علی خاکشور

Self-medication has various implications for children's health. Given the limited documentation on the prevalence of self-medication in children in Iran, this study aims to investigate the frequency of non-academic treatments in children and the phenomenon of self-medication by parents

A cross-sectional study involving 300 parents of hospitalized children at the emergency department of Akbar Children's Hospital in Mashhad was conducted to examine the prevalence of self-medication before hospitalization. A census sampling method was employed. Data were collected using the "Self-Medication and its Prevalence" questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.

The study included 300 children with an average age of 6.09 ± 3.13 years, consisting of 150 boys and 150 girls. Two hundred and eighty-three participants lived in urban areas, and 280 had insurance coverage. Parental self-prescription of medication occurred in 197 cases, with 208 having a history of previous self-prescribed medication. The most common illnesses leading to self-medication in the last 6 months were cold (94.7%), headache (78.7%), and fever (60.7%). The most commonly used medications were cold remedies (93.7%), analgesics (89%), and antibiotics (52.7%)

The findings of this study indicate that self-medication is reported in over 69% of the participants. Education and implementation of various strategies to reduce this phenomenon are recommended, considering its potential consequences.

Background and Fever in children is a common concern for parents. The purpose of this study is to investigate the of fever in children referred to Dr. Sheikh Mashhad hospital clinic by the treatment staff and the actions taken by their parents. In this cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted from March 2015 to March 2016, 500 mothers who had referred to the pediatric clinic of Dr. Sheikh Hospital with the assumption that their child had a fever were selected using convenience sampling. After receiving informed consent, the age, gender, education and occupation of the parents were recorded and their opinions about the presence of fever and the measures taken were investigated. Finally, the collected information was analyzed using SPSS 20 software. The studied children were in the age range of 1 to 156 months. The average fever measured in the hospital was 37.31±0.81 . There was no significant relationship between the age of the child and the temperature, as well as the age of the child and giving the medicine. Children whose fever was less than 37.8 received medicine in 17.1 percent of cases. A significant relationship was observed between father's education and mother's education with giving medicine. There was no significant relationship between father's job and giving medicine, but there was a significant relationship between mother's job and giving medicine. Targeted health education interventions are needed for the effective management of fever symptoms in children.

The necessity of a dynamic education in the field of medicine with the aim of improving the quality of education in order to train more efficient doctors has always led to the provision of new educational methods. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the implementation of the selected educational program of pediatric outpatient drugs on the level of knowledge of interns.

This study is a two-group semi-experimental interventional study of pre-test-post-test type with a control group, which included 70 people (through random assignment, 35 people were considered as the control group and 35 people were considered as the intervention group) from the medical internship students of the year 2016-2018 academic year of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences who were introduced to Imam Reza, Qaim and Dr. Sheikh hospitals of Mashhad were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tool was a structured test titled measuring the level of students' knowledge and awareness of pediatric outpatient drugs, based on the variables studied. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistical methods (mean and frequency of standard deviation) and analysis of covariance test.

The mean and standard deviation of the interns' knowledge in the pre-test was 5.93±0.57 in the control group and 5.93±0.57 in the intervention group, and in the post-test the mean and standard deviation of the interns' knowledge in the control group (13.89±1.28) and intervention group (16.82±1.34). The average scores of the two control and intervention groups in the post-test were significant (p=0.001), which indicates the effect of the complementary educational program of pediatric outpatient medicine in the intervention group. The test statistic was (F=85.407).

The present study confirmed the effect of the selected educational program of pediatric outpatient drugs on the promotion of regular education and as an effective supplementary education. Therefore, it seems that the implementation of this educational program in medical sciences universities across the country should be considered in the coming years.

Self- Medication is a major problem in the treatment cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and factors affecting self-medication in children were referred to the Sheikh Hospital's clinic of Mashhad.

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 198 children who were referred to the Sheikh Hospital's clinic. The sampling was according to census method. The data-gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire for parents. Data analysis was performed using SPSS20 software and descriptive statistics.

Of the 198 cases studied, 161 (81.6%) of the parents had self-medication for their child. The most commonly reported cases of self-medication were colds (64.1%), fever (60.1%) and digestive diseases (17.7%). Antipyretics (66.2%), common cold drugs (57.6%), anti-cough drugs (30.8%), and antibiotics (24.7%) were the most commonly used drugs. The lack of access or expensive visit of the physician (60%), availability and easy access to drugs (60%), and previous self-medication experience (50%) were the most important factors influencing the self-medication. There was a significant relationship between father's education (P = 0.006), mother's education (P = 0.001) and family income (P = 0.03) with self-medication; and in very high or very low education, or low family income self-medication increased.

Preventive measures seem to be necessary. In this regard, provision of training programs to inform the community about the dangers of self-medication, as well as adoption of preventive measures from the relevant institutions could be suggested.

Selenium is an essential nutrient for physiological function, including immunity, Reproduction and nervous systems. This element as glutathione peroxidase enzyme cofactor, improve fish growth and propagation index via reducing of free radicals. In the present study, the effect of different levels of organic selenium were evaluated on some antioxidant indices, such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and Reproduction indices including, gonadal development, histology evaluation, fertilization rate and survival of the treated fish larva. Adult goldfish were fed with 0 and 0/5 mg of organic selenium (Selplex) per kg food for 8 weeks, and HCG hormone was injected Intraperitoneally to induce the gonadal development in the treated broodstocks. Results showed that the TAC in blood serum treated with selenium broodstocks was increased and MDA levels were also significantly reduced. Histological studies showed selenium treated testicular tissue broodstocks, the level of mature spermatozoa are significantly higher than the control group and in the ovarian tissue, sexual maturation in the control group and treated group were in stage 2 and 5 respectively. In addition, rates of fertilization (%91/17), deformity (%8/45) and survival (%87) in the Selenium treatment compared to the control group showed significant improvement. Therefore, Significantly higher body weight, antioxidant function, gonadal development in the fish treated with 0.5 mg selenium were shown in compare to the control group, to which no organic selenium was fed.

Despite years of scientific research, the true cause of neonatal colic is still unclear. In fact, the cause of the infantile colic is considered multi-factorial and it is not known whether the physiological or psychosocial factors are responsible for creating these conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between demographic variables and religious attitudes in pregnant women with incidence of colic in infants. This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 300 pregnant women referred to women and midwifery departments of educational hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The newborn babies of these mothers from October 2015 to October 2017 were examined for incidence of colic. The information about the occurrence of colic and religious attitude of mothers was done by a researcher-made questionnaire as well as maternal case and birth case records. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient test using SPSS software version 20. The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between the religious attitude of the pregnant mother and the history of colic in her offspring with colic incidence in infants (P 0.05). Considering the positive impact of mothers' religious attitudes on reducing the incidence of neonatal colic, paying more attention to the spiritual dimension of human existence and planning to promote it in pregnant women, should be considered.

Immunotherapy involves the gradual administration of increasing allergens to patients, aimed at reducing or eliminating the adverse clinical response of the patient to subsequent contact with these allergens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of immunotherapy on the clinical symptoms of asthmatic patients and allergic rhinitis referred to the Allergy Clinic of Sheikh Hospital in Mashhad during 2013 to 2016. This before/after clinical trial was performed on 40 patients aged 7-50 years with mild to moderate asthma and moderate to severe allergic rhinitis. All patients had immunotherapy with allergens of pollen, weeds, and grass, based on the response of skin prick test. The effect of immunotherapy after a minimum of six months of therapy was studied. Among 40 patients with a mean age of 16.8 years, 48.1% were female and 51.9% were male. Sixty percent of patients had allergic rhinitis and 40% were asthmatics. Immunotherapy in 52.38% of patients improved daily performance and resolved sleep problems in 61.9%. Sixty-two percent of patients noted that after immunotherapy their disease was controlled easily with the drug, which was statistically significant. According to the results of this study, standard immunotherapy with inhalational allergens could be effective in reducing the clinical symptoms of patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis and mild to moderate persistent allergic asthma.

One of the strategies to improve the quality of health services and increase people's satisfaction in the health system evolution plan is the plan for the presence of resident specialists in educational hospitals. The purpose of this research was to assess the viewpoints of pediatrics residents about the role of the presence of resident specialists in educational hospitals.
This descriptive-survey study was conducted on 35 pediatrics residents of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts’ views and its reliability by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (85%). Data were analyzed using t test.
From the residents’ viewpoint, resident specialists provided more educational opportunities and they had an important role in the process of evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. They also helped in logical paraclinical request. They helped to promote self-confidence and responsibility among residents, as well as create staff discipline and collaboration, and inter-institutional coordination. They brought confidence and satisfaction to patients’ parents, too. Resident specialists also improved the quality of morning reports.
From the viewpoint of pediatrics residents, the role of the presence of resident specialists in educational hospitals is important in helping the residents and, in general, improves patient's health.

Given constipation as one of the common digestive problems in pediatric patients, the psychiatric comorbidities together with chronic constipation may result in some disorders in children’s life quality. This study aims to evaluate the life quality and psychiatric comorbidities in 2 to 18 years old children and teens with constipation.
Material & This study, as a case control study was conducted through many children and teens who were homogeneous in terms of sex and age, 55 patients with functional constipation and 55 people without it. The parents and children were provided with questionnaires of the demographic particulars, QOL and SQD, following collection of their history and physical examinations. The analysis of the collected data was done based on the statistical tests of Chi-Squared test, one sided variance analysis and T-test through SPSS 16 software.
The average scores of the life quality obtained from the children and parents were 54.67%.9 and 49.86%.2 in the case group and 63.26%.0 and 66.09%.4 in the control group, with a significant difference in the score reported by the parents (P=0.014). A difference has been observed between these two groups due to emotional performance (P=0.024 for parents and P=0.016 for children). The total estimated score of SDQ questionnaire employed for these two groups indicated abnormality of 93% in the case group and 83% in the control group which were statistically not significant (P=0.631). There was no difference through the subgroups mentioned in this questionnaire and the impact scores of these two groups (P>0.05).
The life quality based on the parents’ reports and the emotional performance in the children with constipation are too low; and screening through children is recommended to help them in the treatment and the control of the constipation and its severity by referring to the child psychiatrists.

Benign neonatal icterus is a common problem in preterm and term neonates. At present current treatments are phototherapy, exchange transfusion and use of certain food products including herbal medicines. In some countries, traditional medicine is being used to relieve icterus. Manna and Milk are among the herbals used to reduce icterus in Persian traditional medicine. The purpose of this review is to discuss and investigate into the effect of herbal medicines on the neonatal icterus.

This work was done by referring to the related text books, scientific sites and review of the literature concerning the effects of herbal medicines and icter.

This review was conducted by searching in Google scholar, Pub med and med line. Finally 23 articles were included and studied. Data was analyzed and edited.

According to the results of the previous studies herbal medicines fail to cure icterur alone, but it could be useful along with routine treatments such as phototherapy

acute upper respiratory infections (URI) are one of the most common infections in childhood. It is estimated children younger than 5, suffer from 4 to 8 episodes annually, andURI incidence is 2 million children all around the world. The aim of this review was to evaluate and summarized studies about relation between probiotic and upper respiratory tract infection in children. The articles were identified by searching the Cochrane Library, PUBMED, Scopus and MEDLINE, IranMedex, Google Scholar, Ovid, Science Direct, Margiran, Scientific Information Database up to December 2014. We selected key words regard to MeSH Database (probiotic AND respiratory infection AND children). Nine types of probiotics were used on 2261 children in these studies, included KB29, CRL-431, BB-12, TH-4, FOS, CRL431, DSM17938، Lactobacillus acidophilusand Bifidobacteriumbifidum. Only two studies reported the side effects of probiotics. these studies revealed that probiotic administration could reduce the duration of upper respiratory tract infection and decrease the loss of school days.

Meningitis is one of the important emergencies in pediatrics. Proper and timely treatment prevents high mortality and morbidity of bacterial meningitis. Given that only5% of meningitis are bacterial، finding a sensitive method to discriminate between the two types of meningitis is of clinical importance. In this study procalcitonin levels as a criterion for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis and aseptic was studied. This was a case control cross sectional study in which 32 children with clinically suspected meningitis admitted to the hospital were studied. According to the clinical findings and results of CSF analysis، the patients were classified into two groups: bacterial meningitis and aseptic meningitis. For all cases CSF analysis & culture were done and procalcitonin،ESR، CRP & WBC were measured. Twenty healthy children were selected as control group and their procalcitonin and WBC was measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The average age was 42. 6 months. There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of age، sex، ESR، CRP and CSF culture. Serum procalcitonin levels in control group were less than 0. 5ng/ml. 80% of bacterial meningitis and only one child (8. 33%) in aseptic meningitis had serum procalcitonin more than 2ng/ml. Serum procalcitonin level could be used as a useful diagnostic test with the cut of point 0. 5ng/ml differentiating healthy subjects from patients with meningitis. and Procalcitonin more than 2 ng / ml can be identified as Cut of Point diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.

Neck mass is the most common complaints among patients referred to otolaryngology clinics and involve a wide range of differential diagnosis of localized disease, metastatic and systemic. In addition to the patient anxiety, it is also a diagnostic problem for medical staff. Matherials and At a Cross-sectional study in 2011 to 2013, after excluding 58 acute infective cases, 203 patients (110 males and 93 females) who have clinically neck mass or masses referred to the ENT clinic of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad were selected. The clinical and demographic variables in terms of location, quantity, consistency, cohesion, sensitivity and communication with other organs of the lesion, pathology and disease duration were evaluated. Some patients diagnosed during the study FNA and endoscopy and definite diagnosis of the lesion was determined based on the biopsy result. The most common pathology observed in men was: SCC (37/38 percent), sialoadenitis (11/21%) and Tyrvglvsal duct cyst (7/5%) respectively, and in women was: tuberculosis (18/89 percent), SCC (15/55%) and nodular goiter (7/8 percent) respectively. The possibility of neoplastic cervical mass in men was more than women. The neoplastic lesions rate showed an increase with age (P <0.05). After eliminating the causes of inflammatory, SCC is the most common disease in men and Tuberculosis in women that so often can be seen in the posterior triangle of the neck juglodigastric lymph chain.

Hyperbilirubinemia is one of the most common problems during the neonatal period. Despite the severe complications of jaundice, no reliable data is available regarding the prevalence of acute and chronic complications of jaundice and the predisposing factors in our community. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the complications of neonatal jaundice and the predisposing factors in neonates. This cross-sectional study was performed on icteric, term newborns with bilirubin level higher than 20 mg/dl, referring to Ghaem Hospital during 2003-2013. After history taking and physical examinations, developmental status of infants was followed within six and twelve months after birth, using Denver Developmental Screening Test-II. The newborns were divided into two groups, based on the occurrence or non-occurrence of complications (e.g., acute or chronic kernicterus, auditory disorders and developmental disorders). Afterwards, predisposing factors for these complications were evaluated. Complications of jaundice were reported in 143 (13.37%) out of 1069 neonates. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of variables such as neonatal age and gender or maternal age. However, there was a significant difference between the children with and withod complication regarding treatment modality and mean total serum bilirubin level (27 mg/dl vs. 32 mg/dl) (p<0.05). The predisposing factors for neonatal complications were as follows: idiopathic jaundice (30%), ABO incompatibility (18%), Rh incompatibility (14.8%), G6PD deficiency (12.6%) and sepsis (3.3%). Our findings showed that ABO incompatibility, Rh incompatibility and G6PD deficiency were the most common risk factors for jaundice, followed by idiopathic jaundice.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a common autosomal recessive disorder، resulting from lack of activity in one of the five enzymes which produce cortisol from cholesterol. Treatment of these patients is very difficult and overtreatment or under treatment of them both influence on their growth pattern. Accordingly، we evaluated the growth pattern of these patients during one year. Methods and Materials: We studied 50 patients whom visited in endocrinology department of Imam Reza hospitial، Mashhad، Iran، during one year. We measured height rate، weight rate، and upper segment to lower segment index، body mass index and 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels regularly. The results showed that with increasing levels of 17- hydroxyprogesterone، the height growth rate of the patients also increases (P<0. 05). In patients with salt-wasting group، there was a potential of height reduction and height standard deviation with advancing of age comparing with other groups (P<0. 05). The average age of the 11-Hydroxilase deficiency patients was higher than the other groups. There was a significant difference between the age at diagnosis and the age that patients were visited regularly. Therefore the specific etiology and appropriate treatment are the main predictors of growth pattern at these patients، and it also requires using all necessary facilities for regular care of these patients، in order to optimally control the disease is felt.

According to international sources, intravenous catheter replacement retention time, which is 72 hours In Iran, can be increased for the longer time; especially for children. This time constraint, have been created because of the incidence of common complications including: Infection, Infiltration, Phlebitis and Occlusion. This study compared the incidence of complications in routine practice versus clinical indications in children who were admitted in Imam Reza hospital, in Bojnurd, Iran. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 150 children (Controls: 75 subjects; versus Interventions: 75 subjects). Eligible children were randomly assigned to two groups. In one group, the procedure to install and replace intravenous catheter (catheter replacement top end 72 hours), and the other group, the catheter was replaced by another catheter, after complications were occurred. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and chi-square test, ttest, Mann-Whitney, Kaplan-Meier and Log-Rank test, in Stata12 software. Among the 150 evaluated patients, side effects were observed in 31 cases. The mean of the catheter survival time in the intervention group (93 h) was significantly higher than the of control groups (67 hours) (P<0.001). The frequency of IV complications (only infiltration), in the intervention group was significantly more frequent than the control group; but in terms of complications incidence, there was no significant difference between two groups (P=0.45). Discussion and The findings of this study showed superior clinical indication method compared with routine catheter replacement.

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy is a diagnostic tool and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in children. Due to severe response and muscular spasm of the digestive tract created during endoscopy, it often face with difficulty.The aim of this study is to evaluate peppermint effects in pyloric spasm in children undergo endoscopy. In this clinical trial study, 120 children (under 14 years old) in Ghaem hospital that Pyloric spasm during endoscopy were randomly divided into two groups, peppermint(n=60) and control(n=60) respectively. Case group received peppermint and control group received placebo. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11.5 and presented with descriptive and analytical tests (T-test, Corraletion, Mann- Whitney). Pyloric sphincter stayed open in 48.3% of peppermint group patients and 5% of control group (P<0.000). The mean time to endoscopy in peppermint group (9/301+0/351) and control group was (10/149+0/337) and this difference was significant(P<0.05). Pyloric spasm duration in peppermint group was less than 60 seconds and in control group at 60% of them, was more than 60 seconds. Peppermint could reduce endoscopy duration and pyloric spasm in children and increase endoscopic team satisfaction.

Knowledge about the nature and types of learning styles in learners can help teachers to adjust their teaching methods with students, learning styles to achieve the desired educational outcomes. This study was conducted to determine students’ learning styles based on Kolb learning pattern in North Khorasan University of medical sciences. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on students of North Khorasan university of medical sciences in 2012. Kolb's Learning Style Inventory was used to conduct the research. Data were analyzed by spss16 software and presented with chi-square test. Of the 240 subjects, 79(32/9%) of subjects were male and 161(67/1%) of subjects were female. Mean age (s) and score were 20/82 years and 16/25 respectively.Percentage of the students’ learning style for converging, accommodating, absorbent and divergent was 45/4, 17/1, 23/3 and 14/2 respectively. There was a statistical significant difference (P≤0/05) between learning styles of the nurse school students and health school students. The most learning style in the nurse school students and health school students was converging and divergent respectively. According to our results the most prevailed learning style was converging style and so traditional education methods were boring. Therefore use new education methods according to student fields for example group discussion and problem solving are recommended.

It is generally believed that medical sciences students face tremendous stress in the course of their study, these stresses affects their quality of life. Regarding the importance of this feature, we decided to determine quality of life in North khorasan University of medical Sciences in 2011. A descriptive analytical (cross-sectional) study was conducted on students of North khorasan University of medical Sciences (n=300) in 2011. The research tools included the questionnaires of demographic information and SF-36, a validated instrument for mental and physical health assessment. The data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software and presented with nonparametric tests such as Kruscal -Wallis and man-witney. The results showed that 115(38.3%) of students were male and 185 (61.7%) were female. 15.2% of students experienced very weak level of quality of life, 26.4% weak level, 32.9% good level and 25.5% very well level of quality of life. There was significant relationship between the obtained score of quality of life and level of interest in field of education, satisfy of facilities and field of education The results showed that more than of students experienced good level of quality of life. The results suggest paying more attention to HRQOL and planning for promotion student's HRQOL.

Backgrouynd & Group B streptococcus is the main reason of neonatal infection in developed countries. Its rate of outbreak has not been determined in Iran. This study aimed to determine diagnostic value of PCR for detection of group B streptococcal infection in neonates with sepsis. In the present study، 100 below three months infants with sepsis hospitalized in NICU and ICU division of Ghaem hospital were studied for one year. After getting consent from the infants’ parents، three blood samples of the patients in the sterile container with lid were transferred to the laboratory (two samples for culturing in normal environment and the other for PRC). Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 11. 5) and presented with descriptive and analytical test (Chi-square and correlation) PCR method was positive in 3% of infants for detection of group B streptococcal. Other germs grew in 5% (two Klbsya،one Enterobacter and two E. coli) of normal culture and 6% (two Klbsya،one Enterobacter، two E. coli and one Alpha hemolytic) of developed culture and in none of cultures group B streptococcal did not grow. Findings also showed that 64 % of mothers took antibiotic before delivery. Regarding to the high rate of anti-biotic consumption by mothers before delivery، it is necessary to use more sensitive methods such as PCR to identify the group B Streptococcus. it is also recommend to strengthen and promote the culture media.

Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease and shown an apparent increase in recent years. The systemic bioavailability of inhaled corticosteroids is depended on the amount of drug absorbed by the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. This might cause systematic side effects and lead to increase in intra ocular pressure or lenticular changes in lens. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ophthalmologic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in children with chronic asthma. children between 2 and 12 years old who suffered from chronic asthma with inclusion criteria after performing ophthalmologic examinations were entered the study. All of them had the indications of starting inhaled corticosteroids in three different doses (mild، moderate and high). Follow up ophthalmologic examinations was performed after 6 months. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Mean age of children was 6. 4±2. 8 years. Mean IOP was13. 42± 1. 29 and 13. 43±1. 25 mmhg in male and female children، respectively and this difference was not significant (P=0. 541). Visual acuity was respectively 10 and 10±3. 57in girls and boys and this was not significant (P=0. 229). Intra ocular pressure and lens did not have pathologic changes in children after inhaled corticosteroids usage. Inhaled corticosteroids have ignorable ophthalmologic side effects and are safe drugs in children with chronic asthma.

Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) is a set of methods and resources for finding and employing the best evidences among present in order to manage each patient. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Evidence Based Medicine on research and critical appraisal skills of midwifery students. This study was performed among gynecology clerkship students in Bojnurd University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was easy and purposeful. Midwifery students enrolled in an EBM workshop. A standard questionnaire was used before and after the workshop for data collection. According to the findings a significant change was observed in critical appraisal skill. Workshop and discussion on research articles and specific cases can increase the assessing and critical appraisal skills among students.

Background & Objetives: colonoscopy is an invasive method that is painful for patient especially for children. The objective of this research was investigation into the effect of supermint oral drop (peppermint essence) on the patient and colonoscopist group satisfaction during colonoscopy. In this clinical trial study, 101 children candidate colonoscopy (7-14 years old) in children’s medical center were randomly divided into two groups, case(n=51) and control(n=50) respectively. Control group received placebo and about half an hour before the colonoscopy control group case group was administrated 20 oral drops Supermint oil (peppermint oil). A standard questionnaire was filled after the colonoscopy for satisfaction of the patient and colonoscopist group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11.5 (T-test and Corraletion). Two percents in control group and 54.9% in case group have a great degree of satisfaction. Besides, degrees of satisfaction in case group was 64.7% that significantly difference with those of control group (2%) (p<0.05). Mean value of pain, duration of colonoscopy in control group was 5/60+1/85 and in case group was 4/20+1/70 and this difference was significant(p<0.05). The results of this study showed that drop Supermint oil on pain relief have a positive influence in during colonoscopy in children, so peppermint essence causes increase in satisfaction in both patient and colonoscopy group.

Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic dermatologic disorder in childhood affecting 10-30% of children. Allergen avoidance in combination to skin hydration and topical steroids are considered as major parts of treatment. As these allergen may be different in various cultures, recognition of them has importance In management of disease. The aim of this study was to recognize common allergens in children with atopic dermatitis in Mashhad by skin prick test. Method and materials: Skin prick test with common food allergens and aeroallergens in addition to positive control(histamine) and negative control (saline) was performed on 207 children with atopic dermatitis. 207 children with atopic dermatitis (116 boy and 91 girls) aged 3 months to 14 years participated in this study. The most common allergensrespectively included egg white, egg yolk, cow''s milk, weeds(Russian thistle), pepper, mites(D. Farinqe and D. ptteronysinus), curry and walnut.Food allergens were more prevalent in the young age and aeroallergens were more prevalent in the older age. Prevalence of allergens in each region is different depending on environmental conditions, food habits, ethical diversities and life style. Recognition and avoidance of allergens in combination to medical therapy has an important role in management of atopic dermatitis.