فهرست مطالب علی محمد نایینی

The victory of the Islamic revolution and the beginning of extensive intellectual and cultural transformations in the structures of the Islamic Republic of Iran have caused regional and global powers to emerge and constantly confront the foundations of the system. Cognitive warfare is a concept that has been more effective than other battle arenas in recent years, with the aim of exploiting the secrets of the mind and heart.If we accept that the main players in this arena are elites, then benefiting from this potential in confronting the enemy is the point of attack of this approach.In this research, we seek to answer the question of what are the different spectrums of people facing the cognitive war and what effect does the role of the actors in this battle have on the type of confrontation. The method used is analytical-descriptive, and its achievement is the creation of policies that govern the confrontation system and the formation of a conceptual mechanism in the field of cognitive warfare, which results in firstly in-depth, intelligent, purposeful and superior influence at the level of society and at the next level. Vaccinating and culturally immunizing actors and society and ultimately leads to the formation of efficient and flexible coherent organizations and benefiting from the network potential of elites.

The soft defense discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran is evolving and orienting due to the hostile soft war against the Islamic Republic of Iran;  Concerns and assertions by the Supreme Allied Command regarding the priority of the soft enemy war against the Islamic Republic of Iran and how to deal with it have shaped the researcher's mind.  In the present age, in line with the spread of enemy soft warfare, if the Islamic Republic of Iran's supreme leader's tactics and manners of soft warfare and how to deal with them (soft defense) become an indigenous and operational model;  Can empower the Islamic Republic of Iran from an aggressive, pre-emptive and deterrent field, in addition to neutralizing the all-embracing soft war strategies and patterns;  Therefore, the issue of the investigation was that the Islamic Republic of Iran did not provide a comprehensive, indigenous and comprehensive model of soft defense based on Imam Khamenei's plan to counter the soft enemy threats and offensive measures against the enemy.  The main purpose of this paper is to develop a model of soft defense of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the discourse of Imam Khamenei which is defined according to the main question.  Designed.  The research is an applied, developmental, and fundamental research that utilizes a qualitative approach;  This study was conducted using the data base method and coding was done manually;  In this study, the discourse of the Supreme Leader has not been fully explored;  Rather, the researcher has contributed to the discussion of the entry with 436 keywords related to the soft defense of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with the help of elites and experts;  In the process of conducting a researcher dissertation, the questionnaires were distributed as "Theoretical Sensitivity" in five stages from 25 experts in this field to the theoretical saturation.  To determine the model approach, the researcher used the data theory model of the Islamic Research Foundation, Mr. Khanafir et al., A four-branch model to formulate his model.  The obtained model has 6 dimensions, 45 components and 436 indices. Based on the mentioned model, dimensions and components were categorized into four categories: 1 - effective variables 2 - contextual variables 3 - inhibitory variables 4 - results and outcomes.  After adding soft defense approaches and soft defense strategies based on Imam Khamenei's discourse to the model, in addition to formulating the model, the Islamic Republic of Iran's soft defense theory based on Imam Khamenei's discourse was finally presented. The operational model was derived from the final model.

In order to design a model, to discover and rate the macro dimensions and components to estimate the strategic cultural intelligence at the level of social culture and index the indicators of each of them. In this regard after reviewing the literature of the subject, including: What is the social culture, strategic management and the estimation of the cultural intelligence at the national level, the components of each dimension and indicators of each component were identified.
With the aim of fitting the model of measurement and the general structure, a questionnaire was designed and submitted to the population of the research. The data was analyzed by PlS software. The population of the study consisted of: senior managers, university professors, cultural officials working in the Council of the Cultural Revolution, in the Ministry of Islamic Guidance, in TV and professors from various universities of the country as well as commanders of the cultural units of the armed forces, with 102 persons through full-scale and targeted method had been done. The findings show that "social culture" as one of the major dimensions of estimating cultural information at the national level has fitted and the intentioned components and indicators with a suitable coefficient factor have good validity and reliability in structure of the social culture.

The performance ofStudents Basij in 2009 sedition is, in fact, an important factor which guarantees the effectiveness of the activities of this organization in fighting against soft threats. The main objective of the present study is to provide the necessary awareness about the performance ofStudents Basij Organization in fighting against the soft threats facing theIslamic Republic and its peripheral objective is to provide the necessary awareness about the cultural, political, scientific and research activities of Students Basij aimed at fighting against the soft threatsfacing theIslamic Revolution, particularly in 2009 sedition.
The conceptual model of the present study is the summing up of the activities of Students Basij in fighting against the soft threatsfacing theIslamic Revolution. This study was conducted using the survey method and the data collection instrument was a questionnaire. The sample included 43 senior managers who answered the questions related to the activities of Students Basij in the past, various aspects of soft threats, potentials and capabilities of Basij members and the effective role playing of Students Basij. The collected data, related to the activities of Students Basij in cultural, religious, scientific, political and research areas in 2009 sedition, was analyzed using the SPSS software.
Based on the findings, the performance ofStudents Basij in fighting against the soft threats facing theIslamic Revolution (a case study of 2009 sedition) in cultural-religious, scientific, political and research areas was found to be suitable and sufficient.

Being cognizant of the deep and growing impacts of cultural changes on the political, social, and security institutions, soft war actors and planers know that success in making social and cultural changes in Iranian society will lead to changes in citizens’ attitudes and political views as a result which the way will be paved for dysfunctionality of the system, confrontation and civil disobedience and the political system will be challenged. Coping with the enemy’s soft war, especially in the realm of culture, requires a deeper understanding of its nature, objectives, dimensions, elements and features. Using an elite-centered scientific method, in this paper, we offer the model of American soft war against the Islamic Republic in the realm of culture.

Soft war and utilization of soft power resources in the context of human social life has a long history. As a theoretical concept, soft war has been evaluated by scholars within the framework of such theories as soft security, soft power, civil disobedience, etc. during the last two decades, particularly after the collapse of the former Soviet Union. In fact, the theoretical approaches to soft war have been formed in the past two decades. As a strategy to help advance the goals and will of the hegemonic system in dealing with the political systems in conflict with liberal democracy, soft war was put forward principally after the Cold War and was theorized by the Western, especially, Americans, think tanks. On the other side, the Islamic Revolution created a new discourse the cultural and soft dimensions of which dominated its other features. This issue made the Islamic Revolution more powerful, helped it survive and weakened the possibility of repeating hard encounter with it. Hence, changing his approach, the enemy started ‘a full-fledged social, cultural and political battle as the second decade of the Islamic Revolution began. Thus, the Islamic Revolution strongly influenced the enemy’s decision to replace his hard approach with a soft one. This article briefly reviews various soft war strategies and theoretical approaches. In general, it can be said that, with regard to soft war strategies and theoretical approaches, power, security and threat balance has changed under the current conditions. Since power and security are interrelated, with any change in the type and nature of power, new forms of security, threat and security interaction emerge which are considered the joining point of strategies and theoretical approaches.

Following the Islamic Revolution, the way was paved for people's participation in various fields, especially in the political arena, decision-making processes, policy making, and in managing the community. Hence, on average, these has been one election each year since the victory of the Islamic Revolution and people’s participation in the elections has continued to be a significant support mechanism for the existing political system. The Western states assumed that the events following the presidential elections in 2010, which resulted from some political elite’s negligence and ignorance, would diminish national trust, legitimacy, efficacy, and coherence between the people and the ruling system. Given that the security challenges of the elections can damage the core objectives of soft security, including national morale, trust, participation, solidarity, public opinion, political strength, etc., and considering the complexity of the atmosphere of the ninth parliamentary elections, the supreme leader has stressed guarding against the creation of a security atmosphere in the elections. Under this condition, some important questions arise: what are the opportunities and challenges of the coming elections? What kinds of strategies are needed to run lively elections with the maximum participation of people and with no security challenges? The present article delves into the ninth parliamentary elections and its likely security challenges following a soft security approach and provides some suggestions for guarding against the creation of a security atmosphere in the elections.

Islamic Revolution as a new political ideas and models smashed a heavy impact on West world domination. The world domination experienced all forms of hard coups such as rebellion and military war in a decade's against the revolution. However, resistance of Iranian nation under the leadership of Imam Khomeini against the arrogant powers led them to the fact that the use of hard and military options cannot be effective against the Iranian people's belief and faith, but also trigger the contrary, the unity and solidarity provides most of the Iranian nation. Inevitably, such that the powers of his failure to confront the harsh strategy of coping with the Islamic Republic confessed and more complex than before began almost two decades. That the new approach and the use of software techniques is remembered. The conflict that started in the seventie's decade and the Supreme Leader of Iran reminded them with different interpretations of literature, such as cultural invasion, cultural and NATO raid, and has recently reminded of the danger of Soft war, made the authorities to think about them. Hence it is necessary to devise a pre-thought, the scope and level of this type of war, and foundations and its dimensions to be known. This article is an attempt to understand what and how the formation, objectives and features of the soft war from the leader's vision. Obviously, more knowledge and understanding of these phenomena to the concept of war can help and improve the management of national security of Iran against security of Islamic Republic of Iran.

crisis management task is related to immediate and effective decision-making based on accurate information in order to reduce losses and rapid control of crisis. The purpose of this study is to identify effective personal characteristics of crisis managers in crisis and provide instruments to measure these characteristics. The method of this study is Descriptive and its tool is of type of «psychometric». The population of the study is the collection of crisis managers who are working in the provinces. Sample includes 144 crisis managers from the 15 provinces. Researcher-made questionnaires، Milon psychological tests، California personality inventory (C. P. l)، and Eysenck preferences test were used. The results showed that the validity of the measurement scales to assess personal characteristics of crisis managers are at a appropriate level. Moreover، the results showed the high level of self-esteem and responsibility of managers and it is necessary to take appropriate actions in the context of development of their communication skills and control of their obsessions in decision-making. The prepared psychological instruments can be used in selecting crisis managers، and they usually encounter different environmental، social، and cultural crisis. Further، these tools can be used to identify strengths and weaknesses of current crisis managers، and therefore، taking necessary actions to improve their abilities.

Classification of the threats according to their different components and index is an appropriate method to understand them. Threat classification unveils its different angles and dimensions and helps to estimate threats, to make policy and to develop a doctrine and strategies to deal with it. A type of classification which has been considered especially in I.R. Iran during the recent years is classification of threats based on "methods of applying the threat and its consequences.” Therefore, threats to national security is divided into, hard, semi hard and soft threats. This kind of classification is made to explain West’s soft war on Iran and according to country’s necessities. Most military experts, introduce the security and cultural threats during the first decade of revolution, the decade of security (semi-hard) and military (hard) threats and the beginning of the third decade simultaneous with cultural - social threats (soft threats). In this paper, it has been tried to do a comparative study among triple threat- hard, semi hard and soft threats- by measures such as nature, characteristics, goals, tools, methods and consequences. This kind of classification can help to explain and to identify current threats against the country.

In soft power which is part of doctrines for new and contemporary security studies، it will be tried to secure the interests and control the threats through soft power. In this direction، liberalistic doctrines have a particular position in security studies and international relations. In fact، this approach، by changing beliefs، fundamental values، cultural identity and behavioral patterns of the target countries based its function principle on changes through soft power. With these measures، the ideology and current political pattern of the target country will be inefficient and the country will collapse. Today، confrontation and violence-centric approach، with the centrality of hard military measures، is replaced by software approach and soft war، and confrontation proved to be inefficient. In this article، in order to achieve a true understanding of West''s soft war، it has been tried to examine the nature، dimensions and characteristics of the soft war.

This applied research uses correlation approach to review effectiveness of cultural activities of Qom's Moghavemat bases to counter soft threats. To do so, a main hypothesis and seven secondary ones developed. The research theoretical principles divided to three parts: (acknowledgement of culture, threats and Basij). Features of cultural strengthening Basij personnel checked by software through distance and grading measurements according to theoretical principles of the research, because most activities are common in Basij bases.

Epic morale is one of the most important components of national power against the enemy during the time of threat, war and thereafter. This factor has an important role in a comprehensive deterrence. The Holy Defense is a prominent symbol of morale impressiveness on military efficiency. Undoubtedly, the epic morale of our combatants was a peerless factor in gaining victories. This morale was affected by many factors and has been improved during the Holy Defense by some methods. People and combatant's religious believes, Imam Khomeini's divine, cultured and smart leadership, Ashura's culture and symbols, people's attitude against the enemy and the management of war propagation were discussed in this article as the most important factors effective on shaping epic morale. Formal speech and verbal propaganda, national media, press and literary artistic products are discussed as the methods and instruments of improving epic morale in the Holy Defense time.

From the time Sun Tzu wrote “Art of War”، morale، specifically epic morale has been considered by intellectuals، commanders and politicians. Furthermore، in religious texts، especially in Islamic texts، morale has been looked as an effective fundamental factor in Muslims victory on enemies. In late century، a lot of research and theoretical efforts has been done in order to formulate the psychological characteristic of it and to recognize the factors affecting that. The results of these methodological scientific efforts were the introduction and presentation of patterns and methods for improving societies’ morale and removing its weakening factors. In this article، it has been tried to examine the dimensions، nature، patterns and indicators of this phenomenon along with reviewing its research literature.

Nowadays the confrontation approach and coercive measures، mostly in military form، have replaced by software approaches in the international system، which has been unsuccessful especially in the regional level. This new approach originated from the modern security doctrines، is comprised of three factors، including interest، power and threat. Based on this approach، the main effort is done to secure interest and to contain threat by soft powerThe US experience in the regional crises like the war in Afghanistan and Iraq have already indicated that other than technology، the Americans are to restructure their human resources and in order to promote their efficiency in the regional wars، they have paid due attention to the quality of human resources in parallel with technological improvements.

In recent years and under the influence of the political developments and changes in the structure of international relations especially after the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union¡ some new terms and definitions have been developed and added to the political literature. Color or velvet revolution is the most important example of such terms. Color revolution or velvet revolution is a kind of bloodless political transformation and overthrowing method which is utilized in a nonviolent way (soft overthrowing). What makes this issue more important is the attempt made by the West especially the USA and aimed at making it a model for changes in the political structure of the countries which are in a transition state or are in opposition with the West. There are some countries in the world which are subject to changes and formation of a new political system after several decades of especial political experiences. Realization of color revolutions in these countries can direct their political changes on a course mainly based on the values of liberal systems and Western democracies. As an introduction to color revolutions¡ this article attempts to introduce this phenomenon in terms of concept¡ features¡ dimensions and method. To make the discussion practical¡ the article also tries to explain the way this kind of revolution has occurred in some countries and utilization of the model in Iran.

As stated in part one, a significant outcome of the effective influence of Imam Khomeini was management of propaganda. Reviewing the speeches of Imam Khomeini reveals parts of his propaganda strategy during the holy defense. In this piece of research the role of formal and informal institutes, the effect of Basij and Ashoora culture as well as propaganda tools during the imposed war are reviewed with regard to three main axes of the main functions of propaganda: motivating people for supporting the war, motivating and promoting combat motivation of the combatants, and psychological warfare against the enemy. This article studies the role of the means of propaganda and tries to find out how much the Islamic Republic of Iran has been able to achieve its goals in the imposed war in spite of having few propaganda institutes inside and outside the country and the vast international propaganda against Iran.

Victory or failure in wars depends on various factors. Different aspects of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran have been assessed many times until now. Yet, the important role of propaganda has not been considered seriously. The main purpose of propaganda is to affect the understanding, emotions, and behavior of the enemy, neutral people, and friends, so that the aims of war are protected positively. It is also intended to prepare people and the army of the country to participate in the war, to coordinate the public opinion of the area and the whole world with the aims of the war, and demolish the will and motivation of the resistance of the target country. Surveying the experience of war mangers and reviewing the speeches delivered by Imam Khomeini, we came up with the idea that propaganda management was seriously influenced by the strategic ideas of Imam Khomeini. Reviewing the ideas of Imam Khomeini, this article intends to clarify that the strategic propaganda guidelines, provided by Imam Khomeini during the holy war, played an outstanding role in enhancing the morale, determination and resistance of the Iranian nation and destroyed such characteristics in the enemy forces.

The US national security strategy published every four years is a major plan determining the foreign policies of this country. This plan includes the estimation of threats and opportunities¡ challenges the US government may face¡ and a collection of strategies and strategic recommendations for the US president. The post-cold-war and particularly the 2002 and 2006 versions of this plan incorporate some special features. This article examines the software approach in threat estimation and the 2006 version of the US national security strategy. The first part of the article looks into the theoretical issues influencing the development of the US national security strategies and doctrines and the background leading to the formulation of their national security documentation in different periods. Next¡ we examine the post 11/9 incident world atmosphere from the viewpoint of Americans especially neoconservatives and we also examine the threats from the viewpoint of new American administrators. Finally¡ the content of the 2006 version of the US national security documentation is analyzed. It needs to be mentioned that the US national security strategy is only published to familiarize researchers with the general outlook of this country. It is evident that the publication of boastful and lofty ideas about this country corresponds to this fact.

The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) as a constituent of the identity of the Islamic Revolution to guard and defend the objectives¡ achievements¡ and the major constituting elements of the Islamic Revolution is of a special standing. This sacred institution was established through the thoughtful acumen of Imam Khomeini(rah.)¡ the founding father of the Islamic Republic¡ and stepped into different scenes of defending the Islamic Revolution following religious¡ revolutionary¡ and popular course of action. Hence¡ the IRGC''s mission and structure are flexible and far-reaching and it has a wide operational range to guard the constituting elements of the Islamic Revolution. Accordingly¡ the IRGC has defined its mission and operational range according to the changes in the enemy''s approaches and policies¡ environmental conditions¡ and the threats the Islamic Republic faces. Behavioral and perspective changes in society and the extensive cultural-political assault of the enemies targeting the religious¡ intellectual fundamentals and behavioral patterns in society have made the IRGC''s missions for confronting the enemy''s soft threats more serious at present. Examination of the principles of the IRGC''s mission for confronting soft threats can help attain a common approach toward that mission. In this article¡ an attempt has been made to examine the fundamentals of the IRGC''s missions for confronting soft threats¡ particularly cultural threats within IRGC¡ using the policies and statements of Imam Khomeini(rah.) and the supreme leader¡ the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran¡ the approved missions and perspective of the IRGC¡ and the enemy''s soft war doctrine.