فهرست مطالب علی فرحانی

A school that claims to govern human life must have a certain way of governing. The opinions of this arena are in the middle of the two poles of people-centered and God-centered. Considering the reliance of any superstructure theory on the fundamentals, first of all, we must see what the foundations are in order to determine the main orientation of Islam in the role of the people in governance.In this research, a descriptive-analytical method was used, and its approach is to analyze the described opinions based on the principles of Imam Khomeini's ijtihad. The purpose of this research is to answer the question whether Islamic principles support popular governance. What are the foundations and implications for the people of the foundation of governance, especially in the field of education. The article consists of two main parts, in the first part, the foundations of epistemology, ontology and anthropology, which every idea of ​​governance is based on, are discussed, and in addition to the above, the social ontology, credit and social perfection of human being are discussed as the main pillars of Islamic governance. Is.In the second part, how the principles of jurisprudence are involved in the derivation of social rulings is followed, and in jurisprudence discussions as the final part of the research, the cultural-grammatical literature of Islam is examined to promote the governance of the basic people in the field of education. The results of the research, both in the field of epistemological-historical issues and in the field of jurisprudential-principle issues, show the strong reliance of Islamic good governance on the role of people in different areas of society administration. Keywords: basics, governance, Imam Khomeini, education, people

Gypsum is one of the oldest materials that has been used in Iran from about 14,000 years ago until today. In the Sassanid era, the extensive use of gypsum in the construction and decoration of buildings and the production of various artifacts is a prominent feature. Despite the great evidence of the use of gypsum in different periods and extensive research on Sassanid tore, no scientific and archaeological evidence has been reported from the workshop units related to gypsum baking and processing until 1393 AH. In the spring of 2014, from the excavation of the Sassanid site of Barzqualeh in Lorestan, a workshop unit was discovered, and evidence showed its function as a kiln for baking gypsum. The importance of this finding as the first known example of such a workshop in Iran and the Sassanid era caused it to be addressed in this article. The main purpose of this study is to describe the process of discovery and introduction of the workshop, inform researchers, and compensate for the lack of information about this type of workshop. The most important research questions include: 1- Where are the gypsum baking workshops set up in the Barzqualeh area? 2- What variables were effective in choosing the place and form of their construction? 3- What patterns and components are included? The hypotheses were that due to the environmental conditions and its gypsum formation in the northern and northwestern parts of the city, it was possible that there were gypsum baking workshops in these parts. Variables such as frequency, ease of access, and proximity of mines to the city, constant water flow, the presence of inter-valley terraces, sufficient fuel, wind flow in the valleys were effective in choosing the construction site. Their construction plan is probably circular or multifaceted and has a firebox, ventilator, and raw material loading site. The present study is a descriptive-analytical method and is based on the results of archaeological surveys and theoretical studies.

Castles are one of the most amazing innovations of Iranians in the field of architecture and one of the most numerous remnants of the past. These buildings, which have been formed in most areas with the aim of securing the inhabitants of this land, have been developed and developed with the passage of time and in accordance with the existing needs and according to the construction location, performance and objectives of its builders. the two main types of plain and mountain castles, mountain castles, commonly known as fortresses, have a more diverse space organization and form and its construction location determines the type of its map. Tehran province is one of the regions that due to its special geographical location and located in the path of highways connecting the central areas of the country with other parts of the country, as well as the existence of the ancient and historical city of Ray, which was at some point in the history of the Capital of Iran, countless castles can be searched in its plains and mountains. field studies of authors, a considerable number of these castles were identified, some of which are based on alborz heights overlooking tehran plain. Therefore, determining the spatial organization, form and function of these castles is the subject of research and its results are presented in this paper. In achieving this goal, answering questions about spatial and temporal distribution, the governing model of space organization, form and function, as well as the focus of these defense fortifications were necessary. In field studies, which were carried out by reviewing and documenting all samples, 159 fortresses and defensive buildings from pre-Islamic times and various Islamic periods were identified these, 69 castles and defensive buildings (about 40%) are located in mountainous areas and more than 50% of them are located in the east of Tehran in Firuzkooh city, most of which were founded in pre-Islamic times and have been exploited in various Islamic periods. One of the prominent examples of mountain fortresses located in the center of Firuzkooh city is a castle called Firuzkooh or Firuz Shah, which is the largest and most important mountain tin in Tehran. In this paper, we have tried to introduce this highly prominent and identified sample by relying on reliable historical documents and sources and archaeological field researches.

On the southern hillside of the Central Alborz Mountains, in the province of Tehran, there are many castles, forts, and defense facilities from different historical periods that have not been studied much before this research, and little information is available about them. This research was done analytically to answer questions: What is the number and background of the construction of castles in Tehran? How many categories are they divided into according to Typology (archaeology)? What is the pattern of the spatial organization? It was assumed that in Tehran province, due to climatic conditions, geographical location, and political and social conditions, castles from pre-Islamic and Islamic eras were erected and divided into two main types, mountainous and pasture. Castles have particular spatial organization according to the place of construction and the builders' goals. In terms of form, they include two categories of regular and irregular geometry, and in terms of function, they are divided into residential and military types. The information needed for this research was collected using library and field studies. The field study was performed by surface surveying, remote evaluation, and the cultural data necessary were documented and recorded. In the present study, which led to the identification and documentation of 159 defensive constructions and buildings in Tehran province, it was found that castle construction in Tehran province began in the Median period and developed in the Parthian and Sasanian eras and bloomed in the Islamic period, especially the middle ages.

Ilam state befor ghajar time had been a small part of lor atabak great domain where they had ruled their government in the capital named: khoram abad. When ghajar had received the throne and agha mohammad khan became the king this territory divided into two parts:poshtkooh(ilam) and pishkooh(lorestan).(12101304.h.) At the same time following some political and social changes valiant poshtkooh who were independent rulers received the power shone in irans history and played an important role in the following social political and specially cultural changes in ilam some of their deeds had been recorded on petrographs which are such important documents of the mysterious history of the mentioned century.some petrographs had been found in ilam state capital of valis and specially the present city of ilam which are belonged to vali rulers and all of them contain the summery of the architecture developments of the two poshtkoohs powerful valies rulers hossein gholi khan abu ghadareh and his son gholam reza khan. The most important petrograph of the above had been found in the distance of 28 k.m to the south of the present ilam city and 50 m. from northwest of the road to mehran city in a place called takhte khan or takhte khatoon.this petrograph is the longest and the most beautiful one receive to the present time from ghola mreza khan the last ruler of valiant dynasty which is a kind of family tree for valiant fili dynasty. this petrograph contains the valiant fili dynasty information like their names descents the time of their ruler ship their positions their burial places and some of their architectural developments during their lives. the above is research on the mentioned valuable documents of valiant dynasty of poshtkooh.