علی اکبر ایمانی

 This study investigated the effect of waste separation from the source on the chemical characteristics of wet waste in Ardabil city.

A sample of wet waste material was collected from each district of the 3rd and 4th regions of Ardabil city in order to analyze of Cd, Pb, pH, EC, TDS, OC, K, Ntotale, and P values with standard methods.

The results showed that the average concentration of Pb was determined to be 102 mg/kg in area 3 and 125 mg/kg in area 4. Also, the average concentration of Cd in municipal waste compost samples was 3.139 mg/kg and 4.21 mg/kg in regions 3 and 4. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in both managed samples of regions 3 and 4 was 0.32% and 0.18%. The average percentage of phosphorus (P) in unseparated and separated urban waste compost of region 3 was 0.089% and 0.13%, respectively. In region 4, the average percentage of P in managed municipal waste compost was 0.24% and in unmanaged was 0.201%. The concentration of potassium (K) in separated urban waste compost in areas 3 and 4 was found to be 60.2 ppm and 39 ppm, respectively.

According to the results, it can be said that the effect of management on the number of heavy metals in the waste was significant at the possible level of P > 5%. Further, waste separation at the source systematically reduces the waste with heavy metals.

The objective of the present study was to identify volatile compounds and investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects of Tribulus longipetalus Viv.
In this research, the Tribulus longipetalus Viv, which is an annual herbaceous plant, has many branches, lies on the ground, and has stems with soft hairs. The geographical spread of this plant is in the long sand dunes of Aran and Bidgol deserts. Biological properties, including free radical scavenging activity, total amount of phenolic compounds, antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic properties were investigated. Since the whole plant extract showed a high level of inhibition in the saltwater shrimp cell toxicity test (nearly 70 μg/liter), in order to obtain the effective components, solvent extraction using a decanter funnel was on the agenda. The three obtained components of hexane, ethyl acetate and water were analyzed separately. Also, by using a polystyrene divinylbenzene chromatography column, the effective component with higher inhibition ability was isolated. Among the effective components, except ethyl acetate, it had a relatively high inhibitory power, which was identified with the help of Hplc device.
Comparing the antimicrobial power of Tribulus longipetalusViv with antibiotics, showed that this plant has good antimicrobial properties. Also, considering that LC50 was determined as 70 μg/ml. This value indicates the good cytotoxic power of Tribulus longipetalus Viv.

 Today, plastics and plastic products are so widespread that the idea of life without them may not be understood. The extensive presence of microplastics in the environment and their emission sources has attracted the attention of many researchers. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine microplastics' frequency, distribution, and composition in the Qarasu River in Ardabil in 1399.

 In this descriptive cross-sectional study, samples were collected from 5 stations in the Qarasu River (Karkarq, Sarband, Anzab Sofla, Dolatabad, and Samian villages) under standard methods. Method of analysis of samples and separation of microplastics based on method Difference between density and digestion was performed and completed using a stereo microscope equipped with a digital camera and FT-IR infrared spectrometer.

 Fiber and Fragment, the most common forms of microplastics, were identified in the water of the Qarasu River. Also, the identified microplastics had various colors, including white, black, yellow, transparent, red, pink, and green. Microplastic particles of less than 5 mm constituted about 98% of the total microplastic in the river. The abundance of microplastics showed a significant difference among the sampling stations.

 The present study showed the presence of microplastics in the Qarasu River ecosystem. Therefore, microplastics can cause potential risks to human health by entering the food chain. Therefore, control, prevention, and monitoring measures must happen by the Environmental Protection Agency, the University Health Department, private associations, and environmental organizations.

Poor participation and investment of natural resource users in cooperatives requires investigation. Effecting factors therefor, should be found and prioritized. Reference searches showed three major categories of factors: educational (extensional), economic and social factors. The case was taken into nine natural resources development cooperatives as a statistical population throughout the counties of Ardabil province.  The research followed a descriptive-survey methodology, and required information was garnered through field works and filling up a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity and reliability coefficients of the questions were confirmed by experts and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of 0.86, respectively. Data were analyzed through proper statistical techniques. Comparing mean scores of subject-pertinent sections revealed that extension and economic factors were known as the most influential in Ardabil, Namin, Nir and Parsabad. Social issues however, were more important in the eyes of Ardabil, Nir, Khalkhal and Bilehsavar land users. Generally, variance between statistical populations of cities and research-affecting factors exhibited significant differences with a confidence level of 99%. Duncan test resykts showed that the highest value is given to social and participatory matters. For Bilehsavar and Nir cases however no significant differences was seen. According to the research results, it is proposed to work on social problems such as reforming behavior with the clientele, utilizing indigenous culture, reforming the negative mentality towards the cooperatives, raising awareness of the benefits of participation and investment, building trust among the people, etc., in the cooperatives, rather than education and extensional programs; this can attract the majority of beneficiaries to cooperatives and make them invest. The next steps in line with the priority of the provincial cities should address extensional and economic subdivisions, respectively, such as applied training, amending cooperatives’ charter, transferring executive projects to cooperatives, monetizing existing rural jobs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the exposure of individuals to bacterial bioaerosols in indoor air and to investigate the factors affecting their concentration in Ardabil city. In this study, 12 Sports halls (including futsal, volleyball, and bodybuilding halls) were selected and the samples of bacterial bioaerosols were taken from their indoor air.

Air sampling was performed using Anderson's single-stage sampler with a discharge rate of 28.3 liters per minute and a respiratory range of 10 minutes.

The results showed that the mean concentration of bacteria in all gyms was 494.24 CFU/m3. The concentration of bacteria in the gyms of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad and Payam Noor were 203.5, 728.5, 504.6 and 576 CFU/m3, respectively. The average bacterial concentration in the air was 60.5 CFU/m3. The dominant species of bacteria in indoor air were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus, respectively.

According to the results of this study, it is found that the concentration of bacterial bioaerosols is high in indoor air of sports halls and these halls can be considered as a potential hazard and cause respiratory diseases in athletes who use these halls.

 The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial bioaerosols in indoor air of Ardabil universities and to investigate the factors affecting their concentration in Ardabil city.

 Air sampling was performed using Andersen single-stage sampler at a flow rate of 28.3 liters per minute and a respiratory range of 10 min. In this study, trypticase soy agar containing cycloheximide antibiotic was used for bacterial culture. Biochemical tests such as DNase, catalase, oxidase, coagulase, bile esculin hydrolysis test, urease, citrate test, antibiotic resistance to novobiocin, bacitracin and optochin were used for identification and differentiation of isolates.

 The mean bacterial concentration in Ardabil university of medical sciences in the open air, outside the college, the halls, the classrooms and the staff rooms  was 18, 88.4, 76.6, 77.4 CFU/m3 , respectively. The concentration of bacteria in Islamic Azad university of Ardabil in the open air, outside the college, the halls, the classrooms and the staff rooms was 103, 97, 124, 132 CFU/m3, respectively. The dominant species of bacteria in indoor air were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Actinomycetes and Bacillus, respectively.

 According to the results of this study, it is found that the concentration of bacterial bioaerosols in indoor air is not more than standard, but the abundance of bacterial species can cause lung, intestinal and other diseases in academic personnel, staff and students in the long-term.

In order to determine the optimum harvesting date in direction to improve the quality attributes, antioxidant and storage capacity in Hayward kiwifruit, this experiment were performed based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2012-2013 cropping season in western north of Guilan province, Astara, Iran. The studied treatment were including of five harvest dates of kiwifruit such as 17, 23 and 30 Oct. and 7 and 14 Nov. 2013. Based on results of this experiment, the effect of harvesting date was significant on all measured traits in Hayward kiwifruit except for fruit density and vitamin C. The highest degree of kiwifruit firmness (9.35 kg. cm-2) and their soluble solids content (6.6 %) were observed at 23 Oct. and 14 Nov. 2013, respectively. Delayed harvesting of kiwifruit decreased total titratable acidity. But, antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit enhanced response to delayed harvesting date. Also, in this experiment there was negative and significant correlation between antioxidant capacity and total titratable acidity of kiwifruit (r= - 0.74**). But, the correlation coefficient between kiwifruit firmness and antioxidant capacity was positive and significant (r= 0.70**). In addition, the correlation coefficient between soluble solids and firmness was negative and significant (r= - 0.82**). Delayed harvesting up to 14 Nov. 2013 caused to increase the content of soluble solids and antioxidant capacity and enhancement of shelf life ability in Hayward kiwifruit. In general, the date of 14 Nov. 2013 can be recommendable to harvest Hayward kiwifruit and prolonging of its shelf life in region climatic condition.

Climate change is one of the natural features of atmospheric circulation anomalies and fluctuations in the meteorological parameters such as rainfall and temperature can be achieved. These anomalies in most of the world led to impair in natural ecosystems. Studies show that emissions of greenhouse gases in recent decades have increased considerably. These gases increase in the atmosphere, causing changes in Earth's climate parameters. With widely varying meteorological simulation models of generators weather in recent decades, it is essential that these changes in a series of simulated apply. In this study, using statistical downscaling techniques, GCM models under the greenhouse gas emission scenarios (A1B, A2, B1) for the period 2039-2011 using statistical models LARSE-WG daily data of temperature, precipitation and radiation small scale, and the results were evaluated on synoptic stations. The results show that changes in climate parameters will be created during the study period. So that the average temperature between the stations under study between 31.0 to 69.3 ° C will increase and rainfall will increase to 2.8 to 21.5 percent

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (commonly known as rosemary) as a member of the Lamiaceae family is a valuable aromatic and medicinal plant which is cultivated in large scale in Iran. In this study, we have tried to identify the effective parameters on the antioxidant and extraction efficiency of Rosmarinus officinalis L. under microwave irradiation. The aerial parts of R. officinalis was collected from Ghamsar, province of Kashan. The antioxidative properties of the extracts were determined by bleaching of β-carotene (β-carotene-linoleic acid assay) and 2,20diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The best solvent for the extraction of this plant was water under microwave radiation. Irradiation time, power of radiation and the ratio of water to the plant were considered as the most influential variables. The results show that the best conditions for the antioxidant and extraction efficiency of R. officinalis were obtained under 550 watt Irradiation for 55 minutes with the ratio of 3 mL/g (water to the plant).

In order to study of nitrogen application time and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield، fertilizer use efficiency and grain filling rate of sunflower، a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Islamic Azad University، Ardabil branch in 2011. The first factor was time of nitrogen application in three levels، (1/3 at 4-6 leaf stage، 1/3 at budding stage، 1/3 at flowering stage)، (1/2 at 4-6 leaf stage، 1/2 at budding stage)، (1/4 at 4-6 leaf stage، 1/2 at budding stage، 1/4 at flowering stage) as N1، N2 and N3 respectively and the second factor was seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels containing (without inoculation as control، seed inoculation with Azotobacter chrocococum strain 5، Psedomunas putida strain 9، Psedomunas putida strain 41). The results showed that maximum of grain weight، grain filling period، grain and biological yield، 1000 grain weight، number of grain per head، plant height، head and stem diameter were obtained in nitrogen application as N2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter. Maximum of nitrogen use efficiency was recorded at nitrogen application as N2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter and minimum of it was obtained in nitrogen application as N × no seed inoculation. It seems that in order to increasing of grain yield، fertilizer use efficiency and grain filling rate، can be suggested that should be applied nitrogen application time as N2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter.

To evaluate the effect of different levels of diaminozied on the potato cultivars mini-tubers produced by tissue culture under greenhouse condition a factorial an experiment on the base of completely randomized design in three replications was performed at the Ardabil Villkige Company Greenhouse in 2010. The first factor consisted of four levels of diaminozied, as plant growth regulator, (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg.L-1) and the second factor of five cultivars of virus-free potato (Satina, Savalan, Marfona, Agria and Cesear). Virus-free plantlets were transferred to isolated greenhouse and planted in 20×20×15 cm in plastic pots beds made by 1:1 volume of Biolan peat moss and perlite. During growth period traits like plant height, leaf and stem number per plant, mini-tuber weight and number per plant and square meter, and mini-tuber size were average measured. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among different levels of diaminozied for leaf number per plant, mini-tuber weight and its number per square meter, tuber average size in all cultivars under study. The interaction of diaminozied by cultivars showed significant difference as to leaf number per plant, mini-tuber weight, its number per square meter and average tuber size. Cesear and Marfona cultivars produced higher mini-tuber weight and tuber number per square meter by applying 40 mg.L-1 diaminozied. The correlation was significant and positive between mini-tuber number per square meter with mini-tuber weight per square meter and root length. It was also significant and positive between mini-tuber weight per square meter with plant height and average mini-tuber size. The results of multi regression analysis indicated that mini-tuber weight per square meter, average tuber size, plant height and root length were effective on changes of the mini-tuber number. The highest positive direct effect on number of mini-tuber per square meter was due to the plant height and the less negative direct effect to the mini-tuber weight per square meter.

The current study aims to ordinate ecological groups in the wetlands of northern and eastern slopes of the Sabalan mountain and investigate their relationship with environmental variables. The location of wetlands was found using field surveys and satellite images. In total، 32 wetland sites were identified for the sampling purpose. 320 sample plots (relevé) were selected using the systematic-rondom method and their plants were classified using the TWINSPAN method. The study of vegetation cover was undertaken using the Braun-Blanquet method. The results showed that five main groups of vegetation could be distinguished، which include (i) halophyte ecological groups، (ii) mire ecological groups، (iii) wet meadows ecological groups، (iv) grass- legume ecological groups and (v) aquatic and heliophyte ecological groups. The statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between plant groups and altitude، canopy cover percentage، pH، OC% and geophytes plant percentage at 1 and 5 percent significance level. The results of ordination (DCA) also showed that main environmental factors affecting plant groups were soil characteristics (EC، pH، dependent cations)، land form، humidity and altitude.

In order to study the influence of nitrogen and different harvesting dates on sorghum yield, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in 2010 at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch. Factors were: different harvesting dates in three levels containing, beginning of flowering, two and four weeks after beginning of flowering and nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (zero, 60, 120 and 180 kg N.ha-1). The results showed that maximum of forage yield was obtained by the plots which were applied 180 kg N.ha-1 in four weeks after beginning flowering and the least of it was in no application of nitrogen fertilizer in beginning of flowering. Means comparison showed that the highest nitrogen use efficiency was obtained by the plots which was applied 60 kg N.ha-1 in four weeks after beginning flowering and the least of it was in application of 180 kg N.ha-1 × beginninig of flowering. Maximum of stem and leaf protein was obtained in the highest of nitrogen fertilizer rates. It seems that in order to increasing of forage yield, should be applied 180 kg N.ha-1 × four weeks after beginning flowering in climate conditions of Ardabil. If the aim is to improve nitrogen use efficiency, then applying 60 kg N.ha-1 in four weeks after beginning flowering can be suggested.

In order to study the effects of different planting dates on growth stages and oil and seed yields of soybean varieties, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch in 2009. The first factor was planting date at four levels (27 May, 5, 15 and 26 June) and the second factor was Williams variety and L17 line of soybean. The results showed that there were significant differences between planting dates for traits like plant height, days from sowing to first flowering, days from sowing to first pod initiation, oil percentage, seed yield, oil yield, growth period and days from sowing to seed formation. Interaction effects of planting date and varieties were not significant for all evaluated characteristics. Planting dates of 27 May and 5 June were not statistically different and were the same for plant height, days from sowing to first flowering, days from sowing to first poding and oil percantage. Planting date of 27 May had the highest values for seed yield, oil yield, growth period and days from sowing to seed formation. Results of this research showed that becaues of short growth period in Ardabil region, soybean could not reach to its potential yield and it seems that the planting date of 27 May is more suitable than other planting dates in Ardabil cold climate.

Genetic diversity in eighteen Iranian populations of desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum), was evaluated using morphological traits and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The populations were examined for seed yield and its components using a complete block design with 3 replications as spaced plant under irrigation conditions during 2006-2008. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the populations for all the studied traits. The population 400 (Ardabil) had higher dry matter (9.24 ton/ha) and seed production (514.89 kg/ha). Broad-sense heritability values were high (h2b= 0.52 - 0.61) for seed yield, spike length and seed number per spike. For stems number broad-sense heritability was moderate (h2b= 0.27) and for other traits it was low and non significant. Ten primers out of the 50 decamer random primers screened generated 56 highly repeatable polymorphic bands. Estimates of Nei's gene diversity (h) and Shannon's Information index (I) for all loci in individual populations showed the populations of 3974 (Karaj) and 742 (Hamedan) had higher (h=0.302 and I=0.449) and lower (h=0.146 and I=0.225) gene diversity, respectively. Total gene diversity (Ht) and mean of gene diversity within populations (Hs) were estimated 0.224 and 0.356, respectively. Average value of gene diversity among the populations (Gst) was estimated as 0.37. The results showed that of total variation, between and within population variation were 0.37 and 0.63, respectively. Jaccard's similarity coefficients ranged from 0.19 to 0.49 across all 18 populations. The molecular and morphological data were subjected to Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages cluster analysis, Populations were partitioned into three groups. In both cluster analysis, population of 400 (Ardabil) was located into same separate group. The Mantel correlation analysis between morphological and RAPD data was not significant. In general, RAPD markers data proved to be a good method of assessing genetic variation among populations of desert wheatgrass.

Determining genetic diversity of plant materials is necessary in the beginning of any breeding program. In this study, genetic diversity within and among 15 orchardgrass ecotypes collected from different parts of Iran, 7 foreign ecotypes (USA, Russia, Stonia, Spain) and 3 ecotypes with unknown origin were evaluated using RAPD markers. Eight primers from 40 tested RAPD primers produced 73 polymorphic bands. The total number of polymorphic bands within ecotypes varied from 25 to 49 bands. The averages of total and within ecotypes genetic diversity and the degree of genetic differentiation were estimated 0.291, 0.181 and 0.378, respectively. Molecular variance analysis based on squared Euclidean distances indicates that larger proportions of variability existed within ecotypes (78.37 %). Cluster analysis of molecular data, grouped the entries under study into 8 cluster. The grouping based on molecular data had not correspondence with the geographical pattern. Using principal coordinate analysis, the first tree coordinates determined 59.48% of the total variation. Grouping of ecotypes using the first two coordinates confirmed the results of cluster analysis. Cluster analysis of morphological data, grouped the entries into 4 cluster, but great match between the results of morphological and molecular data weren’t observed. In this study, a great amount of genetic diversity observed between and within orchardgrass ecotypes that could be used for selection suitable varieties and the ecotypes with exceeding genetic distance could be used in crossing programs for producing heterosis, mapping populations and disperse generations.

In order to recognize, find and use applicable information in range management and forage production, surveying of ecological characteristics of Astragalus brachyodontus were carried out. The method of studying was as following. At the first step, we used a map of vegetation cover and surveyed range ecosystems to determine the habitats of this species in Ardebil province. Then, in every region, considering area and vegetation cover, we selected about six sites to study different ecological characteristics of the plant. In each of these areas, The factors related to total canopy cover, species frequency and amount of forage yield were measured.Also some qualitative characteristics such as root system, stem, seed quality, regeneration,preference value and chemical composition of the plant were studied. Results showed that this species is found between 1100 m to 2200 m above sea level in Ardabil province. Generally, the individuals of this species are distributed in mountain hills. Slopes of the habitats are 5 to 30 percent with south and south eastern aspects. Mid-term average of annual precipitation is 385 millimeters and average annual temperature is 17 degree centigrade. This species grows on soils with pH of about 7 and soils textures of sandy lome to clay lome. In terms of canopy cover, this species includes 5 to 15 percent of the vegetation. Depth of root system in soil vary form 30 to 80 centimeters. In habitats with 1500 meters elevation, vegetative growth starts in mid April. Completion of vegetative growth is in late May. Full flowering, seed ripening, and seed dissemination occurs in early June, early July, and late July, respectively. For this plant species, seed production and regeneration is relatively high in exclosure areas which are protected against grazing. In grazed areas, however, regeneration is low. Based on feeding minutes, preference value of this range plant species is very high. Considering forage digestibility and theamount of crude protein for this species, the best time to graze it is the time of flowering stage. The important pest of this species is a kind of small wasp from Eurytomidae family that feeds from the kernels of seeds and causes hollowness in them.

Wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica F&M.) trees grow in many arid and semi- arid areas of Iran including Khalkhal rigion in Ardabil province. In order to recognize the site demands of this species in Khalkhal forests, six sites (Bane Khalkhal, Kandarag, Mazrae, Nodeh, Jafarabad and Nimehil) were selected and soil properties, climatic data, topoghaphy and growth of wild pistachio were surveyed. Totally, 109 sample plots, each 400m2 with selective sampling method were established. In each sample plot qualitatives and quntitatives characteristics including number of tree, total height, diameter at breast height, basal area, trunk height and crown diameter were recorded. Results showed that wild pistachio is distributed on sites between 760m and 1880 m.a.s.l. with 320mm to 440mm annual precipitation and mean annul temperature between 10.2 ˚C and 17.1 ˚C. The soil of pistachio habitats is shallow, with pH between 7.4 and 8.1, and EC between 0.21 d.s/m and 0.39 d.s/m. Six vegatation types of pure Pistacia, Juniperus-Acer with Pistacia, Rhamnus-Juniperus with Pistacia, Rhamnus-Pistacia, Pistacia-Amygdalus with Paliurus and Juniperus-Pistacia with Amygdalus were recognized. The results of inventory showed that mean dbh of wild pistachio trees varies between 14.6cm in Mazrae and 4.6cm in Nimehil. The mean crown diameter and mean height of trees were calculated of 2.48m and 2.9m, respectively.

In order to study genetic diversity of wild pistachio in Khalkhal, six forest sites, and 20 female trees per site were selected in which leaf and seed samples were collected. Seven characteristics were recorded on fruits and leaves. The resulted data were analysed and means compaired by Dancans Test. For determination of between characters the correlation Coefficients calculated and for grouping of areas on the basic the studied characteristics, cluster analysis were accomplished. the studied sites for all of genetic characteristics (except leaf length) showed significant difference. the average leaf length, leaf weight and leaf area, were 11.46 cm, 0.79 Gram and 34.12 cm, respectively. and the average fruit length, fruit width, seedless percentage, cluster length and seed per cluster were 6.25 mm. 5.36 mm, 82.96, 9.12 and 25.8 respectively. The results correlation between characteristics of leaf and fruit showed that, leaf area was positively correlated with leaf weight and 100 fruit weight was positively correlated with leaflet length and width fruit dimonsions in this species. The results of cluster analysis based on similarities percentage studied groups showed that, sites were classified in two groups including Nodeh, Jafarabad groups and Kadirag, Mazraeh, Baneh khakhal, Nimhil group. Totally, the genetic diversity was low evaluated in these habitats.

Phenological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica Desf subsp. Mutica (F. & M.) Rech were investigated at two different sites of Khalkhal Forests (Mazrae and Kandiragh) at two altitudes (1450 and 1650 m.a.s.l) and one aspect (south), during the years of 2001 to 2003. For this study, 30 trees at each site were selected and registered. The study started at March (beginning of the growing season) and ended at full leaf fall of each year. Every 7-10 days, the phenological characteristics were measured as date of budding, date of leaf formation, flowering, fruiting, fruit ripening and leaf fall. Statistical analaysis was done by compound analysis of variance method. Results showed that date of budding is between 3rd and 4th week of April, flowering between 4th week of April and 1st week of May, fruit set between 2nd and 3rd week of May, fruit ripening between 4th week of October and 1st week of November and leaf fall between 1st and 2nd week of December. The statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences beween the phenological characteristics and two altitudes. There was significant negative correlations between average rainfall and date of budding and flowering.

In order to determine the best populations for both yield and quality traits, 36 populations of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were evaluated using a triple lattice design in Ardabil, Iran during 2005-2006. The data were collected for heading date, plant height, dry matter yield and five quality traits dry Matter digestibility (DMD), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total ash over two years. Near infrared spectroscopy was used for estimation of the quality traits. Result showed significant difference among populations for all of traits except the ash, in the first year. The populations VIII (Russia), 782026 (Shahrekord) and 60075 (Tavankesh) with average values 5.76, 5.32 and 5.5 ton/ha had the highest total dry matter production, respectively. They were suggested as the promising populations for produce synthetic varieties. The populations of 60075 (Tavankesh), 60066 (Borojen), had higher and lower values for plant heights, respectively. For heading date, 418 (Australia) and 1317 (Iranian Gene bank), were recognized as latest and earliest populstions, respectively. The populations of 60071 (Borojen) and 078 (USA) had the higher values for DMD. Results of correlation analysis showed that DMD was positively correlated with WSC, while the correlation among ADF with both DMD and WSC was negative. Heading date was negatively correlated with both DM yield and plant height. The relationships among DM yield with both DMD and WSC were weak and non significant. It was concluded that the population VIII (Russia), 782026 (Shahre kord) and 60075 (Tavankesh) with higher forage production and 60071 (Borojen) and 078 (USA) with higher quality were suggested as the best populations for cultivation in semi steppe area of northwest of Iran.

Attempts have been made in the present research to study subjective and objective migration – which is among the characteristics of a human being trained in the light of the Islamic teachings – in the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini. Moreover, the positive and negative migrations in the life of the Muslims have been briefly reviewed, while the criteria of Islamic migration have been also mentioned. The political-divine migrations of Imam Khomeini, particularly his great migration to the West, including his migration to France, are also studied.

Breeding based on selection indices is an effective method for improved varieties. In order to study simultaneous selection for forage yield and quality traits in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), through selection indices, 36 populations were sown using a triple lattice design in Ardebil, Iran during 2006. data were collected for heading date, plant height, dry matter (DM) yield, dry matter digestibility (DMD), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total ash over two years. The estimates of broad sense heritability (h2b) were moderate to high for all of traits except for CP and total ash. DMD was positively correlated with WSC, while the genetic correlation among ADF with both DMD and WSC was negative. Heading date was negatively correlated with both DM yield and plant height. The relationships between DM yield with both DMD and WSC were weak and non significant. Using phenotypic and genotypic variance and covariance matrices and broad sense heritability as the relative economic value, selection indices were estimated. The results indicated that selection based on all of the traits would make more gain. The highest selection indices were obtained for the populations 1317, 60065 (Simirom), 60075, 60083 (Tavankesh), 782026 (Shahrekord), VIII (Russia), 1081(Palestine) and 1414 (Australia). They could be used as the parents of new synthetic varieties.