فهرست مطالب علی قشقایی

Surgery through different mechanisms causes immunosuppression in the postoperative period.  This study aimed to investigate the effects of preoperative administration of propranolol on blood levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and hematological parameters, such as white blood cells (WBCs) and lymphocytes.  Forty-five Wistar male rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 (normal control) was injected with normal saline. Groups 2 and 3 were injected subcutaneously with 4 mg/kg of the propranolol (P4) and 8 mg/kg of the propranolol (P8), respectively. Blood samples were collected (before, immediately, 6, 24, and 72 hours after surgery). Then, the IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, WBCs, and lymphocytes levels were determined at different time points. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the Pearson-test at a significant level of P≤0.05.  The results showed a higher level of IL-2 in the P8 and P4 groups with a significant difference compared to the control group (P≤0.05). TNF-α was decreased significantly in the P8 compared to the P4 and control groups (P≤0.05). The P4 has shown a lower level of IFN- γ compared to the P8 and control groups with a significant difference (P≤0.05). It appears that propranolol has considerable immunomodulatory effects on immune responses. Therefore, perioperative use of propranolol may improve immune system function.

Disorder of the serum Na is an important phenomenon; it should be diagnosed as soon as possible and the patient should be treated promptly. Any delay in treatment can cause some irreversible neurological damages. In all hospitalized patients, especially those are candidate for fluid therapy, serum electrolyte, especially Na concentration should be monitored regularly. A red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with the history of vomiting, weakness and lethargy, ataxia, alopecia and a bad general condition was referred to the clinic of the faculty of veterinary medicine of Razi University. For assessing the patient’s condition and starting fluid therapy venous blood was taken and sent for hematology and biochemistry. Radiographic study of the right hind limb showed talocrural joint dislocation. It was managed by reducing and casting. The blood biochemical analysis showed severe hyponatremia, hypo-osmolality and metabolic alkalosis. Though, treatment was done based on these findings. Incorrect differentiation between false and true hyponatremia can lead to inappropriate treatment that can cause entrance of excessive Na to the interstitial tissues that can result in brain edema and convulsion. Though, careful assessment of the cause and type of hyponatremia based on physiological principles and in accordance with our suppositions is necessary for correct management of this important challenge.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease accompanied by a progressive reduction of extracellular matrices in joint cartilage and bone and, eventually, loss of joint function and excessive morbidity. OA has been reported in various animal spesies, such as canine. During years, various therapeutic measurs have been used for treating the OA. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in treatment of the canine osteoarthritis. PRP is the concentration of platelets derived from the plasma portion of one’s own blood. It can be injected in the site of injury, or it can be made into a platelet-rich fibrin clot (PRFC) to use as a scaffold and source for sustained releasing of growth factors. These growth factors reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines, which dampens the production of destructive matrix. In veterinary medicine, PRP has most often been reported for tendon/ligament injuries and osteoarthritis. The majority of the veterinary literature reporting on PRP involves its use in equine patients, and evidence in canine patients is few. In summary, PRP appears to be safe and potentially useful in treating a number of orthopedic conditions. In vitro data and clinical results in other species are encouraging

Surgery via different mechanisms causes immunosuppression in the postoperative period. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of preoperative administration of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on blood levels of Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), white blood cells (WBCs) and lymphocytes.

Seventy-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=15 for each group). Group 1 was gavaged with normal saline for 3 consecutive days without surgery. Group 2 was gavaged with normal saline for 3 consecutive days. Groups 3 to 5 were gavaged with indomethacin (4 mg/kg) and celecoxib (7.5 and 15 mg/kg), respectively, for 3 consecutive days. In Groups 2 to 5, one hour after drugs administration on the third day, laparotomy was used as a surgery pattern. Blood samples were collected 24 hours after surgery and levels IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, WBCs and lymphocytes were determined. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test.

Based on the results, a decrease in blood levels of IL-2, IFN-γ and lymphocytes along with an increase in TNF-α and WBCs were observed 24 hours after surgery compared to control rats (P<0.05). Indomethacin (4 mg/kg) and celecoxib (15 mg/kg) improved the decreased level of IL-2 (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in IFN-γ and lymphocytes between surgery group and the groups treated with indomethacin or celecoxib (P>0.05). Also, only celecoxib (15 mg/kg) could decrease the elevated levels TNF-α and WBCs (P<0.05).

Perioperative use of cyclooxygenase inhibitors can improve immune system function.

During the recent decades, a considerable increase in milk production has occurred in dairy cows. But it has been accompanied by an unwanted increase in different diseases and disorders such as metabolic disturbances. Negative energy balance can cause ketosis and fatty liver. Disturbances in macro-minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, microminerals, proteins and enzymes often occur days to weeks after parturition. One or the most challenging post-parturient problem, is ruminal acidosis, that it mainly occurs due to changes in ration by using high fermentable carbohydrates to support milk production. All of mentioned disturbances can affect the hoof health and causing lameness in dairy cows. Laminitis is an important sequel of metabolic disturbances and ruminal acidosis in combination with inappropriate housing and management. Lameness can affect cow health and comfort, causing considerable economic losses in dairy industry.

The main objective of this research is reflection on the role of audit ethics Principles in applying creative accounting practices in Iran. The statistical population consisted of 271 accredited auditors of the stock exchange of Iran Group A during the last four months of the year 96 and the first two months of the year 97. Finally, the data were analyzed by 160 questionnaires Within 6 months, they answered the questionnaire, collected. The results of the questionnaire distribution were quantitatively analyzed in SPSS environment and analyzed to determine or reject the research hypotheses. The findings showed that competence, auditors' honesty and objectivity and auditor independence have a significant negative effect on creative accounting. While the results indicate the positive impact of conditional fees, Advertising and Commission right to creative accounting. The empirical evidence indicate that the auditor firm name does not have a significant impact on creative accounting. The results show that audit ethics Principles make impede for creative work of auditors until the not to evaluate financial statements in accordance with the wishes of the owner.

 A four-year-old Kurdish ewe was referred to the Animal Clinic of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Razi University (Kermanshah, Iran) with cheek swallowing, infection wound and impaction of the food in right cheek for several weeks.

  Clinical examination revealed stretching and laxity of the cheek muscles with buccal food impaction and skin infection of this area because of previous unprofessional incision by her owner. No dental or other oral cavity abnormalities were observed on examination or palpation after manual expelling of the impacted feed and irrigation of the mouth cavity. Treatment and outcome- After treatment of the animal by Intramuscular penicillin-streptomycin solution (20000 IU + 10 mg/kg bw) and flunixin meglumine (2 mg/kg bw) for three days; the defect was surgically repaired under sedation and local infiltration anesthesia. No post-surgical complications were encountered during three months post-surgery.

This report describes a complicated buccal food impaction in a ewe and some causes of this disorder and its surgical correction, which may be the first written report in the sheep in Iran. It could be hypothesized that dietary causes, may be a contributing factor to the development of buccal food impaction in this case.

Influenza is one of the most important equine respiratory diseases. Two subtypes of equine influenza virus A/equine-1 (H7N7) and A/equine-2 (H3N8) have been identified. This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of equine influenza virus in some provinces of Iran. Blood samples were taken from 290 horses and examined with haemagglutination (HI) test for detection antibodies against to two subtypes: H7N7 and H3N8. According to HI test, antibodies against to H3N8 were detected in 16(5.52%) horses; however, none of them had antibodies against to H7N7. The seroprevalence for H3N8 in the horses in Mazandaran, Hamadan, East Azerbaijan and Kermanshah, was 11.32%, 10.72%, 9.53% and 7.9%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between infection with sex and age of horses. It is concluded that the horses of Iran are infected only with H3N8 and therefore, this should be considered in vaccination to equine influenza virus.

The knowledge of avian pain management is found as a new and restricted subject. Therefore, more studies are needed to be performed in this field. In addition to variation of analgesics, selection of appropriate doses of analgesics for different species of birds is an important challenge. According to the limited information about applications and effects of opioids in birds that have different hematologic profiles compared to mammals, and also because of enormous usage of these potent analgesics, this study was performed to evaluate and compare the hematological and biochemical effects of three common opioids tramadol, methadone and pethidine in pigeons. Sixty four adult pigeons of both sexes were randomly divided into 4 equal drug groups. Tramadol (4 mg/kg), methadone (5 mg/kg) and pethidine (20 mg/kg) were injected intramuscularly in groups 1, 2 and 3. Physiologic saline (0.5 ml) was intramuscularly injected to the pigeons in group 4 as the control group. Before drug administration and time of 30, 60 and 180 minutes after injection, blood samples have been taken from 4 pigeons in each group for measurement of some hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, PCV, HGB and H/L index) and serum biochemical values (TP, Alb, Glob, Glu, AST and Cortisol). Statistically evaluation of data showed suppression in stress indices as cotisole,leukocytes and H/L index which indicates profound sedative and analgesic effects of methadone compared to other opioids.

A 5 month-old terrier dog with history of falling and sign of clinical lameness in left hind limb with swelling, tenderness and crepitus in palpation was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University. A complete transverse fracture at distal portion of left femur with subluxation of patella has been shown in radiological evaluation. Based on open reduction and internal fixation, fracture's fragments in anatomical alignment had been fixed by using two cross intramedullary pins. For excessive stability of mentioned alignment and reduction, the fracture ends were compressed exactly towards each other by passing an orthopedic wire via figure 8 wiring technique. The following radiographic evaluation confirmed correct insertion of cross pins and proper reduction and fixation of fracture's fragments. Ultimately, the method using pin and wire in surgical treatment of distal femur fracture seemed successful after eight-week exercise restriction and postoperative followings respectively.

Lameness is of great importance to the dairy cattle industry because of economic and animal welfare considerations. Laminitis is the most important cause of lesions of the horny claw and lameness in cattle. Predisposing factors of laminitis as reported or suggested, are reviewed, including systemic diseases, nutrition, management, calving, age, genetics, conformation, behavior, season and growth. Among these, nutrition (ration formulation and preparation, and feeding program) and housing management are more important. Laminitis in cattle can be seen in acute, sub-acute, chronic and subclinical forms. Subclinical laminitis is the most common form of the disease/syndrome that is of great importance in modern dairy industry. By well recognizing of the laminitis syndrome and using good preventive measures, we can decrease the lameness and it's economic losses in dairy herds.

Lameness is one of the major welfare and economic challenges in dairy cattle industry around the world. Lameness as a syndrome has many causes contain; infectious, traumatic, nutritional and metabolic causes. The majority of the causes of lameness, affect the foot region. This article has a review on the main infectious diseases of the feet in dairy cows. The diseases that will be discussed are; interdigital necrobacillosis (foot rot), digital dermatitis, interdigital dermatitis, heel horn erosion and mud fever. All of these are caused by bacteria that are found in the cow's environment. Low hygiene, high humidity and systemic and local immune disturbances can predispose the cows to these infections. Prevention and control of the infectious diseases of the feet in cow is based on hygienic, nutritional and other management measures such as foot bath.

Salmonellosis is a very important infectious disease of animal species including the calves. Economic losses due to disease can be considerable. It is also one of the most important zoonotic diseases and it can be public health threatening for human. In this study, the prevalence and clinical features of Salmonellosis in 420 calves in 18 dairy farms of Kermanshah province have been evaluated. During a period of 1 year and in each season, fecal samples from calves with diarrhea (in priority) and other calves not clinically in good condition were taken and examined. The Vital status and clinical symptoms of all calves were also recorded. Samples were transported to the microbiology laboratory of the faculty of veterinary medicine of Razi University in enriched media and complete microbiological tests have been performed on them. Out of the 420 samples, only 2 cases (0.47 percent) were positive for Salmonella. Due to early detection and appropriate treatment, both cases went healthy very soon. The age of these calves that were detected in winter was around 1.5 month. Other isolated bacteria were included: E.coli in 348 cases, Proteus in 204 cases, Citrobacter in 106 cases, Yersinia in 60 cases and Enterobacter in 48 cases.

Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is considered as a metabolic disorder in energy metabolism in high-yielding cows, without any significant clinical manifestation. It causes lipid accumulation and ketone bodies such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in serum and liver tissue. It's economic losses is obviously important due to decrease in animal production, milk protein, fertility and large number of animal involved and high treatment costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the SCK in some dairies of Kermanshah province. There is no any data about the prevalence and economic impact of the SCK in this province. This study was performed on 100 cows in period of 3-4 weeks postpartum in 7 dairies with different sizes. Blood samples were collected and transferred to laboratory for serum isolation and examination. BHB was measured by enzymatic assay by using BHB kit in auto analyzer and the values higher than 1400 mmol/lit supposed positive. Out of 100 samples, 13 cases had BHB levels higher than 1400 mmol/lit (13%). It revealed that the prevalence of SCK in studied dairies was remarkable. It can be influenced by different factors such as nutrition, days in milk, amount of milk production and parity.

In avian medicine and surgery, sedation and anesthesia is necessary not only fordoing many surgeries, but also to perform routine examination and diagnostic procedures, especially in wild birds. Injectable anesthesia supposed a simple and abrupt method without requiring any sophisticated equipment. Ketamine is a common injectable anesthetic that is used for this purpose. Because of some adverse effects of the ketamine, this drug is used in combination with some other drugs. In present study, combination of ketamine (35 mg/kg) with four drugs: Tramadol (0.2 mg/kg), Midazolam (0.5 mg/kg), Hyoscine (0.04 mg/kg), and Atropine (0.05 mg/kg) has been investigated in broiler chickens anesthesia. Forty numbers of 25 days old broiler chickens, weighing 488.58±60.02 (Mean±SD) were arbitrary separated into 4 equal groups, followed by different ketamine combinations that were injected in pectoral muscles of chickens in each groups. Average time of anesthesia induction, maintenance, recovery and analgesia were recorded in different groups. Result indicated that the induction time of anesthesia varied significantly among all 4 groups (P≤0.05). Maximum and minimum time of induction anesthesia was attributed to ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-atropine combinations respectively. Maximum time of maintenance anesthesia defined with ketamine-midazolam combination (57.53±6.47 min), which significantly was longer than other ketamine combinations (P≤0.05). Ketamine-hyoscine and ketamnie-midazolam groups had maximum time of recovery and analgesia respectively (P≤0.05). Analysis of recorded results and also quality of anesthesia revealed that application of ketaminemidazolam combination is great value comparing with other three combinations in performing injectable anesthesia in broiler chickens.

In this study the objective is to examine and clarify how properly the country’s 30 provinces allocate the needed budget to various municipalities working under their jurisdiction, and then rank them accordingly.Necessary statistics was gathered for all these provinces and their related municipalities which were later classified on the basis of 14 distinctively relevant factors, namely: number of urban population, level of general literacy in the urban centers, the percentage of youth in the total population, average number of residents per household, per capita revenue earned, per capita tax paid, the percentage of people receiving financial support (under Emdad Committee), the length of available water distributing channels and pipes for each 1000 residents.The ratio of freeways to the total roads, also the ratio of major standard road to all available roads, the percentage of roads to all the working roads, the ratio of the length of each province total road to its total source area, the ratio of active libraries for every 10000 people and finally the number of art and cultural centers for each 10000 population.For weighting these numerous factors, we used a combined methodology including literature review, the opinion of our appraisers and then Shannon Entropy Method. Further, to rank these provinces in terms of their priority policy for allocating budget to the related municipalities, a combination of techniques was used by relying on SAW, TOPSIS and finally ELECTRE MODEL jointly.

In this study, statistics of 39 countries was ordered in following 14 indexes:Loan, collection output, visit, users, book, other material, collection updating, computer, connect to internet, staff, trained staff, loans charge, charge, service point. and was evaluated with MADM approach. In order to determine the weight of indexes, a combination of theoretical studies and evaluator's opinion was utilized together with Shannon entropy. To rank the indexes, SAW model was used. The resultant ranking indicated that the three countries Finland, Estonia, and Denmark are the ones with the best public libraries in the world.

Digital dermatitis (DD) is one of the most important infectious diseases of feet region in dairy cows with a lot of economic losses. Many therapeutic methods have been experienced for treatment and control of disease. Among them, antibiotics as foot bath or by local spraying have had better results. But residues in milk, meat and bacterial resistance must not be ignored as sequels of using antibiotics. Because of these problems, this study was performed to examine the therapeutic effects of commercial Dichlorophen spray for treatment of DD in cows. Forty cows with clinical lameness due to digital dermatitis were chosen and divided into four equal groups (3 treatment groups and the fourth group as control). After washing the affected feet with running water, the heel and pastern areas were sprayed with commercial Dichlorophen (contains Dichlorophen 7.5% w/v) for one, two and three days in groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In control group distilled water was sprayed in the area for 3 days. One week after the beginning of the treatment, cows were examined clinically. Lameness in all treated cows was abolished except the controls. Examination of feet lesions showed improvement in group 1 and much more improvements in group 2, and signs of fresh lesions especially in periphery of the healed areas were observed. Improvement was complete in group 3 and no signs of fresh lesions were observed. Also, no signs of healing were observed in controls. Based on the results of this study, for treatment of sporadic cases of DD with commercial dichlorophen spray, it is recommended that this agent should be applied at least for three consecutive days.