فهرست مطالب علی فرزانه موحد

Climate variations, especially rainfall, have a high effect on the behavior of drivers and their decision. Due to the high effect of weather conditions on driving as well as human fatalities on road accidents, the importance of investigating driver behavior as a result of climate change is highlighted. This paper examines the variation of hourly average speed in the different weather conditions by considering the latter traffic factors influencing the speed. Rasht-Khomam highway is considered as the study area. Rasht as a coastal city has the highest rainfall in all the cities of Iran. The linear regression model has been used in this study to examine the variation of hourly average speed, considering traffic factors and weather conditions as independent variables. The Most important traffic factors that were included in the modeling are flow rate and percentage of heavy vehicles. Also, variables representing weather conditions include rainfall, horizontal vision and daylight. The independent variables were trans-formed into dummy variables to investigate the nonlinear relationship between them and the dependent variable. The results showed that the flow rate of more than 2100 veh/h reduces the speed of the vehicles up to 10.81 km/h, which is 12.72% of permitted speed on this highway. Another interesting finding of this research was that the amount of rainfall in ordered levels has a nonlinear effect on the speed. Heavy rain, moderate rain, and light rain reduce speeds by about 5.3, 4 and 2 km/h, respectively. Daylight was also shown to affect speed. In other words, driving at night can reduce speed up to 3 km/h. Horizontal vision variables were not recognized as significant in the model. This may be due to the drivers being familiar with the area and as a result, this parameter cannot affect their performance.

The car-oriented approach of cities in Iran has caused to decrease in the share of active travel modes in recent years. In contrast, cycling as an active travel mode can play a crucial role in intra-city movements and reduce motorized travel modes' disadvantages. On the other hand, active modes are more practical for short distances and are less desirable in long distances. In this regard, this study intends to investigate the factors affecting the choice of cycling in home-based trips shorter than three kilometers in Qom. For this study, a sample of 887 residents of Qom city was used. Results showed that four categories of variables, including socio-economic characteristics, travel characteristics, environmental and theoretical factors at the significance level of 10%, affect the choice of cycling on trips shorter than three kilometers. The marginal effect values indicated that having access to a suitable bicycle could increase the probability of choosing cycling by 23.4%. Also, trips for leisure, sports, and meeting acquaintances have tremendous potential for cycling. Results also showed that people living outside the city center were more likely to ride bicycles in trips with a distance of less than three kilometers. Also, higher densities of residents and parks within a radius of 800 meters around the residence and having a bicycle accident experience with positive and negative marks, respectively, affect the likelihood of choosing a bicycle.

Nowadays, transportation is an essential requirement for citizens, which causes many traffic and health problems. According to several problems rising by motorized vehicle usage, transportation planners are trying to persuade people to use active transportation modes such as walking. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the effective factors on walking behavior. This paper reviews the effective factors on the tendency of citizens to walk more on their daily trips. Studies showed that there are four main effective factors including socio-economic characteristics (e.g., gender, age, income, and vehicle car ownership), trip characteristics (e.g., distance, and time of trip), environmental factors (e.g., density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit), and subjective factors (e.g., attitudes, and perceptions). According to the literature, this paper shows that environmental and subjective factors are the most effective. Therefore, it could be suggested that planners consider these two factors simultaneously in their policymaking. Further investigations depict a research gap in walking studies that suggest researchers can concentrate on different trip purposes by considering the above-mentioned factors simultaneously, especially in developing countries.