فهرست مطالب عبدالمجید قلیزاده

Amoxicillin (AMX) is a commonly used antibiotic in medicine (beta-lactam family). The residue of this compound has been detected in water sources and causes antibiotic resistance.

In this study, a renewable adsorbent based on graphene oxide (graphene oxide nanocomposite modified with CoFe2O4) was synthesized and used to absorb AMX from aqueous medium. The characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposite were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, pHZPC and BET/BJH.

It presented the maximum adsorption capacity based on the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which is 238.62 mg/g adsorbent, much higher than that reported by different nanoparticles. which can indicate the dominance of the chemical absorption mechanism in this process. The absorption process was investigated using the response procedure method and central composite design (CCD), under different operating conditions of adsorbent dose, initial AMX concentration, temperature and sonication time. In the present study, more than 70% of AMX concentration was removed.

In summary, the synthesized nanocomposite as a renewable adsorbent is likely to have significant effects on pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and can be considered as an efficient material for treatment techniques for future research.

The reduction of inequality in the utilization of resources and facilities of society is considered one of the most important criteria of development. The present study aimed to investigate equality in the distribution of human resources in the health sector in North Khorasan province (by the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve) in 2020.

This study was conducted based on a descriptive-analytical design. The study population included human resources in the health sector. Data were collected from the national portal of the Statistical Center of Iran and the population yearbook of the province using a researcher-made form. Data were analyzed in STATA (version 12) and DASP (version 2.2) software packages.

For every 10,000 people, 55.3 human resources were working in the health sector of North Khorasan province. Human health resources are distributed equally in this province. The Gini coefficient for all human health resources, except nurses and specialists, was less than 0.2, indicating complete equality in the distribution of resources. The lowest coefficient value was related to general practitioners (0.052), and the highest Gini coefficient pertained to specialized physicians (0.422), pointing to a relative inequality in the distribution of specialized physicians.

The removal of inequalities in human resources in the health sector in different regions can result in the promotion of equality in health outcomes. Therefore, it is suggested that policymakers and senior health system managers take effective measures to improve justice in access to human resources

Due to the fresh water scarcity in many parts of the world, desalinating of water and wastewaters has been taken into consideration now. Microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a new technology which can desalinate water, generate electricity, and simultaneously purify wastewaters in a reactor. However, low current generation and deionization are from main challenges of this process. This study aimed to improve the MDCs efficacy. Three-cell MDC consisted of anode, cathode, and middle chambers, was designed. Here, ozone was used as a new electron acceptor in MDC (O3-MDC), and middle chamber solution containing 20 g/L NaCl was pretreated by ultrasonic process. The reactor operated under oxygen diffusion (O2-MDC), and without ultrasonic pretreatment was chosen as control. Biofilm formation on anode surface and dominant bacteria in the O3-MDC reactor were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively.
Findings: saltwater pre-treatment caused to increase the electrical conductivity from 28.1 ms/cm to 35.5 ms/cm. Moreover, the use of ozone in the reactor significantly improved the reactor performance in terms of bioelectricity generation and water desalination, so that O2-MDC and O3-MDC were able to remove 74% and 55.58% of NaCl from water, respectively. Proteobacteria, firmicuites and acidobacteria were dominant microbial communities in the anode biofilm based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Modified MDC can be a good option for water desalination if properly navigated. Although the process is still subject to some limitations, conducting such studies can provide basics of process operationalization and commercialization.

Coagulation and flocculation techniques are appropriate methods for improving the quality of efflunets from wastewater treatment plants that help achieve higher standards of water reuse. In this study, PAC was used as the coagulant in the SBR treatment system of Yazd Wastewater Treatment Plant and the effects of mixing intensity during rapid and slow mixing steps were investigated on the improved efficiency of coagulation and flocculation processes. Meanwhile, constant and declining mixing speeds during the flocculation step were compared. For the purposes of this study, the Jar test unit was employed as a batch reactor. Results showed that from among the three mixer speeds of 100, 150, and 200 rpm in the rapid mixing tank, the 150 rpm mixing speed yielded higher removal efficiencies for turbidity, BOD, COD, and TSS. In addition, comparison of the constant speeds (20, 30, and 40 rpm) and the declining speeds (40 to 10 rpm) in the slow mixing stage showed that the declining speed yielded higher turbidity, BOD, COD, and TSS removal efficiencies than each of the three fixed speeds. Moreover, the lowest volume of sludge produced was 34 ml/L at a slow mixing speed of 30 rpm from among the constant speeds used in the slow mixing tank. Finally, it was found that the declining speed flocculation led to an improved sludge production of 26 mg/L.

The aim of this study was to spatial analysis of PM10 concentrations in the ambient air of Yazd in two seasons, and the zoning by using Kriging interpolation method. Finally, different factors affecting the concentrations of PM10 are marked and standards have been investigated
Material and The measurement of PM10 particulates was performed by the monitoring device HAZ-DUST EPAM 5000. 13 sampling stations were identified in various areas of the city in order to take samples of particulate matter PM10 in winter and spring 2013. Eventually Arc GIS software and kriging interpolation method and spatial autocorrelation were used to PM10 spatial distribution.
The seasonal spring average for PM10 (155μg/m3) was more than winter (27.87μg/m3). At 11 stations from 13 stations PM10 concentrations were higher than the WHO standards in winter. Seasonal average of PM10 concentrations in spring were exceeding of WHO standards in all stations. Particulate matter levels were higher in High-traffic and old areas than the other regions. RMSE index was 45.493 and 56.525 for winter and spring, respectively.
PM10 concentration had the random spatial pattern in two seasons. This study revealed traffic and historical places affecting the concentration of PM10.

This study aimed to compare and evaluate the spatial and statistical models to predict PM2.5 concentrations at ground level and at the macro scale in Mashhad.
To investigate the status of air pollution in the metropolis of Mashhad air, three interpolating models including Ordinary Kriging (OK), Universal Kriging (UK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) were used. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R2) were employed to compare three models and choose the best one. As well as to select the most optimal conditions for the implementation of both OK and UK, used from Standardized RMSE.
The results showed that the highest monthly average of PM2.5 was belonged to September and “Sakhteman” station (95.1 μg/m3). Also, the lowest monthly average pollution had happened in "Torogh" station, in November (15.5 μg/m3). According to the data, the OK had the lowest RMSE (10.601) compared to the UK and IDW. Lower RMSE represents lower error between the predicted and measured values. So, OK model selected as better one in interpolation. Also, Judging by correlation coefficient (R2), the highest correlation belonged to OK compared to other two models. UK model showed a greater standard error of predicts than OK. The greatest standard errors of prediction were related to areas that have more distance from air pollution monitoring stations.
it should be noted that the production and use of geo-referenced maps could quickly provide spatial analyses, and because it can be combined with GIS, the user is able to investigate the influence the various concentrations of contaminants.

Hospital wastewater due to containing many hazardous agents such as infective elements, pharmacy substances, chemical and radioactive agents has a special sensibility. So it is necessary to transfer, treatment and disposal the wastewater of medical centers. This survey aimed to determine wastewater pollution rate in order to achive an accurate planning requirement in bojnurd in this cross-sectional study, wastewater quality of 3 hospitals was evaluated over a period of 5 months in the North khorasan Medical Sciences University in Bojnurd in 91-92. None of these hospitals had treatment plant. Samples were transferred to the chemistry lab. Then, BOD5, COD, TSS, pH, temperature and concentration of Amoxicillin were measured in the lab in 190 nm wavelenth. The results showed that, the higher average BOD5 and COD in Bentolhoda hospital wastewater over the other two, but the concentration of TSS in Imam Reza Hospital was highest.These findings could be justified on the grounds of the usage of Bentolhoda hospital (maternity). The avearges of pH of the studied hospitals were slightly alkaline which was suitable for biological processes. Amoxicilline concentration of hospitals Imam Ali, Imam Reza and Bentolhoda were 64.88 and 259.4 and 56.49 respectively. Our results showed all of these parameters are higher than its standard level. So it is necessary to have control on hospital wastewater treatment to prevent entrance of hazardous materials to municipal. Therefore, more researches and making positive attitude in related responsible to refine wastewater of these hospitals are suggested.

Extreme use of antibiotics and discharging them to the environment lead to serious consequences. Activated carbon is the most commonly adsorbent for these contaminants but its main drawback is difficulty of its separation. The objective of this study was synthesis of magnetic activated carbon by Fe3O4 and investigating its efficiency in adsorption of amoxicillin from synthetic wastewater. Physical and structural characteristics of the adsorbent synthesized were analyzed using SEM, TEM, XRD and BET techniques. The effect of factors like pH, initial concentration of amoxicillin and adsorbent, contact time, and temperature were investigated to determine thermodynamic parameters, equilibrium isotherms, and kinetics of adsorption process. Physical characteristics of the magnetized activated carbon showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles had the average size of 30-80 nm and BET surface area was 571 m2/g. The optimum conditions of adsorption were: pH=5, contact time=90min, adsorbent dose of 1g/L and temperature 200C. The equilibrium isotherms data showed that the adsorption process fitted both Freundlich and Longmuir models with the maximum capacity of 136.98 mg/g. The kinetic of the adsorption process followed pseudo second-order model. The negative values of ΔH0 and ΔG0 obtained from studying the adsorption thermodynamic suggested that amoxicillin adsorption on magnetic activated carbon was exothermic and spontaneous. The present study showed that the magnetic activated carbon has high potential for adsorption of amoxicillin, in addition to features like simple and rapid separation. Therefore, it can be used for adsorption and separation of such pollutants from aqueous solutions.

The effluent of textile industries is high dyefully and this is one of most problems for environmental health engineers. Two Azo dyes biosorption، direct black 19 and direct red 23، on Cystoseira indica، an invasive macroalga in Iran، has been investigated using visible absorption spectroscopy. Pre-treatment and chemical cross-linking with CaCl2، have been conducted in order to improve the stability as well as the biosorption capacity of the algal biomass. All measurements were conducted by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. The effects of operating parameters such as contact time، pH، initial dye concentration and amount of biosorbent on the dye removal efficiency were investigated. The biosorption has been described in terms of isotherm and kinetic models; from the maximum adsorption capacity values، an estimation of the algal specific surface area was made. It has been found that biosorption kinetics can be described according to the pseudo second order model and biosorption equilibrated for 120 min (89. 3% of direct red 23 and 69. 02% of direct black 19 removed). Maximum biosorption found at pH 5 (2. 4mg/g). It also observed increasing initial dye concentration and decreasing biomass dosage would reduce dye removal. Isotherm studies also revealed the dye biosorption on algal biomass followed from Freundlich model. Biosorption of selected Azo dyes onto algal biomass، Cystoseira indica was fast and more dye is eliminated in the first hour. So، by determining the optimum conditions of contact time، pH، initial dye concentration and biosorbent dosage، Cystoseira indica can be used as an inexpensive sorbent for removal of Azo dyes from aqueous solutions.

The contamination of water by organic pollutant viz. phenolic compounds is a worldwide environmental problem due to their highly toxic nature. Biosorption has been attracted as a new technique to remove these contaminants from water and wastewater. The purpose of this study was to introduce an indigenous and inexpensive adsorbent، brown algae، for removal of phenolic compounds Phenol، 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol adsorption on Cystoseira indica has been investigated using HPLC، High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Pre-treatment، protonation and chemical cross-linking with CaCl2، have been done in order to improve the stability as well as the adsorption capacity of the algal biomass. The effect of various parameters like adsorbent dose، pH، contact time and initial phenolic concentration were studied for their optimization. The equilibrium binding has been described in terms of Langmuir or Freundlich isotherms and kinetic models. Data indicated that biosorption process was equilibrated for 2 hours and then desorption surpassed absorption process. Phenol showed lower elimination rate than 4-chlorophenol and 2-chlorophenol and 2-chlorophenol had most elimination. The rate of adsorption of phenol، 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol were found to be maximum at neutral pH. Equilibrium adsorption data for phenol، 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol were fitted by using Langmuir، Freundlich and Freundlich adsorption isotherms model respectively. Also it has been found that adsorption kinetics can be described according to the Pseudo-second order model، from which the R2 and the normalized standard deviation (NSD)، were determined. The results showed reasonable adsorption capacity of Cystoseira indica brown algae and can be used as a native alternative to phenolic compounds removal from aqueous environments.

Industrial wastewaters contain organic pollutant such as dyes, halogenated hydrocarbon, phenolic compounds and so on Rice husk is a cheap material which is new available in our country. The aim of this study is removal efficiency comparing rice husk ash performance with commercial granulated activated carbon in removal of 2-CP and 4-CP from aqueous solutions. Experiments were carried out in dual laboratory-bench scale to evaluate the effect of f actors including adsorbent dosage, pH, equilibration time and phenolic compound concentration regarding the effect of selected pollutant adsorption for removing this phenolic compound and comparing these methods. Spectrophotometeric measurements were carried on in wave lengths of 274 and 280 nm for 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol respectively. The adsorption parameters were determined using both of isotherm and kinetic models. The Results showed that the activated carbon efficiency for selected compounds was rather more than rice husk ash. However rice huck ash (RHA) efficiency for these compounds was comparable with activated carbon. It was shown that a rapid equilibration could be achieved at pHs as low as 5 and 7 for RHA and GAC, respectively. The adsorption efficiency decreased with increasing the initial phenolic concentration and decreased with decreasing the adsorbent dosage. The adsorption isotherm studies clearly indicated that the adsorption process is on surface of RHA and fits into the Freundlich model. Also GAC adsorption isotherm for 2-Chorophenol fit into the Langmuir isotherm and for 4-chlorophenol fit into Freundlich model. The applicability of Ritchie, pseudo first order and pseudo secound order kinetic model was also been investigated. It was indicated that both methods were correlated with pesoudo secound order kinethic model. Activated carbon and RHA exhibit reasonable adsorption capacity for the phenolic compounds and as to the results, RHA was found to be a useful agricultural waste product for the removal of some phenolic compounds.

Nowadays wastewater is one of the important sources of environmental pollutions and one of the aims of wastewater treatment is to maintain a healthy environment. Nonstandard wastewater discharges and their use in agriculture or discharge to surface water will follow environmental and health hazards. The aim of this study was to compare the effluent quality of three Tehran، Iran wastewater treatment plants (in Ekbatan، Sahebgharanie and South of Tehran). This study was performed in 2010 on three mentioned treatment plants in Tehran، Iran. Three samples were taken from each wastewater treatment plant. The measured parameters of the effluent include pH، DO (dissolved oxygen)، BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand)، COD (chemical oxygen demand)، Sulfate chloride، Nitrate، Nitrite، TSS (total suspended solids)، Fecal coliform. Then they were analyzed according to the methods described in the standard method. The results showed that the Nitrite concentration in Sahebgharanie، Ekbatan and South wastewater treatment plants with standard deviation 10. 02، 5. 9 and 0. 142 respectively was 17. 53، 50. 33 and 35. 5 mg/l which were higher than the standard amount. The number of fecal coliform in each three wastewater treatment plant was higher than the standard (2400 MPN/100 ml). BOD5 concentration mean in south wastewater treatment plant effluent with standard deviation 4. 58 was 65 mg/l which in comparison to the standard amount was not significant (P > 0. 05). The mean COD concentration with standard deviation 5 was 121 mg/l and had a significant difference with the standard amount (P < 0. 05). Both of these amounts were higher than the standard. The quality of effluent in Ekbatan and Sahebgharanie wastewater treatment plants was better than South of Tehran but the amount of some parameters like nitrite and fecal coliform in these treatment plants was higher than the standard. Therefore، using the effluents of these wastewater treatment plants for discharging surface water or agricultural use is not recommended.

Leaching of nutrients and heavy metals from municipal solid waste compost leads to accumulation of certain elements in soil layers, causing underground water pollution. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of compost on leaching and adsorption of heavy metals and nutrients (sodium, potassium, and sulfate) from silt-loamy soils. In this empirical, applied study, three polyethylene columns (height 50 cm, inner diameter 10 cm), filled with sandy clay loam soil, were randomly selected. Then, 10 kg of compost per square meter were sprayed onto the columns, and leachates exiting the columns were routinely analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, sulfate, sodium, potassium, lead, chromium, and cadmium. Data analysis was performed with Excel and SPSS software using Kruskall-Wallis test. The data showed that the use of enriched and unenriched compost leachate decreased pH (from 7.43±17.0 to 6.7±0.25 and 7.07±0.11, respectively) and increased the electrical conductivity (EC) (from 1.8±0.3 mSiemens/m to 3.7±0.12 and 12.87±0.41 mSiemens/m respectively). Leakage of metals in the unenriched treatments was not significantly different from the control (p>0.78), but leakage with three metal-enriched compost applications was significant compared with control (p<0.001). Application of composts containing heavy metals onto loamy soils increases leaching of heavy metals from the compost into groundwater. Therefore, frequent use of compost endangers groundwater quality.

The treatment of textile industries wastewater due to excessive coloring matter and pollution is one of the environmental health experts concerns. As, adsorption is one of the effective process in colorfully wastewater treatment. The aim of this study was surveying about introducing an inexpensive and available adsorbent capability, orange peel ash, in removal of Direct Black 22 Dye from aqueous environments. In this study, orange peel ash was produced in vitro. The elimination of direct black 22 was studied in aqueous solution in a batch system by the adsorbent. Therefore, the effect of operational parameters such as contact time, pH, initial concentration of soluble dye Direct Black 22 and the adsorbent dosages were investigated. Measurements were performed using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 585.5 nm. Finally, adsorption isotherm and kinetic analyses were carried out. data showed high selectivity and efficiency of orange peel ash to rapidly remove the color from solution and equilibrium was achieved within 90 minutes. Maximum removal of color (95.2%) was observed at pH=2. Adsorption efficiency was reduced with increasing initial concentration of dye solution and decreasing the adsorbent dose. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed the binding occurred within surface and correlated with the Freundlich model. Kinetic models indicated a correlation between the adsorption processes with the pseudo second kinetic model. pH affects the cell surface and on physical-chemical reactions and adsorption sites. At low concentrations of color soluble, adsorption sites absorbed dye more easily, but at higher concentrations colored ions must be penetrated into the inner places. According to the results, the carbon obtained from orange peel as an agricultural product, showed good performance for Direct Black 22 dye.