperation in the nuclear case and cooperation in the field of energy can be effective factors in the dependence of Iran and Turkey over time. In fact, Iranian-Turkish relation is in the context of current geographical and geopolitical realities. This context reflects the type of relations between the two countries, depending on its conditions and characteristics at any time and situation. Normally, Iran and Turkey are in a state of competition and cooperation. The two countries cooperate in economic cooperation, transit of goods and passengers, security cooperation on the issue of Kurdish separatism, but in cases such as the expansion of influence in geopolitical areas around, Islamic world leadership, religious competition, neighboring markets compete with each other. Today's situation is also highlighted by neo-Ottoman policy in Turkish foreign policy and efforts to expand Turkish influence in the historical territory of the Ottoman Empire in areas such as North Africa, Shamat, Iraq and the Caucasus, as well as Iran's attempt to converge countries such as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Yemen. It has involved the two countries in a proxy war and has sometimes led to sharp positions by the two countries against each other. This is exacerbated when other regional and transnational powers also play a role in the two countries' relations, which could lead to escalation of tensions between the two countries. Therefore, it can be said that in line with the geopolitical requirements, the relations between the two countries will flow in a range of cooperation and competition, but with the entry of non-geopolitical elements such as ideology and the interference of regional and transnational powers towards them the tension will be increased.

The present study, with the aim of evaluating the role of urban management in the sustainable development of tourism in the metropolis of Tehran, has been conducted with a quantitative approach. The research method is descriptive and analytical survey, and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The independent variable of urban management was measured with the components of urban facilities and equipment, road network, urban services, mental and objective quality. The dependent variable of sustainable urban tourism is also measured by economic, social and environmental components. The statistical population of this study is experts, specialists and senior experts in the field of urban management, from which 100 people were selected as a statistical sample by available methods. First, the research variables were tested using descriptive statistical methods. Then, at the inferential level, one-sample t-test, Friedman test and path analysis through structural equations were used to examine the research questions. SPSS and SmartPLS software packages were used to analyze the quantitative data. The results show that the executive status of urban management and sustainable tourism in the metropolis of Tehran is moderate. Also, urban management has a significant positive effect on the development of sustainable tourism in the metropolis of Tehran.

The Persian Gulf, as the richest and most important region in the world in terms of having huge hydrocarbon reserves as well as economic and financial importance, and as a vast and prosperous market, has a privileged position and position in the world. Relations between Iran and the southern neighbors of the Persian Gulf are of particular importance in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which for many years has been influenced by ideology, ethnicity, regional rivalries, global polarization, economic and so on. The existence of geopolitical interests and concerns has led to the emergence of common values and convergence and the establishment of good relations, and in contrast, geopolitical challenges have led to divergence and stressful relations in the regional system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the common interests and geopolitical challenges affecting the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the countries south of the Persian Gulf. This research is of an applied type that using descriptive-analytical method tries to provide the research answer that "What are the common interests and geopolitical challenges affecting the relations between the countries of the southern Persian Gulf and the Islamic Republic of Iran?" To pay. The method of data collection and information required is libraries and documents, and for data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics analysis methods and SPSS software have been used. In the end, using Friedman test, 15 factors as interests and 21 factors as the most important geopolitical challenges affecting the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the countries south of the Persian Gulf were counted.

Intrduction: 

During these decades, some concepts like “strategic alliance”, “strategic coalition”, “strategic participation” and “strategic competition” have been used in media and diplomatic literature that all of them are defined in the framework of “strategic relations”. This research is intended to expound strategic relations at the first step and to investigate the relation between this concept and the four above mentioned concepts and also to extract geopolitical factors of strategic relations at the second step. 

Methoddology :

The research method adopted here is based on induction and its tactics like library findings,interview with specialists and inferential analysis are used regarding the requirements.

Competition and cooperation in the geopolitical theories: from geopolitical point of view, competition is a kind of group conflict in international system which requires the existence of the states, powers or organizations which are similar to the states and are taken different forms based on the situations of the historical evolution. Geopolitical point of view toward competition roots is close to realist school in international relations. During the history reaching national interest is known as jumping-off place in the competition of powers in international relations arena, and regarding that reaching geopolitical goals are among the most objective and tangible interests of a state interests, the way of reaching these interests passes from geopolitical competitions path. Strategic relations as relations which are based on cooperation and competition (etymology): the literature review and interview results show that strategic relation is: an spectrum of bi-or-multi faceted relations which can have a cooperation-based or competition-based nature or both of these natures and includes different political, military, economic and military areas and are seen vital due to some causes like “including strategic action”, “activism of strategic actors”, “having strategic consequences” and “occurring in strategic domains”. The word “relation” can include both positive (good) and negative (bad) relations. Hence, the concept of strategic relation includes any interaction which comprise of relations ranging from good to bad based on competition or cooperation provided that it is in connection with national interest or security.

 Analysis: 

International relations and interactions may be evaluated as strategic due to the following reasons: these relations are strategic, because they follow vital goals; being strategic is the result of interaction in the domain of the interests which are in connection with national security; relations and interactions between the units are seen strategic due to the ability of actors to affect the system. The actors can have strategic weight due to having high level of national power, strategic geographic location, resources or monopoly of a goods, historical, cultural and civilization values. For some decades, strategic relations had been seen as strategic alliance, namely the word “relation” was only correspond with cooperative relations. Hence, when it was claimed that the actors have strategic relations, it was meant the alliance between the two actors, and the definitions did not go far from this concept. This means that the nature of the relation and competition was absent as a reality in the interaction in the scientific literature. As it is expounded in this research, strategic relation is a relation that the element of the competition is active in it. Competition is a kind of relation and institutionalized issue in the structure and nature of the international system.

Concluding:

Strategic relation has a geopolitical nature in both cooperative and competitive natures and the roots of cooperation and competition is expounded by geopolitics, but in other level and more accurately in the definition of indexes of strategic relation, strategic geopolitics of the states are determinant. The use of geopolitics in this stage is that the actors define their foreign relations based on the perceptions of interests, priorities and geopolitical lines of national security. Namely, geopolitics forms the formation of politicians’ perceptions towards national interests of the state in relation with surrounding area, and it is natural that it forms orientation of foreign policy of the actors that one of these orientations is having strategic relations with the actors.

Religion and religious beliefs are always one of the criteria for distinguishing between geographical spaces and the type of religious beliefs and beliefs of any geographic region is an effective factor in the formation of different structures in that area. Religion as a cultural element is the source of change, difference, and contrasts in different places, and perhaps on this basis some evident religious and religious challenges, such as the promotion of extremism in the geography of the Islamic world, can also be considered in this process. This research utilizes the information obtained from library resources and, to a certain extent, the field of research and the use of analytical-descriptive methods, while clarifying the relevant concepts, by specifying the question of which religious beliefs affect the security of geographical spaces? Has examined the impact of this component on the security of the Central Asian territory and, finally, has proved the role of religious beliefs as one of the factors influencing the security of geographical spaces by expressing a direct relationship between these two categories.