فهرست مطالب علی ثقفی

Development of Earnings quality measures, especially Accruals quality measures, has been a critical line of research over more than three decades. Literature indicates that linear-regression-based measures are subject to (suffer from) significant estimation error in non-discretionary accruals estimation. Therefore, recent research used machine learning algorithms including multilayer perceptron and radial basis neural networks, in order to address the issue. However, being founded on Blackbox approach limits future development and applicability of these methods. So, to address the limitations, we have used Group Method of Handling Data (GMDH) approach, as a Whitebox approach, in order to estimate the accruals. Findings using data from 299 Tehran Securities Exchange listed companies during 1385 to 1397 suggests that GMDH-based models perform superior to regression models and multilayer perceptron neural networks in terms of estimation error measured by mean squared error. Moreover, Cash flow approach in total accruals calculation leads to less estimation error compared to balance sheet approach. As a result, the model developed in this article can be used by market participants such as regulators, analyst and auditors in order to detect probable financial reporting misstatements.

In recent years, the role of non-physical resources in creating consistent value and sustainable profitability in organizations has significantly increased and intellectual capital as a concept that reflects the knowledge, skills and other intangible resources in the organization has received a lot of attention. Although the definition of intellectual capital is consistent with the concept of intangible assets, due to the lack of a comprehensive and coherent model, information about it has not found a place in the financial statements. Therefore, this study presents a model for measuring and reporting intellectual capital in Iran to provide a suitable tool for managing intellectual capital and creating a competitive advantage in Iranian companies and organizations. This study first identifies the dimensions, components, and indicators of measuring intellectual capital by comparatively examining the existing theoretical and experimental foundations. Then, by adopting a qualitative method and analyzing the content of semi-structured interviews, the initial findings are corrected and finally, by collecting and analyzing 97 questionnaires by fuzzy Delphi method, the final model is presented. The results of the this study indicate 3 dimensions (human, structural and relational capital), 8 components and 21 indicators for measuring and reporting intellectual capital in Iran.

The ownership is known as most complete right in rem. Imamiyah jurists have presented different approaches and views regarding the truth of ownership according to which most of them are a hypothetical phenomenon. In our opinion, this is due to the mistake of the subject (property) with its rules (rights and duties related to property). In this article, by means of a descriptive-analytical method, we have proved that ownership should not be considered as a hypothetical phenomenon, but as an abstract fact and is theoretically falls within the “category of relative”. A category that has an important place in both classic and modern philosophies. Although this view can be inferred from some phrases OF Mohaghegh Ansari, he has briefly mentioned it and has not revealed its analytical reality. Having economic value and capability to become owned are two issues about transferable rights that have long been questioned by Islamic jurists. However, since the material existence of an object is not necessary to abstract philosophical category of relation, according to our theory in this research and through placing the ownership in category of relation, it is easy to defend the capability of transferable rights such as corporate stocks and, in general, the capability of intangible objects as the subject of ownership.

The purpose of this study is to answer the question of whether the four management attitudes toward risk, which is related to the Cumulative Prospect Theory, is effective in the occurrence of fraudulent financial reporting or not.

To determine the role of cumulative perspective theory in the occurrence of fraudulent financial reporting, two hypotheses were tested and for this purpose, the annual data of 127 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2009 to 2018 were analyzed through ranked logistic regression analysis.

The findings of this study confirm the first and second hypotheses of the research on the effect of management's attitude towards risk in the occurrence of fraudulent financial reporting. Overall, the findings of this study show that fraudulent financial reporting follows four patterns of risk attitude, in other words, when the probability of reference profit or the probability of reference loss is high, the probability of fraudulent financial reporting increases, but if the probability of reference profit is high or The lower the probability of reference losses, the lower the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting.

If the probability of change in profit or loss is small, the manager's attitude towards risk can change direction. In other words, if the probability of profitability increases, the manager reduces his risk-taking slightly instead of changing his attitude from risk-taking to risk-aversion. Therefore, it can be argued that the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting can change "without changing the manager's attitude towards risk" (from risk-taking to risk-aversion)

It is expected that accountants provide information which increases the ability of decision making and professional judgement. In this regard, the rendered information should entail characteristics such as ethical principles. In other words, professional accountants should comply not only with the accounting standards and technical norms, but also with ethics which is a preventive factor in financial fraud and corruption. However, the question is how to equip accounting graduates with ethical competencies. Increasing attention to this issue in recent years has resulted in creation of some models for educating ethical competencies. In the present research, the validity of three-dimensional model of ethical competencies’ education has been analyzed. Three-dimensional model of ethical competencies’ education emphasizes on education of eleven competencies as a separate course with combinational teaching method. The statistical population has consisted of bachelor students majoring accounting at the universities in Tehran. Moreover, two-stage sampling technique has been used as a sampling method. The research has been implemented using Pretest-posttest control group design and the data have been analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance. The results have shown that the mentioned ethical education has developed the students’ moral judgements. So, it is expected that by using the model in academia, accounting graduates will become familiarized with necessary competencies to make ethical decisions.

Nowledge-based economy has a significant impact on increasing per capita production, social welfare, reducing inequality in income distribution, increasing job opportunities and improving the quality of the environment and improving the quality of products as the main characteristics of sustainable development. In this regard, in the statement of the resistance economy, the Supreme Leader of the Knowledge-Based Economy has announced one of the main policies in order to achieve the goals of the resistance economy. In order to achieve a knowledge-based economy, attention and emphasis on the role of companies active in this field is necessary and undeniable. In order to develop these companies and make their role in economic processes more colorful, it is necessary to identify the variables affecting these companies and conduct the necessary studies in order to make appropriate decisions. One of the key elements in the development of knowledge-based companies is the issue of financial resources of these companies. Existence of an efficient financial system in knowledge-based companies can pave the way for the growth and development of these companies and advance their development plans with the least financial cost. In this research, using regression approach, the effect of corporate and performance variables on the choice of financing method is identified and also the interaction of financing method on these variables will be investig

One of the leading characteristics of accounting profession is its accountability to the public. Unfortunately, occurrence of recent financial crisis has dwindled the trust to accounting profession. Many researchers believe that the destroyed trust can only be recovered by ethical leadership and learning ethics. Therefore, the objective of the present research is to offer a model for ethical competencies’ education in accounting profession. The desired model includes three aspects namely recognition of ethical competencies, teaching method, and the accounting course in which the mentioned competencies should be taught. In this research, the required data were gathered in 1398(Iranian year) from the 150 questionnaires which were distributed among accounting elites including accounting lecturers and certified public accountants. Fuzzy Delphi methodology with screening approach is used to analyze the data. Based on the results, eleven ethical competencies are recognized which should be taught using combinational method separately rather than teaching as a sub-set of an accounting course. In general, it is expected that using the mentioned model for ethical competencies’ education in academic environments will familiarize the accounting students with the necessary competencies needed to make ethical decisions. And then, by improving the accounting decision making in workplaces, graduates can pave the way toward public’s trust to accounting profession.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between financial and economic models with data envelopment analysis technique in evaluating the performance of investment companies. In order to achieve this goal, aggregate assets, total debt, total equity and total company expenses as input variables as well as income, net profit and operating profit are considered as output variables of data envelopment analysis model. According to The model of data envelopment analysis, the performance of investment firms was evaluated. Then, the performance evaluated in the form of regression model was compared with financial and economic models. In this study, two hypotheses were presented to examine the relationship between financial and economic models with the data envelopment analysis technique and designed regression model to test the hypotheses. In this research, the statistical population is the investment companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange. Sampling from the research community is based on the method of judging sampling and systematic elimination. The research period is from 2014 to 2016. The results of the research hypothesis test show that there is a significant and inverse relation between financial models and data envelopment analysis model in assessing the performance of investment firms. There is also a significant and direct relationship between the economic models and the data envelopment analysis model in assessing the performance of investment firms.

In this paper, a model for Assessing Efficiency using accounting variables is introduced as a benchmark for performance evaluation. For this purpose, using Fuzzy Delphi method and obtaining opinions of experts through the questionnaire, five output variables and six input variables were identified as effective variables on the performance of the companies. In the next step, using the mathematical model of data envelopment analysis in accordance with the negative data, the number of 210 companies in the 16 Tehran stock exchanges in the 10-year period was compared to the efficiency index and the efficient and inefficient companies were isolated and ranked. Then, using the model facilities, the optimal target function and the amount of deviations of inefficient firms from the efficiency boundary and the time trends of each company were analyzed at the company and industry level.

This study examines the relation between managerial ability and audit fee as well as the effects of financial distress on the relation. To test the hypotheses, this study uses multivariate regression method and the statistical "panel data" technique. To measure the managerial ability and financial distress, this study uses DEA methods according to Demerjian et al. (2012) and Altamn model modified by Roodposhti et al (2010) , respectively. The sample consists of 82 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange over the period from 210 to 2016. Findings show that there is a significant negative relation between the managerial ability and audit fees and also, this relation is not moderated with financial distress

Maximizing shareholder wealth, fulfilling ethical duties and social responsibilities can be considered as one of the most important goals of the company. One of the factors that has a significant impact on the realization of these goals is the proper implementation of the principles of corporate governance. In this study, the corporate governance mechanisms on the audit fee rate, the interruption of the audit report and the size of the auditor in the companies active in the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2009 and 2018, the results of which indicate that the variables of the size of the board of directors, managers Non-executive and audit committee effectiveness / number of meetings have a positive and significant effect on the audit fee rate, and the variables of the role dangers (CEO), auditor literacy of the audit committee managers, ownership concentration and type of business activity have a negative and significant effect on the audit fee rate. Also variables of non-executives, small size Audit and size of the company / total assets have a positive and significant effect on the audit report lag, and the variables of board size, role duality (CEO) and profitability of the company have a negative and significant effect on the audit report lag. Independence of the board of directors and the existence of the internal auditor of the effect Have a positive and significant impact on the size of the auditor

In this research, with different stakeholder’s participation (included 148 people: enterprise Chief financial officer, expert external auditors, Chief investment officers and university professors) it has been tried to consider the effectiveness of revised Iranianaccounting standards No.19 (Business Combination) with survey in different aspects. The results show, in general, the requirements which led to revise the accounting standard NO.19, has been resolved and moreover important issues which existed in pooling of interest method has been resolved. Although in stakeholder’s view the appliance of revised standard is operational, there are several fields in comparability and reliability which have the potential to be improved and revised. Furthermore, the information of business combination based on the revised accounting standard NO.19 prepared for users would be useful. What's more, the benefit of accounting methods which are required in the last version is more than the cost of changing users analysis.

This study aims to analyze the dividends smoothing phenomenon in the Tehran Stock Exchange, TSE, during 2009-2016. Data have been collected and analyzed by referring to the professional databases and using Excel and Stata software. Panel data model was applied to test the research hypotheses. Findings verified dividends smoothing in the TSE and showed when the Lintner model (1956) and cash dividends pattern were used, the level of identified smoothing increases. Also, when the Lintner model and announced dividends pattern were used, the levels of smoothing in two sub-periods are different. In the TSE, there exists dividend smoothing phenomenon, and better understanding of it requires consideration of the type of dividends and the model used.

This study, using gold coin spot price returns, in the period from 2008 to 2016, estimates and compares IME gold coin futures contracts short and long positions initial margin by coherent risk measures, specially Expected Shortfall and spectral risk measures such as Exponential weighting Function and Power weighting Function. GARCH, EGARCH and GJR GARCH models used for volatility process modeling. Fore models back testing, it applies Christoffersen conditional coverage likelihood ratio (LRcc) test and for models rating used lopez second loss functions and Blanco-Ihle loss functions, and Fore ES models evaluations uses MAE and RMSE loss functions. The paper finds that, GJRGARCH has outperformed the other models that support the asymmetric response of gold coin price to positive and negative shocks. The average margin quantity estimated for short positions with all risk measures, is significantly larger than long positions margin, that confirm asymmetric response of gold coin price to positive and negative shocks.

One of the most important methods of managerial systems improvement is surveying and studying of successful systems. Benchmarking is one of useful methods in this area. The first step in benchmarking is to have study and survey. The overall process of government asset management is including initial recognition, valuation, productivity and disposal of assets. Therefore it is tried in this paper to study the selected and pioneered countries government asset management systems. The studies on this issue show that implementing accrual accounting system and also to design and apply an integrated database will absolutely facilitate management of state assets.

Classification shifting announced as new tools for earning management and become new subject for accounting research. In this article, we explore how classification shifting must measure and probe position of this tools in listed companies at Iranian stock exchange. For this purpose we gather data for firms from 2002 to 2014. Research results show that companies used classification shifting as a tools for managing earning. Also, research explore that this tools use in trade off position from other common earning management tools. In fact firms used in order real management, accrual management and lastly classification shifting. In addition, results show that financial crisis is important factor for using this tools

The corporate performance assessment is a matter for current and potential stockholders. Therefore, the present study aims at explicating a model for performance evaluation of investment companies using the data envelopment analysis method, so that by applying PCA, the dependence between input and output variables is eliminated by decomposing to the main factors. The main question in this study is how to evaluate the performance of investment firms? In order to answer this question, all investment companies accepted in the Iranian stock exchange have been selected and the latest available annual reports of investment companies in year 2016, have been analyzed. To design the proposed algorithm, a DEA-PCA compilation approach was used which ultimately led to the design of a performance evaluation model. The results of the proposed algorithm show that out of 34 investment companies under review in 2016, only 4 companies with a performance score of one, are considered as efficient. In other words, 12% of investment companies are efficient and 88% are inefficient, which, of course, efficient companies are patternmakers for other companies

Financial institutions are faced with different risks among which the market risk is of great significance, because the calculation and control of this risk plays a major role in the success of financial institutions and investors. Out of different criteria and ways to measure market risk, Incremental Value at Risk has been used in the current study. The data of this study consists of the daily prices of stocks of 50 companies active in Tehran Stock Exchange during the year 2013.At first, the daily return of equities price was calculated for each company and then 1 home portfolio and 50 sub-portfolios were formed using equal weighting method. Next, Goodness of fit tests were used to determine the real distribution of portfolios. For the formed portfolios, first, Value at Risk (VaR) and subsequently, Incremental Value at Risk (IVaR) were calculated using before and after approach. At the end, with regard to the impact of each stock on reducing portfolio risk, optimum stocks were selected. The results show that Incremental Value at Risk (IVaR) can rightly identify the impact of each stock on the creation of portfolio risk.

Accounting PhD is the last point of accounting academic education that its graduates are the effective person in accountancy and influence the future research in accounting. In other side the number of PhD student in accountancy has growth in the recent years. So continues planning for holding the accounting PhD course is necessary for this purpose the course plan of accounting PhD has revised after 23 years and applied important change in the prior course plan. This research with a comparative view attempt to compare accounting PhD course plan in Iranian university with the superior university in accounting at world. Overall it seems that this new course plan is convergence with that teaching in the superior university in the topic of lesson and its content.

Credit risk is traditionally defined as the risk that an obligor will not be able to honor its (often long dated) obligations, and has mostly been applied to the fixed income world and more specifically to bank lending. Credit risk is known as the oldest, largest and most important bank's risk. Therefore an integrated credit risk management at all stages of Before lending, While lending,after lending Is critical for banks. This study aims to achieve a coherent pattern in the area of credit risk management. For this purpose,by Using research method of graunded theory and coding behind the different stages of the three-part comprehensive model of credit risk management framework includes policies, methodologies and infrastructure were found

Precise studies of accruals quality earnings quality have problems in determine abnormal accruals as Type I and II error. In this research, an organized structure is explained for identifying accruals estimation error with precise analysis of accruals creation process at the time of company revenues and expenses recognizing and this organized structure became operational in a way that was testable.
In this study, earnings quality measure of 123 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2001 to 2013 was calculated and compared with other measures Model from the perspective of Type I and II error.
This comparison showed that the model of this study is better than other models from the perspective of Type I and II error. In the other words, organized structure in the process of accruals identification and their time matching with cash flows, introduction of sticky accruals, using accruals in estimating their errors and developing models in industry level, improve accruals quality model.

Pricing of financial assets and identify important risk factors is one of the fundamental issues of finance theory. In this study, using insights of CAPM and three-factor model (Fama and French, 1993), PEG and four-factor models was developed. Using financial data of 270 companies traded in TSE during the beginning of 2006 to the end of 2014, three-stage methodology and the portfolio study methodology used to calculate the risk factor. The results show that first, there are inverse size effects, inverse value effects and PEG effects, second, PEG model cannot explain stock risk premium, But the four-factor model compared with other models, has higher power for explaining of the risk premium. Market participants can use these results to improve investment performance and academics recommended that test models of the study.