فهرست مطالب عقیل فولادی

Drought or water deficit stress is the most important environmental factor which has severe negative impacts on crop yields, especially when the water stress occurs in the flowering stage. Iran is located in arid and semi-arid areas, therefore, attention to the effects of water deficit stress in different stages of plants growth seems necessary. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important legumes that has a major contribution to human diet and provides an important part of the human protein. According to studies, cultivation areas of legumes in Iran are about 97300 hectares and its total production is about 208350 tons of grain. Bean is a fast-growing plant (Tran and Singh, 2002), thus soil water must be sufficiently available to ensure its desirable growth and yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of some pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivated in Zanjan province.
An experiment was conducted as spilt plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Zanjan university research farm. Irrigation levels (control and drought stress) and genotypes (Local khomein, Sadri, Ks21193 and Ks21189) were set in the main and subplot, respectively. Water deficit stress was applied during flowering stage (50% of the plants were at anthesis). Sampling was performed to measure yield and yield components at the end of the growth period and final maturity. In this experiment number of pod per Plant, numberof grain per pod, 100 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were measured.
In this experiment it was observed that drought stress, genotype and interact irrigation×genotyps were significantly for all traits except biological yield. Drought stress reduced number of pod perplant, number of grain per pod, 100 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and Harvest Index. Results indicated that Ks21189 genotype showed maximum number of pod perplant (9.2), number of grain per pod (2.91), 100 grain weight, grain yield (741.6 Kg.Ha-1), biological yield (2857 Kg.Ha-1) and Harvest Index (27.31%) under drought stress conditions. In addition, this genotype had the least reduction for all traits under water limitation conditions in comparison to control. These findings confirm the resistance of Ks21189 genotype to drought stress and stimulating this genotype to least reduction in Grain yield under water limitation conditions. Minimum number of pod per plant (4.52), number of grain per pod (1.62), grain yield (503.1 Kg.Ha-1), biological yield (2301.6 Kg.Ha-1) and Harvest Index (22.66%) was obtained in sadri genotype under drought conditions. Sadri genotype was identified as water deficit stress sensitive genotypes with reduction of yield up to 80.18%. In all genotypes, water deficit stress reduced grain yield due to reduced yield components (number of pod per plant, number of grain per pod and 100 grain weight).
The results of this experiment showed that water deficit stress on yield and yield components of bean genotypes had a negative effect. The highest and lowest yield and yield components were obtained from normal irrigation and drought stress treatments, respectively. Ks21189 genotype was more stable in water deficit treatment than other genotypes; however grain yield reduce in normal irrigation treatment was lower than other genotypes. Therefore, it seems that this genotype can be used as an appropriate genotype for supplemental evaluation in water deficit stress conditions. Correlation analysis showed significant and positive correlation between biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod with grain yield. We concluded that genotypes with higher biological yield under drought stress conditions can produce maximum number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and grain yield.
Acknowledgments: We would like to express our thanks to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University for supporting this study.

Pinto bean is a susceptible plant to drought stress. However, there is genotype variation for the trait in this plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of drought stress on leaf relative water content, chlorophyll fluorescence indices and grain yield of pinto bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivated in Zanjan province.
an experiment was conducted as spilt plot based on a completely randomized block design with four replications at Zanjan university research farm. Irrigation levels (control and drought stress) and genotypes (Local khomein, Sadri, Ks21193 and Ks21189) were set in the main and subplot, respectively. In this experiment leaf relative water content, minimum fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, quantum yield of photosystem II and grain yield were measured.
Results showed that the drought stress effects for all traits, except for maximum fluorescence and the interaction of drought stress and cultivar for all traits, except for minimum fluorescence and maximum fluorescence were significant. In this experiment, it was also observed that on leaf relative water content, variable fluorescence, quantum yield of photosystem II and grain yield of genotypes were significantly lower under drought stress compared to the control. The results showed that water deficit caused quantum yield of photosystem II declined significantly due to increasing of minimum fluorescence and decreasing of maximum fluorescence. Results indicated that Ks21189 genotype showed maximum leaf relative water content (74/24%), variable fluorescence (2046) and quantum yield of photosystem II (0/70) under drought stress. Also, Ks21189 genotype exhibited the least reduction for leaf relative water content and quantum yield of photosystem II under drought stress in comparison to control. In addition, this genotype had maximum seed yield (741/6 Kg.Ha-1) under drought stress. These findings confirm the resistance of Ks21189 genotype to drought stress and stimulating this genotype to least reduction for quantum yield of photosystem II under water limitation conditions. Minimum leaf relative water content (51/8%), variable fluorescence (1245/5), quantum yield of photosystem II (0/63) and grain yield (503/1 Kg.Ha-1) was obtained in the plots which sadri genotype under drought condition was applied. Sadri genotype was identified as water deficit stress sensitive genotypes with the reduction of yield 80/18%.
Correlation analysis indicated significant and positive correlation between leaf relative water content, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence and quantum yield of photosystem II with grain yield. Thus, it seems that under drought stress, genotypes with stable quantum yield of photosystem II and leaf relative water content produce higher grain yield because of higher photosynthesis rate.

God's arguments have been faced challenges in the modern philosophy. The most systematic assaults have been done by Immanuel Kant who considered the theoretical reason as incapable of proving or denying God; although in the realm of practical reason he postulated the existence of God. The purpose of this essay is to prove God in theoretical reason and to respond to Kant's objections in this regard. In this way, it is shown that metaphysics, at least minimally, is possible. The antinomies of pure reason, the proof of necessity and contingency, the ontological argument, and the connection between Aristotle's logic (also Islamic philosophy) and reality are some of the issues discussed in this article to achieve the purpose. Although it must be accepted that the reason must not transcend the experience in reflecting the pure concepts then it gives rise to the antinomies, Kant's argument about the systematic inaccuracy of any passage of experience seems unjustifiable.

This article first deals with the historical background of imagination and those who influenced Kant. Then, objectivity is explained and finally, the role of imagination in the Critique of Pure Reason is discussed.Imagination as a mental faculty has a unique place in Kant’s cognitive system. It plays a more active role in his system than it does in the philosophical systems before Kant. On the one hand, imagination is active in the sophisticated discussion of the transcendental deduction of the categories of understanding. On the other hand, it is active in schematism of the categories. Both of them are important in the objectivity of knowledge. The a priori forms of space and time are born of this faculty. All these are indicative of imagination’s prominent position in Kant’s epistemology; the issue that can be seen clearly in Kant's immediate successors. However, this prominence may be seen as a shortcoming in epistemology since it hinges objectivity on the subject.

Transcendental is such a significant term in Kant's thoughts that he calls his philosophy Transcendental Idealism. However, this term isnt used with the same meaning in his philosophy. Since the term is associated with the same meaning in the works about kant, it seems necessary to clarify its meaning in order to prevent any misunderstanding. The subject of this paper is to clarify the meaning of Transcendental Freedom. The conclusion arrived at in this paper is that Transcendental in Transcendental Freedom and other contents has the same meaning as Transcendent, that is, Kant has used Transcendental in the meaning of Transcendent.

The faculty of judgment is one of the three higher faculties of knowledge in Kant’s transcendental thinking; which plays a central role in his system. Our purpose in this study is to unify between various definitions of judgments in Kant’s writings. We shall try to show that "judgment" is the key to Kant’s philosophy, even before his critical period. Being higher than unification by the understanding a step forward, to judge is to unify sensory data. Moreover, a higher step of unification of human mind occurs in reason, while reason is searching for the highest unification of knowledge through syllogisms. This process motivates reason to transcend toward the absolutely unconditioned, which causes it to fall into illusion.