فهرست مطالب علی جعفری طائمه

Almond (Prunus dulcis L.) is one of the most important nut fruits and products, which is commercially grown in vast areas of the world. Almond kernel contains valuable compounds including vitamins, carbohydrates (fiber and soluble sugars), protein, fatty acids and mineral salts. Considering the importance of fatty acids in almonds. this study investigated the fatty acid content of pollen and seed parents and offspring of Shahrood 12 with selective pollinizers using Gas chromatography (GC). Also oil extraction by Soxhlet Elements were measured by atomic absorption method in parents and progeny of crosses. Some quantitative and qualitative traits related to dried fruit and almond kernels were also analyzed. The results showed that the highest amount of kernels weight in progeny obtained from crosses was related to free pollination. The results showed that the highest amount of oleic acid (18: 1) and linoleic acid (18: 2) was observed in MSK84 (75.51%) and shahrood14 (19.20%) pollinizers, respectively. Also, the highest amount of oleic acid with 72% was obtained in the offspring of Shahrood 12 (♀) × Shahrood 14(♂). The maximum amount of linoleic acid was obtained with 18.40% in the offspring resulting from Shahrood 12 (♀) × MSK84 (♂). On the other hand, the highest amount of palmitic acid (9.5%) was found in the progeny obtained from open pollination of Shahrood 12. These three types of fatty acids have the highest percentage among the seven fatty acids measured in the almond kernel. The highest amount of oil was obtained in progeny of mother Shahrood 12 with 54.42% MSK82 and 38.32% in MSK83 also The results showed that among the different genotypes Rate of oil (38.32-54.42%), Iron (85.48-138.53 mg / 1000 g), Copper (20.32-47.48 mg / 1000 g), Manganese (18.04 -44.67 mg / 1000 g).

Almond is one of the most important species of the genus Prunus, and most of its cultivars are self-incompatible and some are cros-incompatible. For pollination, fertilization and fruit production the self-incompatible cultivars require compatible pollen grains from other cultivars. In this regard, the compatibility of Shahroud 12 cultivar with pollen of MSK81, MSK82, MSK83, MSK84 genotypes of Shahroud 14, Shahroud 12 (self-opening) was studied and free pollination in garden conditions was performed during 1397-1396. The results showed that pollen grains of Shahroud 14 cultivars and MSK81 genotype had the highest compatibility with Shahroud 12 cultivar so that the highest percentage of fruit formation (14.39) was obtained in the cross pollination of Shahroud 12 and Shahroud 14 and then in the cross pollination of Shahroud 12 with MSK81 with 9.80%. Pollination of Shahroud 12 cultivar with native pollen (self-pollination) led to no fruit formation (zero percent) in this cultivar. According to the results of this study, it was found that pollen grain type has a significant effect on the evaluated traits of fruit such as length, width and dry weight of fruit and kernel, hard shell weight and kernel percentage. Shahroud 12 cultivar is self-incompatible and Shahroud 14 cultivar and MSK81 genotype can be used as suitable pollinators for Shahroud 12 cultivar in the climatic conditions of the western region of the country.

In order to group and compare 100 almond seed genotypes in Malayer region, 65 different quantitative and qualitative attributes related to vegetative and fruit traits of nut and kernel were measured based on the almond descriptor. Based on the results obtained some of the traits like the habit of tree growth, marking of outer shell, the durability of the outer layer of the outer shell, the opening of the outer shell, the presence of an extra edge of the nut, the time of leaves fall in the autumn, the percentage of twin kernels, the amount of leaf phosphorus and taste of the kernel had a high coefficient of variation. Simple correlation coefficients between traits showed that there were some vegetative, nut and kernel measured traits have a positive or negative correlation. Significant positive correlation between the ratio of length to width of the kernel and the shape of the nut (r= 0.60), the outer shell thickness and the softness and hardness of the outer shell (r = 0.65) existed. The cluster analysis divided the genotypes into two main groups at 15 Euclidean distances and the most important factors in the separation of genotypes from each other are the outer shell thickness, the outer layer thickness of the outer shell, the softness and hardness of the outer shell. With decrease in the Euclidean distance from 15 to 5, genotypes were divided into six main groups. Among the important factors were the separation of traits such as fruit ripening, nut shape, outer shell thickness, softness and hardness of the crust and the percentage of twin kernel. Factor analysis reduced the assessed traits to 11 main factors, justifying 61.17 percent of total variation. The traits related to the nut and kernel had the greatest effect on the separation of cultivars and genotypes. According to the results, there is a good genetic variation in almond genotypes in this region which can be used in almond breeding programs.