علی عمادی

According to wide variety of advantages of distributed generation units, especially those using clean and renewable energies, their installation are dramatically increasing in distribution networks. Among renewable energy generators, photovoltaic generation units have been paid more attention compared to other technologies because of clean energy generation, simple operation and maintenance, and availability in most areas. Despite the mentioned advantages, connecting the photovoltaic generation units to the distribution network will cause problems in the field of network protection. These include the possibility of overlapping relays and their non-coordination, bidirectional feeding network, and the occurrence of an islanding state. On the other hand, by increasing the penetration of these generators, the activation of advanced grid support functionalities such as active and reactive power regulations, low voltage ride through capability (LVRT) and seamless transition to islanded operation mode are included in current grid codes to compensate for their unpredictable energy production. Since these ancillary services can disrupt the operation of islanding detection methods, it is necessary to provide islanding detection method compatible with mentioned ancillary services. In this paper, islanding detection methods compatible with the advanced grid support functionalities such as power regulations, low voltage ride through, and seamless transition to islanded mode are reviewed.

Self-confidence in the light of the Quranic teachings means relying on will, deed, faculties and self- ability with trust in God and asking God to help, attention to innate capacity, humane dignity and independence from others with no interested in others’ assistance. This concept distinguishes from moral vices such as self-admiration, conceit, pride and egotism, whereas moral virtues such as humility and modesty derive from powerful self-confidence. There are different types of knowledge in the Quranic teachings that cause the strengthening of self-esteem and self-confidence. This paper aims to clarify the boundary and definition of self-confidence from the point of the religious view and determine exact boundaries of it and some moral virtues and vices and emphasizing teachings and strengthening factors of self-esteem and self-confidence in the Quran and mention the meaning of “soul (nafs)” between stages (levels) and the cases which this meaning is used and answer some questions.