فهرست مطالب علی اصغر چاهیان بروجنی

After the political concentration of Iran during the Ilkhanate period, trade flourished in the territory of Iran. For further prosperity and facilitation of trade, it was necessary to create travel infrastructures, amenities and roadside facilities. This research by a descriptive-analytical method aims to answer the question that what factors were effective in the growth of roadside facilities and increasing the comfort of travelers during the Ilkhanate period? The findings of the research indicate that the Ilkhanate by establishing sovereignty over their territory secured the roads. Also, they considered the infrastructure of roads with the participation of elders and court dependents and promoting charity and endowment (waqf). Therefore, charity played a significant role in the prosperity of these infrastructures. On the other hand, the crossing of the roads from the local governments’ political territory and the activity of the mystical ways along the roads led to the growth of the roadside facilities and the increase in travelers’ comfort during the Ilkhanate period.

In the middle history of Iran, in places where Sādāt [offspring and descendants of an Imam] were present, the position of Naqīb [chief of a tribe or other group or community] supervised the affairs related to Sādāt. The city of Mashhad is one of the places where different groups of Sādāt settled after the martyrdom of Imam Riḍā (as). Subsequently, there was a Naqīb to oversee their affairs. From the Ilkhāni period and especially the Ghāzān period (703-694 AH) Naqīb of Sādāt became the Naqīb of Mashhad. During the Timurid period, on the one hand, the city of Mashhad expanded, and on the other hand, with the space provided for the freer functioning of the Shiites until the formation of the Safavid period, Sādāt and Nuqabā enjoyed a wider role and function in Mashhad. Therefore, the role of Nagībān in this period in the administration of the city of Mashhad and the holy shrine is significant. This research tries to study and analyze the role of Naqībān in the development of Raḍavī culture, duties and consequences of their performance in the period under review in a descriptive-analytical method and historical approach based on library studies. Findings show that the Naqībān, while maintaining their previous duties such as managing the shrine of Imam Riḍā (as) and the guardianship of Sādāt near the shrine of Imam Riḍā (as) and living in the city, also held the leadership of the city of Mashhad. By establishing relations and converging with the political rulers of their time and gaining their support, the Naqībān provided the conditions for promoting the culture of pilgrimage of Imam Riḍā (as) in addition to the spread of Shiism. And by playing a role in the administration of the shrine of Imam Riḍā (as), they promoted the holy shrine, promoted Raḍavī culture and also the development of the holy city of Mashhad.

The third century AH is one of the most important periods in terms of writing works and the formation of geographical ideologies. Attention to economic issues, livelihood method and specific products of each region is one of the important characteristics of the works of this period, especially Ibn al-Faqih. Ibn al-Faqih, In his work, while introducing the goods and specific products of each region, has expressed views about these products. He has regulated the views of geographers of the past in the field of economic issues and has influenced the type of writing of geographical works and the method of paying attention to the economy and products of each region in the fourth century. The present research uses a descriptive-analytical method and by seeing available sources and references, while expressing the economic view of Ibn al-Faqih, studies his influence on the geographers of the next century. The findings of this study show that not only some third century geographers were influenced by Ibn al-Faqih, but also his method and perspective influenced the method of fourth century geographers.

In the ninth and tenth centuries AD, urban development and the growth of cities flourished due of the expansion of trade in Islamic lands especially in Khorasan and Transoxiana. The city of Merv like some other cities in Khorasan had a significant physical growth and transformation because of its transformation status and the prosperous manufacturing and trading economy. At the end of the tenth century AD, when some of the cities of Khorasan and Bein-O-Nahrein were facing urban collaspe, Marv enjoyed a better position in terms of economic homogeneity than other cities. The present article intends to investigate the economic status and condition of Merv by using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on historical and geographical textsThe findings of this research show that although Merv was declining politically in comparison with previous ages its economical growth and prosperity was reserved. Also, issues such as trading roads, taking advantage of the Silk Road, the abundant production of agricultural products, the production and export of all kinds of textiles, the prevalence of Merv's market and trade exchanges to other region, in the ninth and tenth century AD, brought economic prosperity for Merv

Diseases have been a major concern in human history and in human societies throughout history. On this basis, people always resort to scientific and sometimes inefficient methods to relieve their illness and to relieve pain and heal the suffering. Based on the importance of one of the most important diseases, such as fever, which during thousands of years in Iran and non-Iran was one of the major diseases and was among the most endemic diseases, which sometimes caused death.

The present study seeks to investigate the effect of one of the most important imported and non-indigenous drugs in the treatment of this disease, and by describing the history and nature of the drug, known as "Quinine", the prevalence and methods of using its understanding during the Qajar period.

Hence, by studying the historical Qajar books and domestic and foreign travel logbooks, with a descriptive-analytical approach the results are as follows; although the Iranians used certain drugs to relieve a variety of fever; However, with the introduction of Quinine at the end of the 12th century and its efficacy in fixing chronic fever (ague), the drug was particularly welcomed by the people And used by Iranian and foreign physicians and general population in the form of rubbing, edible and injectable.

By the establishment of the Buyid government in the western half of Iran in the fourth century AH, social and urban institutions were supported. These institutions were mainly established based on waqf in the form of scientific centers (Dar al-Ilms –academies- and libraries) and hospitals to provide remedial and educational services. The present paper attempts to investigate the role of the waqf in the establishment and constancy of these institutions by exploring the historical factors affecting the rise and fall of the Buyids.The results depict that the dependence of the Buyid institutions on waqf provided Buyids with a fixed financial source and caused prosperity. However, after the Buyid domination, due to the Shiite tendencies in the formation of academies and libraries, their waqfi properties were also damaged in the course of historical upheavals and their activities declined. But the waqfi properties related to hospitals survived even until the late Ilkhanid era. The existence of semi-independent and local governments such as the Atabeks of Fars contributed to the survival of the Buyid medical waqfi instutitions in some cities.

Having developed and expended in Iran, the Sufis of Nematollah, who, after centuries, took the way back from India to Iranin the eighteenth century, were divided into different cults in the nineteenth century.One of these cultswas the Tarighat of Safi Ali Shahi, which not only was separated from the main body of Nematullah, but it also includeddifferent or more tangible manner in political and social approaches rather than other cults.The manner which led to deep engagement of the cult with the Qajar court, so that it could penetrate among the Qajar courtiers as well; and, on the other hand, it had aneffective role on the Constitutional Revolution.This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on documentary studies, tries to evaluate how and why this Tarighat was formed.Moreover, it tries to studyits approaches in the political and social scenes of Iran inQajar era, during the period of Safi Ali Shah (the founder of the tarighat), and represent its consequences in the era of his successor, Zahir al-Dawla, to achievean overview about the developing fields of the political approaches of mentioned Tarighatduring the Qajar era and Constitutional Revolution.
The findings of the research indicate that Safi Ali Shah's thought was formed during Naser-al-Din Shah's era, and his political and social approaches were gradually reflected in his work. Accordingly, he was able to get the confidence of the ruling Qajar government and by attracting the courtiers and their material and political support; hecould expand his way (Tarighat) and develop the ideas derived from his social mysticism in the community. In addition to, along with these mystical thoughts, he managed to interact and align with the intellectual and modernist circle of the society, which ultimately, led to the influence of Safi Ali-Shahi'sTaright in the Constitutional Revolution

In the third and forth centuries after hijrah, Khorasan and Transoxania which were under the domination of Samanids and Ghaznavids were passing the successfully cultural, scientific and economic periods. Besides the various elements, the tradition of vaqf (endowment) was effective in providing ground for this trend and it was considered as an important factor in various affairs of Khorasan people. Now, considering the changes in community of Khorasan in the era under study, the question is that the consumption of vaqf (endowment) was mainly in which direction and which social groups performed this act. This research is to study the role of vaqf (endowment) in the aforementioned era via the descriptive analytical method and relying on library research. The findings of research illustrates that vaqf (endowments) were utilized in three economic, social, and scientific grounds and all the groups were shared in this regard. However, the groups dependent on the government were benefited from more portions due to the political, social motivations and financial afford.