فهرست مطالب علی اکبر کریمیان

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers on the morphological and physiological characteristics of peppermint plant (Mentha piperita L.). For this purpose, a research was carried out in 1402 in the research greenhouse of Yazd University in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 repetitions of execution and the effect of different amounts of chicken and pigeon manure with concentrations of (10, 20 and 30 grams in solution in 1.5 liters of water in a pot, containing 5 kg of soil) and control were investigated on peppermint plants. The comparison results of the average traits of the highest plant height (36 cm), the number of stolons (7), fresh and dry weight of aerial parts (25 and 6 grams), root weight (55 grams), root volume (52 ml) in the treatment of 30 grams of fertilizer Pigeon gave the highest number of leaves (300) and stolon length (70 cm) in the treatment of 30 grams of chicken manure, and the number of branches (53) and dry weight of roots (14 grams) in the treatments of 20 and 10 grams of chicken manure, respectively. Also, the highest amount of chlorophyll a (24 mg/g), total chlorophyll (30 mg/g) and carotenoid (11 mg/g) in the treatment of 20 grams of pigeon manure and the highest amount of chlorophyll b (8 mg/g) and proline (160 μg/g) and antioxidant (95 mg/g) were obtained in the treatment of 30 grams of pigeon manure and 10 grams of chicken manure, respectively.

Nomadic communities, due to their lifestyle, and permanent contact with natural areas, on the one hand, and seasonal relocation, from one area to another area, and  need for therapeutic use of immediate medicinal plants near their living environment are a treasure of information about the medicinal properties of plants in nature. For the ethnobotanical comparison of the nomadic tribes in this region, 5 large tribes in the form of three groups: 1- Kharaei and Bochaghchi, 2- Raini and Pushtkuhi, and 3- Jabalbarzi, were studied and investigated as sample. Data collection was done through questionnaires and interviews with 59 selected people and local experts of the nomadic tribes, in a snowball method. The esults showed 116 species of medicinal plants belonging to 45 families and 107 genera, the Asteraceae family with 15 plant species and the Lamiaceae families with 12 species were the most abundant in this region. 9.8% of the listed plants are used to treat colds, coughs and dry throats, and 9.77% of them are also used to relieve constipation and digestive problems with the highest frequency. Ruta graveolens and Glycyrrhiza glabra with 8 and 7 types of use, respectively, are introduced as the most widely used plant species. Finally, it was found that similar medicinal plants have various and different uses in the studied tribes.

Today, due to high prices and destructive effects of uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers on the environment and the quantity and quality of agricultural products, use of sulfur as a micro element and also acidifying agent in soil is too important and necessary.  

In order to evaluate and compare the effect of sulfur on yield and the ability to micro elements absorption with oilseed safflower, canola, corn and fodder plants sorghum and pigweed in a calcareous soil a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The experimental factors were contain sulfur fertilizer in two levels (without application and consumed 500 kilograms per hectare).  

Results showed that the use of sulfur caused a significant increase in wet and dry weight in all plant species and the maximum increase was observed in corn and sorghum species. The use of sulfur causes significant increase absorption of iron and zinc in roots and shoots of all species of plant.

Among the oilseeds, the effect of sulfur application on corn and canola was higher than safflower and the sorghum forage had better performance than the pigweed.

Land use change is one of the most important factors affecting ydrological conditions, erosion and sometimes causing biodiversity destruction. The purpose of this research is evaluation of run off generation process in current land use condition in comparison to the optimized land use condition in Shiraz Nahre Azam watershed. To do this, after preparation of current and optimized (land use types regarding to land capability) land use maps, the effects of land use on run off generation was evaluated for the mentioned two conditions using SCS hydrological model. Comparison of the land uses in two conditions show that the area of agricultural areas do not show considerable differences. However, there is 8.1% decrease in urbanized area and 17.18% increase in range lands in optimized land use condition comparing to the current land use condition. Results also show that the overall value of CN in current land use condition is 82.6 where it is 75.2 in the optimized land use condition. The percentage of decrease in run off in optimized land use condition over the current land use condition decreases as the return period is increased, and the highest decrease of run off belongs to return periods of 2, 5, 10 and 25 years which is respectively 37.47, 29.97, 26.54 and 23.32%. The results of this research show that identification of the capability of the the lands is very important and the land use planning based on the land potential plays an important role on reduction of flood damages and run off loss.

Prosopis cineraria (L.) druce and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. are important species of Sahara-Sindhi vegetation. While being native, they have good adaptability, growth and regeneration. This study was conducted to estimate the amount of groundwater required for the sustainability of Z. spina-christi and P. cineraria natural forests in the watershed of Faryab county in Kerman province, Iran. First, using Google Earth images, networking establishment of ninety plots of 100 m2 in one-hectare networks, the average number of Z. spina-christi and P. cineraria trees were counted. Then, using the minimum water requirement of trees, estimated based on lysimetric studies, water consumption of Z. spina-christi and P. cineraria trees in the area was calculated. Using the MODFLOW model, the groundwater balance situation in Faryab plain aquifer for 2017-2018 was calculated. Having the volume of water consumption of Z. spina-christi and P. cineraria in the region, water balance and aquifer storage coefficient, the impact of the forests on groundwater of Faryab plain was calculated. The results showed that the average number of P. cineraria trees is 250 individuals and Z. spina-christi tree stands are 30 individuals per hectare. The results of the study of water balance and groundwater aquifer show a volume deficit of 25 million cubic meters of the reservoir and a 26-meter drop in groundwater level over the past two decades. According to the water balance calculated, the uncontrolled extraction of water by agricultural wells, which is about 160 million cubic meters per year, has caused such a decline in the region. Considering the importance of Z. spina-christi and P. cineraria trees for this ecosystem as the main species, the water right of this forest was estimated to be 2.6 million cubic meters per year in the planning of water resources in the Faryab plain.

Echinophora cinerea is from Apiaceae family. This plant has anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties. TheEchinophora cinerea is from Apiaceae family. This plant has anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to investigate of the some ecological and phenology characteristics of E. cinerea in rangelands of Kohgiluyeh va Boyerahmad province. To conduct research, three habitats were selected and 2 transects were established in each habitat, 30 quadrats 2*2 meters were established along the transects. Canopy cover percentage, density of E. cinerea and species associated were harvested. Soil samples were taken to determine the soil parameters including organic carbon, soil organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, pH, EC and soil texture. The results showed that E. cinerea grows in soils with texture of loam, sandy loam and silt loam, northern slopes with 15-30%, and acidity 7.2 to 8.8, electrical conductivity 0.4 ds /m to 0.85 ds/m. The canopy cover of E. cinerea in the Shabliz, Koukhodan and Delibajak Sepidar areas are: 33.4, 28.5 and 25.5%, respectively. The average density of E. cinerea is: 6500, 6100 and 5800 per hectare, respectively. The results showed that there is not a significant difference between the average soil properties of three habitats except phosphorus at 95% probability level. The results showed that depending on the climatic conditions of the region, E. cinerea plant began its growth stage from the in early March with increasing temperature and continued until mid-March. The vegetative stage continues from mid-March to early June. The flowering stage lasts from early June to the beginning of July. The seed stage is from the beginning of July to the end of July. The seeding stage lasts from early July until the middle of July. The results of the present study can be used as a scientific guide for the cultivation of valuable medicinal plant of E. cinerea in the field of improvement and restoration of rangelands in the study area.

The present study was conducted to investigate the some characteristics and of water use efficacy of Ziziphus spina christi and Prosopis cineraria under different irrigation levels in the 2018-2019 crop year. Different irrigation levels consisted of 75, 50 and 25 percent irrigation and irrigation at field capacity (control), which was applied in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that the mean water consumption or in other words evapotranspiration per year is equal to 35.41, 49.86, 62.43 and 79.34 liters for treatments of 75, 50, 25% of field capacity and control in the plant. Was aside. Also, the highest amount of evapotranspiration in July and in the studied treatments were equal to 5.58, 7.71, 9.81 and 12.38 liters, respectively.. The average amount of water consumption in Prosopis cineraria plant was equal to 23.03, 32.59, 41.94 and 53.92 liters for treatments of 75, 50, 25% of field capacity and control. In the case of Prosopis cineraria, the maximum evapotranspiration rate was 7.55 liters for the control treatment and 6.31, 4.96 and 3.59 liters for the 25, 50 and 75% irrigation treatments, respectively.

Social network analysis and identification of key actors in social systems is one of the necessary measures for the sustainable management of natural resources. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the social capital, status, and relationships of actors in the information exchange network and their structural pattern and to identify key actors in the three villages of Estaj, Borzu, and Izi in Sabzevar. For this purpose, first, qualitative studies of survey approach, direct observation method, and target population interview were identified. Based on the results of calculating the intermediate centrality index, the degree of input, output, and proximity in the trust matrix and participation in irrigation in the three villages studied, the role and position of actors were identified, and key actors were identified in these indexes. The results showed key actors have a high social status, authority, and influence and play a role of control and intermediary in the village. As a result, they can as social power and local leaders play a key role in the decision-making and networking processing, coordinating individuals, communicating with others, accessing resources and information, and speeding up their exchange, resolving disputes and conflicts, trust in the network and thus increase social capital. Increasing the amount of social capital as the key management tool will lead to the establishment of sustainable management of natural resources.

Haloxylonplanting and developing artificial forests in arid lands is one of the important actions to combat desertification. In this research, tree planting (by Haloxylon  aphyllum Iljin) in Dosangi Meybod in different methods including repairing, runoff control, pitting and planting in owed have been compared with control area. For this purpose, in each area, four 300 m transects were considered randomly - systematically, and 15 plots (10 m2) were randomly collected on each transect. In each plot, vegetation characteristics including total vegetation percentage, density, canopy cover, freshness and depth of root and soil characteristics including moisture, permeability and soil carbon storage were measured. The Shapiro-Wilk test were used to test of normality of the collected data,  and were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test. According to the results of analysis of variance, the effect of planting with different methods on crown cover, density, freshness and deep rooting of Haloxylon shrubs and the percentage of vegetation is significant at 1% level. However, its effect on permeability and soil moisture in May is significant at 1% level and on carbon storage is significant at 5% level. Increase of vegetation cover by 5.1%, density of 249.7 number per hectare, Haloxylon cover of 3.7%, freshness class 1.5, soil moisture in spring 38.1% rooting more than 3 m and permeability 8.03 cm/h was related to the planting in dry river, which had a relative success in vegetation development in this region.

With thirteen critical erosion hubs containing an area of roughly 532 thousand hectares, and 14 regions influenced by wind erosion with an area of 1144311 hectares, the Yazd province ranks fifth among the Iranian provinces in terms of the magnitude of crisis hub, and third in terms of the extent of affected areas. The history of desertification activities in the province dates back to 1970, based on which some 42,000 hectares of the Yazd-Ardakan plain has been afforested. As a phreatophyte member of the Chenopodiaceae family, Haloxylon aphyllum is mainly characterized by such features as xerophyteness, halophyteness, and psamophyteness, and is considered as the most compatible species among desert plants. On average, each mature Haloxylon aphyllum tree needs 2.4 m3 water annually for optimal growth. This study sought to evaluate and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Haloxylon plantations carried out with ripping method in arid region in an attempt to fight against desertification. The annual precipitation rate in the Ashniz Meybod Desert rangeland was estimated to be 74 mm, and the vegetation was found to be less than 2% before Haloxylon plantations. The region’s soil has a medium block structure up to a depth of 30 cm and is structureless from the depth of 30 to 120 cm, and its stability in a dry state is very tough. The soil texture in this horizon is clay-silty. The maximum depth of the area’s ripper is 80 cm, and hardpan layer is not completely eliminated. Moreover, during the 1990s, ripping operations and Haloxylon plantations was carried in the study area where 250 Haloxylon trees were planted in each hectare within three years in the water distribution plain and irrigated 12 times.  

This study investigated the Haloxylon aphyllum plantations in the region mentioned. To this end, four transects (300 M) were randomly – systematically considered in each area, on each of which some fifteen plots (10 m2) were randomly collected. For each plot, the vegetation characteristics including the total percentage of vegetation, density, Haloxylon and Artemisia species’ canopies, harmony, and richness and diversity of species, and soil characteristics including Permeability‎ and carbon sequestration, were measured. Moreover, to study the harmoniousness, richness, and diversity of species, the Sympson, Hale, and Margolf methods were used respectively. In addition, to measure the soil’s permeability and moisture, Double Cylinder and TDR methods were used, respectively. The collected data were examined in terms of normality via Shapiro-Wilk test, and analyzed through one-way variance and Dunken tests. As for the inventory, the transect-plot method was performed systematically-randomly. Therefore, for preparing the inventory of the region’s vegetation, eight transects and one-hundred and twenty 10 square meter-plots were used. Moreover, eight and sixteen measurements of the soil’s water permeability and carbon sequestration were made in each site and the whole area, respectively. Furthermore, each season’s soil’s moisture was measured eight and sixteen times in each site and the whole area, respectively, leading to 24 and 48 measurements for the three seasons in total.  

The study’s findings showed that the ripping operations and Haloxylon plantations with a density of two hundred trees per hectare increased total vegetation by 1.87 percent, Haloxylon canopy by 1.68 percent, and the Haloxylon density by 83 trees Per hectare. It was also found that ripening operations had no significant effects on the Artemisia’s density and canopy as the region’s dominant species, and the richness, diversity, and uniformity indices. The pits made following the ripping operations for seeding have led to the accumulation of the surrounding wastewater inside the pits, with the soil moisture in the ripping operations site being 4.25% greater than that of the control site in May. Moreover, the ripping operations have increased the soil’s permeability and carbon sequestration by 0.75 cm per and 1.31 tons per hectare, respectively, which are not significant.  

As ripping operations up to a maximum one meter cannot eliminate the hardpan, the implanted seedlings cannot develop their roots in the soil not be able to take root and would only remain survived and fresh so long as they are irrigated. On the other hand, continuous irrigation to maintain the current situation would be very costly and economically unjustified. Therefore, due to low precipitation rate, inappropriate distribution, and frequent droughts in arid and desert regions, and the high costs of preparing the ground, provision of seedlings, plantation, and irrigation, the attempt to implement the Haloxylon plantation operations with high density for three consecutive years based merely on the region’s precipitation whose maximum ecologic capacity comprised of 1.87% vegetation with regard to the climatic and adaptive conditions of the study area, seems really unusual and.

Increasing resiliency is the most important factor in maintaining the flexibility of socio-environmental systems and combating drought. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and analyze resilience indices in rural communities facing drought in three villages with different drought intensities in Sabzevar city. Therefore, first, using drought zoning maps based on SPEI index in a ten-year period, villages in three very severe, severe, and moderate drought zones were identified and one village from each zone was randomly selected. Then, farmers were identified and surveyed as the target population using a survey approach. According to the total number of farmers in the three villages, the sample size was estimated at 105 people, according to the Cochran formula. Based on resiliency questionnaires and statistical tests, dimensions and indices affecting resiliency were evaluated. The results of the LISREL measurement model based on the first level variables of resilience measurement showed that the most influential and important dimensions on resilience were infrastructure, physical and natural dimensions. The economic and financial, social and cultural, governance and management, and human and individual dimensions are respectively in the next order of importance. Measurement of resilience dimensions in the studied villages showed that social and cultural dimension had the highest and natural dimension had the lowest impact among dimensions in the studied villages in this area. In general, reinforcement of effective dimensions can enhance flexibility and adaptability to the environment and play a major role in minimizing potential losses in critical situations. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the decision-making and allocation of resources to the local farmers in the face of disasters.

One of the main factors to decrease water quality in rivers is land use changes. This study was conducted to choose the best way for land use management in order to increase water quality related to the least turbidity, improving natural landscape quality and attracting ecotourism. So, the effect of land use changes on turbidity was investigated for 2 to 100-year periods using GIS and Hydrologic Engineering Center–Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model in 2012, in Manshad watershed, Yazd province, Iran. The Curve Number (CN) and land use planning model were variables in each simulation stage. After preparing the CN map, HEC-HMS model was calibrated for the observed rainfall-runoff events using CN method, Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model and lag time searching process. Finally, the best model was chosen among linear and non-linear sediment rating curves. The results showed that there was a lot of conformity between present land use and land use planning model. Terrace removing in land use planning model (as a scenario) increased flood volume (6.11%), peak discharge (6.23%) and turbidity in the peak discharge (11.02%) compared to the current land use. Therefore, according to the results, garden terracing in allowable slopes helps to manage water and soil so that there was almost no difference between two scenarios in terms of water turbidity in Watershed. It means that this watershed is managed on the basis of optimum land use.

The use of crop residues grown in contaminated soils such as iron mine soils can to some extent improves soil properties such as soil fertility, soil organic matter and soil microbial activity. Therefore, this type of soil can be used to supplying the plant's need for copper and iron elements. For this purpose impact of safflower, clover, corn, canola, amaranth and sorghum residues contains iron and copper (25 mg/kg) on growth of tomato and compensation of iron and copper deficiency (1/7 and 1 mg /kg) were investigated in soil with intense deficiency of microelements. This research was done in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The results showed that use of plant residues especially clover and corn Compared with control treatment improved optimum growth of tomato. Also the addition of rapeseed and clover residues increased the concentration of copper in the roots and shoots of tomato plant, respectively. Also greatest increase of iron concentration was observed in roots and shoots of sorghum. Therefore, application of plant residues containing nutrients as green manure while saving chemical fertilizers, will resolved the shortage of these elements (iron and copper) in agricultural soils and Due effect of plant residues on soil chemical and physical characteristics and their role in plant nutrition managing, plant residues can play an important role in providing organic matter, especially in arid areas.

Among the environmental barriers to plant growth and yield, drought, an icon of arid and semi-arid regions is the most important factor in reducing production. Teucrium polium L. is one of the most important medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae that exists in these areas. In order to study the effect of drought stress on some physiological and morphological traits of Teucrium polium L., an experiment based on randomized completely design was conducted with three replications at Research Greenhouse of Natural resources College of yazd. Water deficit levels included100% field capacity as the control, 75% field capacity (mild stress), 50% field capacity (medium stress) and 25% field capacity (severe stress). The results showed that the branches height per plant with (100.48 cm), fresh and dry weight of stem with (5.7 and 2.3 g) and  concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in aerial with (3.58, 0.45 and 2.7%) in 75% field capacity treatment was observed. Also, with increasing drought stress level (medium stress) chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content were increased. The most level of forementioned factors was observed at 50% of field capacity treatment with 7.3,21.5,6.2 27.6 mg / g, respectively. further water deficit (25% crop treatment) showed that the concentration of these pigments decreased. On the whole the experiment results showed relative tolerance of Teucrium polium L. to drought stress. Therefore, for better establishment of this plant in the fields it is better to transfer the seedlings to the pasture either by rooting the cuttings of the plant under greenhouse conditions or by planting seeds for one year in the greenhouse.

The symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with plants root plays an important role in the sustainability and development of medicinal plant communities in ecosystems which are subject to various physical and ecological pressures.Teucrium polium L. is one of the most important medicinal plants that exists in these areas. In this study after identifying three species of mycorrhizal fungi consist of G. rosea، S. constrictum، G. intraradices which were abundant in the soil of the root zone, The spores were propagated separately and a combination of fungi. Then spores were inoculated with T. polium seeds in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. After the end of growth period, results showed that the highest stem length was related to G. intraradices. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoots (1.61 and 4.34 g) and root dry weight (0.7 g) were related to combined fungi treatment that showed a significant difference with other treatments. Also the combination of fungi had the highest carotenoid concentration (7.32%). Inoculation of plants with fungal treatments of G. rosea, S. constrictum and G. intraradices (separately) also significantly increased chlorophyll (a) concentration compared to control. Eventually, the results showed the beneficial effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis in T. polium plant that combined use of these fungi can have a much greater and better effect on improving plant growth conditions, as fungi exist in form of combination in nature.

The Cathrantus roseus plant is a shrub, perennial and medicinal plant Of the Lamiaceae family. One of the methods for improving vegetative conditions in arid and desert regions is the study of the roots colonization of plants with mycorrhizal fungi. For this purpose, the present study was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized block design with four replications in Yazd University of Agriculture. The studied factors included 1- treatment of native mycorrhizal fungi with two levels (fungicidal and non-fungal) 2- drought stress treatments (containing 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). After three months, the pots were degraded and morphological characteristics such as number of leaves, stem height, size of the largest root length, number of branches, fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root, root to shoot ratio, and percentage of colonization the root was measured. The results showed that, except for the root to shoot ratio, fungal treatments significantly reduced the fresh weight of the shoot, root length, and vitality (p<0.05).Increasing dry weight treatments, height, number of leaves, fresh weight of shoot, root fresh weight, dry weight of shoot, root dry weight, root length, and salinity significantly decreased (p<0.05).The results showed that this type of fungus in this study had the most impact on the plant's underground organs and that the highest amount of food and water was used for root preparation for better plant establishment. It seems that by case of the continuation of the survey to the next year with increasing root volume and colonization with mycorrhizal fungi more positive changes occur in the plant.

Exploitation and extraction of sub products of forests and rangelands have long been important to the human beings and today these products have economic, cultural and social roles in countries where there are forests and rangelands ecosystems, so that ignoring and not paying attention to it would bring about irreparable problems for megacities. The purpose of the present study the impact of exploitation on the degradation of forests and rangelands is based on the attitude of the villagers.. Data collection included survey, stratified sampling with proportional allocation. 384 questionnaires were examined. The instrument- questionnaires- were validated by the experts and specialists. The reliability of that has been obtained by Cronbach's alpha (0.76). The statistical population included all the villages in Zarinabad with population around 6379 people, according to Morgan’s table 384 people were selected as statistical sample. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the harvests and the destruction sub products of forests and rangelands. The results also showed that villagers have a positive attitude toward the formation of public co – operatives (p<0.05). Results showed that the formation of cooperatives for utilization, training and supervision of experts to harvest sub product of forest and rangeland are positive and significant effect in reducing degradation of this resources (p<0.05). The results also showed that there is a significant difference between the utilization of forest and pasture sub-products and income, and poverty reduction from the average.

To manage an animal species effectively, it is necessary to identify habitats with high suitability for it; So its population can be preserved by conserving those habitats and planning to manage them properly. For this purpose, the study was done to determine Relationship between rangeland species and habitat suitability of Gazella subgutrrosa in different seasons on the basis of dung groups in Kalmand plain of Yazd province. So, sampling was done using random steady plots with 200 meters long and 2 meters wide and with 2 replications during five field investigation in summer and autumn. Random and control plots were put in different directions and were investigated every 45 days. Finally, all maps needed and information incorporation were prepared and done in ArcGIS9.3. The results showed that there is no difference in two seasons related to dung groups' density. In terms of canopy cover percentage, Artemisia species had a significant increase in presence points compared to random points; Astragalus sp. had also a significant increase in presence points compared to control points. Onopordon sp. canopy cover in absent points and Acanthophyllum sp. in random points were higher than in presence points (p<0.01).according to the prepared map, 23% of the region has topnotch suitability and 47% has second best suitability. Rocks and the regions under human activities were identified as unsuitable habitats. According to the results, it is seems that from habitat variables, species richness, Artemisia cover percent and distance from road are effective on deer habitat.

According to economic value of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) medicinal plant, it is essential to do its genetic and phytochemical assessment to conserve genetic sources and achieve better quality of essential oil in breeding programs. This study purpose is to investigate genetic and phytochemical diversity of different cumin ecotypes in Yazd province.  
 
To study genetic diversity using 10 ISSR markers, cumin plants DNA extraction of four habitats, was done using CTAB method. The quantity and quality of DNA were determined using spectrophotometer and electrophoresis. Clear Bands resulting from electrophoresis of PCR products on 1.5% agarose gel were scored. To investigate phytochemical diversity using GC-MS method, essential oil from cumin seeds was extracted via water steam distillation method.
 
The results showed that ISSR-14 and ISSR-13 primers had higher amount of PIC (0.39 and 0.38) and MI (13.3 and 12.48) and number of bands (35 and 32). Cluster analysis using Jacquard's coefficient and UPGMA method, grouped four populations into 8 groups. PCA analysis showed three components explained 57.17% of total variance. The results of this analysis correspond with cluster analysis and match with the geographical regions. Analysis of molecular variance showed genetic variation within and among populations 93% and 7% of total variation, respectively. On the basis of GC-MS results, Propanal, Benzenmethanol, 1-phenyl-1-butanol, γ-terpinene, β-Pinene and P-cymene compounds were identified as the main compounds. Cluster analysis of samples on the basis of phytochemical parameters put Taft, Mehriz and Ardakan habitats in one group and Bahabad habitat in another group so that it doesn’t correspond with geographical distance.
 
Based the results, it can be concluded that there is high potential of diversity among cumin ecotypes. ISSR application in assessing genetic diversity of the ecotypes was successful. Grouping on the basis of phytochemical compounds didn’t correspond with genetic grouping.

One of The ways for increasing of micronutrients elements absorbable in Calcareous soil is using of amendments. In this Study the effect of different levels of sulfur and organic materials absorbable of elements, and also some chemical characteristics of soil was investigated. This experiment was done in completely randomized of factorial design with three replications. Treatments was include two levels of sulfur (zero to 250 kg / ha) and two kinds of organic materials, sheep manure and remains of pine with control (without organic material and sulfur addition). The results showed that adding manure and pine remains to the soil significantly increased soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, copper and manganese concentrations in soil. The effect of sulfur on the absorbable iron and manganese concentrations in treatments containing sulfur was significantly more than control. According to the results of the study, the use of sulfur along with organic fertilizers can increase the observation of microelements in the soil by increase in performance of Thiobacillus bacteria and improving the chemical characteristics such as organic carbon and total nitrogen.

In Collaborative management of arid regions, it is necessary to analyze the social relationships between farmers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and analyze the social network of farmers in trust links and to participate in irrigation, marketing and cultivation activities in three villages of Aryan, Hareth Abad and Robat Sarpush in Sabzevar. For this purpose,in the firstusing with qualitative studies of survey approach,direct observation method and target population interview were identified. Then, the quantitative network analysis method, four important indices consist of "density", "reciprocity", "transitivity" and "average geodesic distance" in the links of trust and participation in agricultural activities of the farmers' network were evaluated. According to the results, the density of the four transplants was higher in Aryan village than the other villages, which is indicating more social cohesion in this village. The results of reciprocity and transitivity indexed in the studied links show more balance, equilibrium and stability of the network in Aryan village than the other villages, thus there is more social capital in this village. The average geodetic distance results also indicate the most favorable geodetic distance among the farmers in Aryan village. Increasing the cohesion and solidarity of these villages will speed up the flow of information and exchange, as well as increase social capital in them, and will help people to coordinate and access each other with less cost and time. Therefore, reinforcing trust and social participation is essential for increasing social capital as a necessity for participatory management

      Plant species have different ecotypes. Identification of ecotypes with more yield operation can be useful and commercially profitable. This is the first study to investigate resin yield amount of Ferula pseudalliacea and edaphic conditions of its habitats in desert rangelands of Yazd province. For this purpose, in each region, 20 plants of the same age (5-6 years) were completely randomly selected and used according to the conventional method. Soil sampling was carried out at a depth of 0-30 cm. All data were analyzed using SPSS16 and Excel software. The results showed that bitter asafetida plants had significantly more resin yield in 7, 8, 11 (P<0.05), 9 and 10 cutting times (P<0.01) but less yield in 3 and 13 times in Chenarnaz habitat (P<0.05). The total amount of resin with 63.63 g showed a significant increase in Chenarnaz compared to Borooieh region (60.14) (P<0.01). The most amount of resin yield was observed in 9 and 10 incisions in both habitats. Totally, it is recommended to harvest bitter asafetida during ten cutting times in Yazd province rangelands for sustainable exploitation. Comparison of soil parameters showed that the sand percentage in Borooieh region and the percentages of moisture, silt, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Chenarnaz region were significantly higher (P<0.01). Increasing soil moisture storage, organic matter and essential elements of the plant caused resin yield improvement of asafetida in Chenarnaz region. In this study, acidity had a significant increase in Chenarnaz habitat, which is an effective factor in the growth and production rate of asafetida. Chenarnaz region had numerically more lime and better operation of resin yield. According to the results, bitter asafetida plants of Chenarnaz region had better resin yield operation.

Ferula pseudalliacea (bitter assafoetida) is a rangeland plant which its gum has a lot of medicinal properties. Since there is no report about evaluating genetic diversity of the valuable species in Iran, this is the first study to investigate genetic diversity of the species in its habitats in Yazd province using several morphological traits and ISSR markers. Among 9 traits, there was significant differences between habitats in terms of canopy cover, stem diameter and weight of 1000 seed. Cluster analysis by morphological traits on the basis of Ward's method classified the samples into three main groups. Among 22 primers, 8 primers reproduced the pattern DNA well and revealed 224 sharp bands. ISSR-16 and ISSR-55 primers had better performance according to the number of bands, PIC and Marker Index. Cluster analysis using Jacquard's coefficient and UPGMA method, grouped two populations into 10 clusters. Principal coordinates analysis showed three components explained 57.94 percent of total variance and separated the populations from each other. These grouping matched relatively with the geographical regions. AMOVA showed that within group genetic diversity (92%) was more than between group diversity (8%). Comparing morphological and molecular dendrograms revealed that there was no similarity between them. The results showed that ISSR marker was suitable to investigate genetic diversity among the studied populations of the species.

Due to the limited resources of the water and the excessive growth of the population, the use of sewage in agriculture and green space irrigation is inevitable. In this regard, a research was carried out in city of Yazd to investigate the effect of irrigation with refined and untreated sewage on Rosmarinus officinalis, a species in the urban green space. This study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with five treatments (drinking water, refined wastewater, non-refined wastewater, refined wastewater + drinking water with a ratio of 1:1 and non-refined wastewater + drinking water with a ratio of 1:1) and 5 replicates. The results of chemical characterization of irrigation treatments showed that pH (7.2) and EC (1.27 ds/m) and the concentration of heavy metals, Pb and Zn in the effluent were in accordance with the FAO standard (0.5 and 0.24 mg/l, respectively) but cadmium concentration in both treatments was higher than the FAO standard level (0.02 and 0.04 mg/l). The results of morphological traits of Rosmarinus officinalis showed that there was no significant difference between different concentrations of sewage in terms of plant growth and root dry weight (p >0.05). The effect of irrigation with wastewater on dry weight of shoot and plant diameter was statistically significant (p <0.05). The highest dry weight and diameter were obtained with non-refined wastewater. The results of physiological traits such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, glucose and proline showed a significant difference between treatments (p <0.05). The highest amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were observed for the irrigation with refined wastewater, and the highest amount of glucose and proline was related to irrigation with non-refined wastewater.